Reticulon 4

Reticulon 4, also known as Neurite outgrowth inhibitor or Nogo, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RTN4 gene^[5][6][7] that has been identified as an inhibitor of neurite outgrowth specific to the central nervous system. During neural development Nogo is expressed mainly by neurons and provides an inhibitory signal for the migration and sprouting of CNS endothelial (tip) cells, thereby restricting blood vessel density.

RTN4
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 2G31, 2JV5
Identifiers
Aliases	RTN4, ASY, NI220/250, NOGO, NOGO-A, NOGOC, NSP, NSP-CL, Nbla00271, Nbla10545, Nogo-B, Nogo-C, RTN-X, RTN4-A, RTN4-B1, RTN4-B2, RTN4-C, Reticulon 4
External IDs	OMIM: 604475 MGI: 1915835 HomoloGene: 10743 GeneCards: RTN4
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 2 (human)^[1] Band 2p16.1 Start 54,972,187 bp^[1] End 55,112,621 bp^[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 11 (mouse)^[2] Band 11|11 A3.3 Start 29,642,947 bp^[2] End 29,694,331 bp^[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in pons parietal lobe postcentral gyrus superior vestibular nucleus subthalamic nucleus orbitofrontal cortex inferior ganglion of vagus nerve superior frontal gyrus Brodmann area 23 external globus pallidus Top expressed in pontine nuclei habenula cingulate gyrus lateral geniculate nucleus medial dorsal nucleus olfactory tubercle ventral tegmental area medial geniculate nucleus iris globus pallidus More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function protein binding RNA binding cadherin binding ubiquitin protein ligase binding Cellular component integral component of membrane cell projection nuclear envelope membrane integral component of endoplasmic reticulum membrane intracellular anatomical structure endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum membrane plasma membrane extracellular exosome postsynaptic density endoplasmic reticulum tubular network neuronal cell body endoplasmic reticulum tubular network membrane cell junction Biological process nuclear pore complex assembly regulation of apoptotic process cerebral cortex radial glia-guided migration regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve cardiac epithelial to mesenchymal transition negative regulation of axon extension apoptotic process negative regulation of axonogenesis nervous system development regulation of nervous system development endoplasmic reticulum tubular network formation endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization regulation of cell migration negative regulation of cell growth axonal fasciculation positive regulation of epithelial cell migration positive regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation protein stabilization positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling positive regulation of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum positive regulation of ERBB3 signaling pathway endoplasmic reticulum tubular network membrane organization blastocyst formation positive regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway protein localization to lysosome cellular sphingolipid homeostasis Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 57142 68585 Ensembl ENSG00000115310 ENSMUSG00000020458 UniProt Q9NQC3 Q99P72 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_007008 NM_020532 NM_153828 NM_207520 NM_207521 NM_001321859 NM_001321860 NM_001321861 NM_001321862 NM_001321863 NM_001321904 NM_024226 NM_194051 NM_194052 NM_194053 NM_194054 RefSeq (protein) NP_001308788 NP_001308789 NP_001308790 NP_001308791 NP_001308792 NP_001308833 NP_008939 NP_065393 NP_722550 NP_997403 NP_997404 NP_077188 NP_918940 NP_918941 NP_918942 NP_918943 Location (UCSC) Chr 2: 54.97 – 55.11 Mb Chr 11: 29.64 – 29.69 Mb PubMed search ^[3] ^[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

This gene belongs to the family of reticulon-encoding genes. Reticulons are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, and are involved in neuroendocrine secretion or in membrane trafficking in neuroendocrine cells. The product of this gene is a potent neurite outgrowth inhibitor that may also help block the regeneration of the central nervous system in higher vertebrates. Alternatively spliced transcript variants derived both from differential splicing and differential promoter usage and encoding different isoforms have been identified.^[7] There are three isoforms: Nogo A, B and C. Nogo-A has two known inhibitory domains including amino-Nogo, at the N-terminus and Nogo-66, which makes up the molecules extracellular loop. Both amino-Nogo and Nogo-66 are involved in inhibitory responses, where amino-Nogo is a strong inhibitor of neurite outgrowth, and Nogo-66 is involved in growth cone destruction.^[8]

