This article is about the team organized by Republic of China to compete in the Olympics from 1924 to 1948. For the team now representing the Republic of China on Taiwan, see Chinese Taipei at the Olympics. For the team representing the People's Republic of China, see China at the Olympics. For the Olympics in China, see Chinese Olympics.
After the Chinese Civil War, the ROC retreated to the island of Taiwan in 1949 and People's Republic of China (PRC) established in the mainland China.[1] A number of IOC actions enabled the IOC to include both the PRC and the ROC in Olympic activities. The 1979 Nagoya Resolution recognised the PRC's Olympic Committee as the Chinese Olympic Committee and allowed the ROC to compete under the deliberately-ambiguous name "Chinese Taipei". The PRC welcomed the Nagoya Resolution and returned to the Games in 1980 while the ROC protested against this decision and boycotted the 1980 Games. The dispute was settled in 1981 as an agreement was signed between the IOC and the ROC's Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee. Based on the 1981 agreement, the ROC has competed under the name of Chinese Taipei since the 1984 Winter Olympics.
After the Republic of China (ROC) was denied official representation in the 1976 Summer Olympics, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) passed a resolution to recognized both the PRC's and the ROC's National Olympic Committees (NOC) at the 81st IOC Session held in April 1979.[5] The resolution specified "all matters pertaining to names, anthems, flags and constitutions will be the subject of studies and agreements which will have to be completed as soon as possible." The IOC Executive Board appointed a three-person working group consisting of First Vice President Mohammed Mzali as the head, and including Alexandru Siperco and Lance Cross. In June 1979, Siperco drew up a draft resolution to recognize the PRC's NOC as the Chinese Olympic Committee and to recognize the ROC's NOC as the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee on the condition that the ROC's NOC adopted an anthem and a flag which were different from those of the ROC used then. The Executive Board decided to wait until the October meeting in Nagoya to confirm the draft.
At the Nagoya meeting, the Executive Board passed a resolution known as the Nagoya Resolution. The resolution read as follows:[6]
Emblem of the PRC approved in 1979
Emblem of the ROC banned in 1979
The Resolution of the Executive Board is: The People's Republic of China: Name: Chinese Olympic Committee NOC anthem, flag and emblem: Flag and anthem of the People's Republic of China. The emblem submitted to and approved by the Executive Board. Constitution: In order.
Committee based in Taipei: Name: Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee NOC anthem, flag and emblem: Other than those used at present and which must be approved by the Executive Board of the I.O.C.. Constitution: To be amended in conformity with I.O.C. Rules by 1st January 1980
Lord Killanin, the president of the IOC, submitted the resolution to 89 IOC members for a postal vote on 26 October 1979.[7] 81 ballots were received at IOC headquarters. The results of the votes were released on 26 November and the resolution was passed by a vote of 62 to 17, with two abstentions.
The Nagoya Resolution allowed the PRC and the ROC to participate together by designating that the ROC would be identified as "Chinese Taipei" and any identifying flag, anthem, or emblem used in Olympic activities would be without symbolism to show the existence of the ROC and demonstrate its sovereign nation status. The resolution was accomplished under a version of the Olympic Charter that stated that the words "country" or "nation" in the charter could also apply to a "geographical area, district or territory."[6] The PRC could symbolize Taiwan as a dependent territory of the PRC, and the Olympic committee on Taiwan as a territorial branch of the Chinese Olympic Committee.
The ROC's NOC and IOC member Henry Hsu refused to recognize the Nagoya Resolution, and filed a series of lawsuits against the IOC for annulment of the resolution in 1979.[8] The dispute was not settled until the IOC and the ROC's NOC signed an agreement in 1981.[9] Based on the agreement, the ROC's NOC is recognized as the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee and entitled to be treated on the equal footing as other NOCs.
