Reuben Snake
Reuben Alvis Snake, Jr. (1937–1993)[2] was an American Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) activist, educator, spiritual leader, and tribal leader.[3][4] He served as a leader within the American Indian Movement (AIM) in the 1970s,[3] and in the National Congress of American Indians in the 1980s.[3] Snake worked towards the establishment of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, which passed after his death in 1994.[5] He advocated for the use of religious, ceremonial peyote.[6]
Reuben Alvis Snake, Jr. | |
|---|---|
| Born | January 12, 1937 Winnebago Indian Reservation, Thurston County, Nebraska, U.S. |
| Died | June 28, 1993 (aged 56) |
| Nationality | Ho-Chunk (Winnebago), United States |
| Other names | Kee-Kah-Wah-Un-Ga, Your Humble Serpent |
| Occupation(s) | Activist, educator, spiritual leader, tribal leader |
| Spouse | Kathy McKee[1] |
| Children | 6[1] |
Early life and education
Reuben Alvis Snake, Jr. was born on January 12, 1937, on the Winnebago Indian Reservation in Thurston County, Nebraska.[7] His parents were Reuben Harold and Virginia Greyhair Snake.[1] His parents divorced and he experienced many instabilities in his childhood.[1]
In 1950, he briefly attended the Haskell Institute (now Haskell Indian Nations University).[1] During this time period he had struggled with alcoholism.[1] After dropping out of college he joined the United States Army from 1956 to 1958 and was honorably discharged.[1]
Career
In August 1970, he participated in the Native American occupation of Mount Rushmore (i.e. "Mount Crazy Horse").[8] In 1972, he became the national chairman of the American Indian Movement (AIM), a civil rights organization focused on Native Americans.[3] He worked as a leader during the Trail of Broken Treaties in 1972.[3]
Snake served as a spiritual leader and roadman (a peyote leader) within the Native American Church starting in 1974.[9][10][3] In 1975, Snake was appointed chairman of the Winnebago tribe.[3] From 1985 until 1987, Snake was the president of the National Congress of American Indians.[3] While working for the National Congress of American Indians, Snake made buttons that read, "your humble servant".[8] He later went by the nickname, "Your Humble Serpent".[4] Snake taught culture courses at the Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA).[3]
Snake had fought the overturn of Employment Division v. Smith (1990) in the Religious Freedom Restoration Act.[10] He had organized the Native American Religious Freedom Project in order to lobby for national legislation, and the passage of 1994 amendment, American Indian Religious Freedom Act.[1][11]
Death and legacy
By the age of 40 he had already suffered from two heart attacks and diabetes.[5] Snake died on June 28, 1993, at the age of 56.[1]
A year after his death, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act was amended by President Bill Clinton under the name the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, which allowed for the use of peyote in religious ceremony.[5]
He was the subject of the posthumous biography, Your Humble Serpent: The Wisdom of Reuben Snake (1995; Clear Light Books; written by Jay Fikes) and a documentary film of the same title (1996; Peacedream Productions; by film director Gary Rhine).[2][7] His archive is located in the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C.[4]
Michael Pollan wrote the book How to Change Your Mind (2018), which became a Netflix docuseries in 2022 of the same name and featured a segment on Native American use of peyote (mescaline) and mentions Snake's legal battle (season 1, episode 4).[12]
Publications
- Fikes, Jay C.; Snake, Reuben (1996). Reuben Snake: Your Humble Serpent. Clear Light Publishers. ISBN 9780940666603.
- Smith, Huston; Snake, Reuben (1996). One Nation Under God: The Triumph of the Native American Church. Clear Light Publishers. ISBN 9780940666719.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Reuben Snake papers". National Museum of the American Indian. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
- ^ a b MultiCultural Review: Dedicated to a Better Understanding of Ethnic, Racial, and Religious Diversity. Vol. 6. GP Subscription Publications. 1997. p. 61.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Schultz, Jeffrey D.; Aoki, Andrew L.; Haynie, Kerry L.; McCulloch, Anne M. (2000). Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: Hispanic Americans and Native Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 690. ISBN 978-1-57356-149-5.
- ^ a b c Reynolds, Jerry (December 29, 2006). "Reuben Snake papers carry his spirit to National Museum". Indian Country Today. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
- ^ a b c Johansen, Bruce E. (2015-09-22). American Indian Culture: From Counting Coup to Wampum [2 volumes]: From Counting Coup to Wampum. ABC-CLIO. p. 657. ISBN 978-1-4408-2874-4.
- ^ "Reuben A. Snake Jr. leads American Indian Movement - Timeline". Native Voices. National Institutes of Health, Health & Human Services, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
- ^ a b "Nonfiction Book Review: Reuben Snake, Your Humble Serpent: Indian Visionary and Activist by Jay C. Fikes, Author, James Botsford, Foreword by, Reuben Snake, Author Clear Light Books $24.95 (288p) ISBN 978-0-940666-60-3". PublishersWeekly.com. 1995-04-05. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
- ^ a b "Tribute to Ruben Snake". Newspapers.com. Lincoln Journal Star. July 1, 1993. p. 14. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
- ^ Hirschfelder, Arlene B. (1995). Native Heritage: Personal Accounts by American Indians, 1790 to the Present. MacMillian. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-02-860412-1.
- ^ a b Krupat, Arnold (2020-09-01). Changed Forever, Volume II: American Indian Boarding-School Literature. SUNY Press. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-4384-8008-4.
- ^ Echo-Hawk, Walter (2018-03-26). In the Courts of the Conqueror: The 10 Worst Indian Law Cases Ever Decided. Fulcrum Publishing. p. 235. ISBN 978-1-55591-788-3.
- ^ Manno, Adam (2022-07-15). "How the U.S. Gov't Suppressed Life-Changing Psychedelics". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
External links
- Reuben Snake papers, at the National Museum of the American Indian
- Reuben Snake at IMDb