Research suggests that blocking Nogo-A during neuronal damage (from diseases such as multiple sclerosis) will help to protect or restore the damaged neurons.^[8][9] The investigation into the mechanisms of this protein presents a great potential for the treatment of auto-immune mediated demyelinating diseases and spinal cord injury regeneration. It has also been found to be a key player in the process whereby physical exercise enhances learning and memory processes in the brain.^[10] Nogo-A has also been shown to negatively regulate vascular growth and repair following ischemic stroke. Genetic deletion and antibody-mediated blockage of Nogo-A led to enhanced re-vascularization and functional recovery in an experimental mouse model of stroke.^[11][12][13] Moreover, vascular leakage, a major complication following stroke, was reduced following anti-Nogo-A antibody treatment.^[14]

Interactions

Reticulon 4 has been shown to interact with WWP1,^[15] BCL2-like 1^[16] and Bcl-2.^[16]

See also

• Reticulon 4 receptor

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000115310 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020458 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. GrandPré T, Nakamura F, Vartanian T, Strittmatter SM (Jan 2000). "Identification of the Nogo inhibitor of axon regeneration as a Reticulon protein". Nature. 403 (6768): 439–44. Bibcode:2000Natur.403..439G. doi:10.1038/35000226. PMID 10667797. S2CID 1926168.
6. Yang J, Yu L, Bi AD, Zhao SY (June 2000). "Assignment of the human reticulon 4 gene (RTN4) to chromosome 2p14-->2p13 by radiation hybrid mapping". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 88 (1–2): 101–2. doi:10.1159/000015499. PMID 10773680. S2CID 37521141.
7. "Entrez Gene: RTN4 reticulon 4".
8. Karnezis T, Mandemakers W, McQualter JL, Zheng B, Ho PP, Jordan KA, et al. (July 2004). "The neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo A is involved in autoimmune-mediated demyelination". Nature Neuroscience. 7 (7): 736–44. doi:10.1038/nn1261. PMID 15184901. S2CID 9613584.
9. Sozmen EG, Rosenzweig S, Llorente IL, DiTullio DJ, Machnicki M, Vinters HV, et al. (December 2016). "Nogo receptor blockade overcomes remyelination failure after white matter stroke and stimulates functional recovery in aged mice". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (52): E8453–E8462. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113E8453S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1615322113. PMC 5206535. PMID 27956620.
10. Lee H, Raiker SJ, Venkatesh K, Geary R, Robak LA, Zhang Y, Yeh HH, Shrager P, Giger RJ (March 2008). "Synaptic function for the Nogo-66 receptor NgR1: regulation of dendritic spine morphology and activity-dependent synaptic strength". The Journal of Neuroscience. 28 (11): 2753–65. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5586-07.2008. PMC 6670664. PMID 18337405.
    • "Stopping a receptor called 'nogo' boosts the synapses". EurekAlert! (Press release). 18 March 2008.
11. Rust R, Grönnert L, Gantner C, Enzler A, Mulders G, Weber RZ, et al. (July 2019). "Nogo-A targeted therapy promotes vascular repair and functional recovery following stroke". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (28): 14270–14279. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11614270R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1905309116. PMC 6628809. PMID 31235580.
12. Rust, R; Grönnert, L; Weber, RZ; Mulders, G; Schwab, ME (September 2019). "Refueling the Ischemic CNS: Guidance Molecules for Vascular Repair". Trends in Neurosciences. 42 (9): 644–656. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2019.05.006. PMID 31285047. S2CID 195834057.
13. Rust, R; Gantner, C; Schwab, ME (January 2019). "Pro- and antiangiogenic therapies: current status and clinical implications". FASEB Journal. 33 (1): 34–48. doi:10.1096/fj.201800640RR. PMID 30085886. S2CID 51937342.
14. Rust R, Weber RZ, Grönnert L, Mulders G, Maurer MA, Hofer AS, et al. (December 2019). "Anti-Nogo-A antibodies prevent vascular leakage and act as pro-angiogenic factors following stroke". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 20040. Bibcode:2019NatSR...920040R. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56634-1. PMC 6934709. PMID 31882970.
15. Qin H, Pu HX, Li M, Ahmed S, Song J (Dec 2008). "Identification and structural mechanism for a novel interaction between a ubiquitin ligase WWP1 and Nogo-A, a key inhibitor for central nervous system regeneration". Biochemistry. 47 (51): 13647–58. doi:10.1021/bi8017976. PMID 19035836.
16. Tagami S, Eguchi Y, Kinoshita M, Takeda M, Tsujimoto Y (Nov 2000). "A novel protein, RTN-XS, interacts with both Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 on endoplasmic reticulum and reduces their anti-apoptotic activity". Oncogene. 19 (50): 5736–46. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203948. PMID 11126360.