The 1997 revision of the IOC Charter was clarified to define the term "country" as an independent state with international recognition.[6] A retroactive action to remove recognition of an existing NOC was prohibited by a 1996 IOC Session action. Therefore, the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee preserved its existing status in the IOC. Hong Kong and Macao, two special administrative regions of China, have their own Olympic Committees with different status. The Olympic Committee of Hong Kong was recognized by the IOC since 1951,[10] whereas the Olympic Committee of Macau failed to be a new member of the IOC given the fact that Macao is not a state.[11]
Translation of Chinese Taipei
The Nagoya Resolution was officially written in English and French, creating a deliberately ambiguous term "Chinese" that could be interpreted as the sovereign state (e.g. as in "Chinese embassy") or as the culture (e.g. as in "Chinese architecture"). The ROC translated Chinese Taipei as Chunghwa Taipei (simplified Chinese: 中华台北; traditional Chinese: 中華臺北; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Táiběi), however, the PRC translate it as Zhōngguó Táiběi (simplified Chinese: 中国台北; traditional Chinese: 中國臺北).[6] There was no problem when the ROC and the PRC were involved in the same event in other countries, as the name would be spelled according to the host language. However, the 1990 Asian Games in Beijing resurrected the issue. According to He Zhenliang, the IOC member from the PRC, the ROC refused the "Zhongguo" name interpretation on principle due to the direct implication that the team would be a local part of China. Eventually, the PRC agreed that the ROC name did not imply that there were two Chinas or one China, one Taiwan. In 1989, the two Olympic committees signed a pact in Hong Kong where the PRC agreed to use the ROC's translation in international sports-related occasions hosted in China.[12]
References
^ abChan, Gerald (1985). "The "Two-Chinas" Problem and the Olympic Formula". Pacific Affairs. 58 (3): 473–490. doi:10.2307/2759241. JSTOR 2759241. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^"奧會簡介" [Introduction to the Olympic Committee]. Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee (in Chinese). Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^M. Avé, Comité Olympique Français. Les Jeux de la VIIIe Olympiade Paris 1924 – Rapport Officiel(PDF) (in French). Paris: Librairie de France. (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2012. 39 seulement s'alignérent, ne représentant plus que 24 nations, la Chine, le Portugal et la Yougoslavie ayant déclaré forfait.
^(PDF). LA84 Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^Brownell, Susan (March 2005). Globalization is not a Dinner Party: He Zhenliang and China's 30-Year Struggle for Recognition by the International Olympic Committee. Conference on Globalization and Sport in Historical Context. University of California, San Diego: LA84 Foundation.
^ abcdBrownell, Susan (14 June 2008). "Could China stop Taiwan from coming to the Olympic Games?". History News Network. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^"China and the Five Rings". Olympic Review. 145: 626. November 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^Lin, Catherine Kai-Ping (2008). Nationalism in International Politics: The Republic of China's Sports Foreign Policy-Making and Diplomacy from 1972 to 1981 (PhD). Georgetown University. ProQuest 304642819. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^Ritchie, Joe (24 March 1981). "Taiwan Reaches Accord on Entry Into Olympics". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^"Hong Kong, China". olympics.com. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^"Macao Will Not Join Olympic Committee". Macao Daily Times. 7 March 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^Lu, Pengqiao (23 May 2017). "China Is Undermining Its Own Taiwan Strategy". The Diplomat. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
External links
"Olympic Results". International Olympic Committee.
"China". Olympedia.com.
"Olympic Analytics/ROC". olympanalyt.com.
"China at the 1932 Summer Olympics". Olympedia.com.
"China at the 1936 Summer Olympics". Olympedia.com.
"China at the 1948 Summer Olympics". Olympedia.com.
March 08, 2023
republic, china, olympics, this, article, about, team, organized, republic, china, compete, olympics, from, 1924, 1948, team, representing, republic, china, taiwan, chinese, taipei, olympics, team, representing, people, republic, china, china, olympics, olympi. This article is about the team organized by Republic of China to compete in the Olympics from 1924 to 1948 For the team now representing the Republic of China on Taiwan see Chinese Taipei at the Olympics For the team representing the People s Republic of China see China at the Olympics For the Olympics in China see Chinese Olympics The Republic of China ROC took part in the opening ceremony of the 1924 Summer Olympics but its four athletes all of whom were tennis players withdrew from competition 3 The ROC participated in its first Olympic Games in 1932 under the name of China 4 After the World War II the ROC competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics The ROC delegation at the 1948 Summer Games is the only ROC delegation composed of athletes from both mainland China and island of Taiwan in Olympic history In 1932 and 1936 athletes from Taiwan competed as part of the team of Japan Republic of China at theOlympicsFlag of the Republic of ChinaIOC codeROCNOCChina National Amateur Athletic Federation 1922 1949 1 2 MedalsGold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0Summer appearances19241928193219361948Other related appearances China 1952 Chinese Taipei 1956 After the Chinese Civil War the ROC retreated to the island of Taiwan in 1949 and People s Republic of