Further reading

• Teng FY, Tang BL (Aug 2008). "Cell autonomous function of Nogo and reticulons: The emerging story at the endoplasmic reticulum". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 216 (2): 303–8. doi:10.1002/jcp.21434. PMID 18330888. S2CID 34163142.
• Ng CE, Tang BL (Mar 2002). "Nogos and the Nogo-66 receptor: factors inhibiting CNS neuron regeneration". Journal of Neuroscience Research. 67 (5): 559–65. doi:10.1002/jnr.10134. PMID 11891768. S2CID 26061828.
• Watari A, Yutsudo M (Jan 2003). "Multi-functional gene ASY/Nogo/RTN-X/RTN4: apoptosis, tumor suppression, and inhibition of neuronal regeneration". Apoptosis. 8 (1): 5–9. doi:10.1023/A:1021639016300. PMID 12510146. S2CID 37206000.
• Schweigreiter R, Bandtlow CE (2006). "Nogo in the injured spinal cord". Journal of Neurotrauma. 23 (3–4): 384–96. doi:10.1089/neu.2006.23.384. PMID 16629624.
• Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Suyama M, Kikuno R, Hirosawa M, Miyajima N, Tanaka A, Kotani H, Nomura N, Ohara O (Dec 1998). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XII. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Research. 5 (6): 355–64. doi:10.1093/dnares/5.6.355. PMID 10048485.
• Prinjha R, Moore SE, Vinson M, Blake S, Morrow R, Christie G, Michalovich D, Simmons DL, Walsh FS (Jan 2000). "Inhibitor of neurite outgrowth in humans". Nature. 403 (6768): 383–4. doi:10.1038/35000287. PMID 10667780. S2CID 205004005.
• Chen MS, Huber AB, van der Haar ME, Frank M, Schnell L, Spillmann AA, Christ F, Schwab ME (Jan 2000). "Nogo-A is a myelin-associated neurite outgrowth inhibitor and an antigen for monoclonal antibody IN-1". Nature. 403 (6768): 434–9. Bibcode:2000Natur.403..434C. doi:10.1038/35000219. PMID 10667796. S2CID 4388618.
• Zhang QH, Ye M, Wu XY, Ren SX, Zhao M, Zhao CJ, Fu G, Shen Y, Fan HY, Lu G, Zhong M, Xu XR, Han ZG, Zhang JW, Tao J, Huang QH, Zhou J, Hu GX, Gu J, Chen SJ, Chen Z (Oct 2000). "Cloning and functional analysis of cDNAs with open reading frames for 300 previously undefined genes expressed in CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells". Genome Research. 10 (10): 1546–60. doi:10.1101/gr.140200. PMC 310934. PMID 11042152.
• Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (Nov 2000). "DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination". Genome Research. 10 (11): 1788–95. doi:10.1101/gr.143000. PMC 310948. PMID 11076863.
• Tagami S, Eguchi Y, Kinoshita M, Takeda M, Tsujimoto Y (Nov 2000). "A novel protein, RTN-XS, interacts with both Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 on endoplasmic reticulum and reduces their anti-apoptotic activity". Oncogene. 19 (50): 5736–46. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203948. PMID 11126360.
• Fournier AE, GrandPre T, Strittmatter SM (Jan 2001). "Identification of a receptor mediating Nogo-66 inhibition of axonal regeneration". Nature. 409 (6818): 341–6. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..341F. doi:10.1038/35053072. PMID 11201742. S2CID 4404627.
• Josephson A, Widenfalk J, Widmer HW, Olson L, Spenger C (Jun 2001). "NOGO mRNA expression in adult and fetal human and rat nervous tissue and in weight drop injury". Experimental Neurology. 169 (2): 319–28. doi:10.1006/exnr.2001.7659. PMID 11358445. S2CID 23996169.
• Zhou ZM, Sha JH, Li JM, Lin M, Zhu H, Zhou YD, Wang LR, Zhu H, Wang YQ, Zhou KY (Feb 2002). "Expression of a novel reticulon-like gene in human testis". Reproduction. 123 (2): 227–34. doi:10.1530/rep.0.1230227. PMID 11866689.
• GrandPré T, Li S, Strittmatter SM (May 2002). "Nogo-66 receptor antagonist peptide promotes axonal regeneration". Nature. 417 (6888): 547–51. Bibcode:2002Natur.417..547G. doi:10.1038/417547a. PMID 12037567. S2CID 4414714.
• Hu WH, Hausmann ON, Yan MS, Walters WM, Wong PK, Bethea JR (Apr 2002). "Identification and characterization of a novel Nogo-interacting mitochondrial protein (NIMP)". Journal of Neurochemistry. 81 (1): 36–45. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00788.x. PMID 12067236. S2CID 38794348.
• Liu BP, Fournier A, GrandPré T, Strittmatter SM (Aug 2002). "Myelin-associated glycoprotein as a functional ligand for the Nogo-66 receptor". Science. 297 (5584): 1190–3. Bibcode:2002Sci...297.1190L. doi:10.1126/science.1073031. PMID 12089450. S2CID 1357777.
• Dupuis L, Gonzalez de Aguilar JL, di Scala F, Rene F, de Tapia M, Pradat PF, Lacomblez L, Seihlan D, Prinjha R, Walsh FS, Meininger V, Loeffler JP (Aug 2002). "Nogo provides a molecular marker for diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Neurobiology of Disease. 10 (3): 358–65. doi:10.1006/nbdi.2002.0522. PMID 12270696. S2CID 45996722.
• Taketomi M, Kinoshita N, Kimura K, Kitada M, Noda T, Asou H, Nakamura T, Ide C (Oct 2002). "Nogo-A expression in mature oligodendrocytes of rat spinal cord in association with specific molecules". Neuroscience Letters. 332 (1): 37–40. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00910-2. hdl:2433/148718. PMID 12377379. S2CID 13433362.
• Li M, Shi J, Wei Z, Teng FY, Tang BL, Song J (Sep 2004). "Structural characterization of the human Nogo-A functional domains. Solution structure of Nogo-40, a Nogo-66 receptor antagonist enhancing injured spinal cord regeneration". European Journal of Biochemistry. 271 (17): 3512–22. doi:10.1111/j.0014-2956.2004.04286.x. PMID 15317586.
• Li M, Liu J, Song J (Aug 2006). "Nogo goes in the pure water: solution structure of Nogo-60 and design of the structured and buffer-soluble Nogo-54 for enhancing CNS regeneration". Protein Science. 15 (8): 1835–41. doi:10.1110/ps.062306906. PMC 2242580. PMID 16877707.
• Li M, Song J (Jul 2007). "The N- and C-termini of the human Nogo molecules are intrinsically unstructured: bioinformatics, CD, NMR characterization, and functional implications". Proteins. 68 (1): 100–8. doi:10.1002/prot.21385. PMID 17397058. S2CID 21507005.
• Li M, Song J (Aug 2007). "Nogo-B receptor possesses an intrinsically unstructured ectodomain and a partially folded cytoplasmic domain". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 360 (1): 128–34. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.06.031. PMID 17585875.