China PRC established in the mainland China 1 A number of IOC actions enabled the IOC to include both the PRC and the ROC in Olympic activities The 1979 Nagoya Resolution recognised the PRC s Olympic Committee as the Chinese Olympic Committee and allowed the ROC to compete under the deliberately ambiguous name Chinese Taipei The PRC welcomed the Nagoya Resolution and returned to the Games in 1980 while the ROC protested against this decision and boycotted the 1980 Games The dispute was settled in 1981 as an agreement was signed between the IOC and the ROC s Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee Based on the 1981 agreement the ROC has competed under the name of Chinese Taipei since the 1984 Winter Olympics Contents 1 Participation 1 1 Timeline of participation 2 Medal tables 2 1 Medals by Summer Games 3 Nagoya Resolution 3 1 Overview 3 2 1981 agreement 3 3 Translation of Chinese Taipei 4 References 5 External linksParticipation EditTimeline of participation Edit Date Team1932 1936 China as part of Japan1948 China1952 People s Republic of China1956 Republic of China1960 Formosa RCF 1964 1968 Taiwan TWN 1972 1976 Republic of China ROC 1980 China CHN 1984 Chinese Taipei TPE Medal tables EditSee also All time Olympic Games medal table Medals by Summer Games Edit Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank 1932 Los Angeles 1 0 0 0 0 1936 Berlin 54 0 0 0 0 1948 London 31 0 0 0 0 Total 0 0 0 0 Nagoya Resolution EditOverview Edit After the Republic of China ROC was denied official representation in the 1976 Summer Olympics the International Olympic Committee IOC passed a resolution to recognized both the PRC s and the ROC s National Olympic Committees NOC at the 81st IOC Session held in April 1979 5 The resolution specified all matters pertaining to names anthems flags and constitutions will be the subject of studies and agreements which will have to be completed as soon as possible The IOC Executive Board appointed a three person working group consisting of First Vice President Mohammed Mzali as the head and including Alexandru Siperco and Lance Cross In June 1979 Siperco drew up a draft resolution to recognize the PRC s NOC as the Chinese Olympic Committee and to recognize the ROC s NOC as the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee on the condition that the ROC s NOC adopted an anthem and a flag which were different from those of the ROC used then The Executive Board decided to wait until the October meeting in Nagoya to confirm the draft At the Nagoya meeting the Executive Board passed a resolution known as the Nagoya Resolution The resolution read as follows 6 Emblem of the PRC approved in 1979 Emblem of the ROC banned in 1979 The Resolution of the Executive Board is The People s Republic of China Name Chinese Olympic Committee NOC anthem flag and emblem Flag and anthem of the People s Republic of China The emblem submitted to and approved by the Executive Board Constitution In order Committee based in Taipei Name Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee NOC anthem flag and emblem Other than those used at present and which must be approved by the Executive Board of the I O C Constitution To be amended in conformity with I O C Rules by 1st January 1980 Lord Killanin the president of the IOC submitted the resolution to 89 IOC members for a postal vote on 26 October 1979 7 81 ballots were received at IOC headquarters The results of the votes were released on 26 November and the resolution was passed by a vote of 62 to 17 with two abstentions The Nagoya Resolution allowed the PRC and the ROC to participate together by designating that the ROC would be identified as Chinese Taipei and any identifying flag anthem or emblem used in Olympic activities would be without symbolism to show the existence of the ROC and demonstrate its sovereign nation status The resolution was accomplished under a version of the Olympic Charter that stated that the words country or nation in the charter could also apply to a geographical area district or territory 6 The PRC could symbolize Taiwan as a dependent territory of the PRC and the Olympic committee on Taiwan as a territorial branch of the Chinese Olympic Committee 1981 agreement Edit Emblem of the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee The ROC s NOC and IOC member Henry Hsu refused to recognize the Nagoya Resolution and filed a series of lawsuits against the IOC for annulment of the resolution in 1979 8 The dispute was not settled until the IOC and the ROC s NOC signed an agreement in 1981 9 Based on the agreement the ROC s NOC is recognized as the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee and entitled to be treated on the equal footing as other NOCs The 1997 revision of the IOC Charter was clarified to define the term country as an independent state with international recognition 6 A retroactive action to remove recognition of an existing NOC was prohibited by a 1996 IOC Session action Therefore the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee preserved its existing status in the IOC Hong Kong and Macao two special administrative regions of China have their own Olympic Committees with different status The Olympic Committee of Hong Kong was recognized by the IOC since 1951 10 whereas the Olympic Committee of Macau failed to be a new member of the IOC given the fact that Macao is not a state 11 Translation of Chinese Taipei Edit The Nagoya Resolution was officially written in English and French creating a deliberately ambiguous term Chinese that could be interpreted as the sovereign state e g as in Chinese embassy or as the culture e g as in Chinese architecture The ROC translated Chinese Taipei as Chunghwa Taipei simplified Chinese 中华台北 traditional Chinese 中華臺北 pinyin Zhōnghua Taibei however the PRC translate it as Zhōngguo Taibei simplified Chinese 中国台北 traditional Chinese 中國臺北 6 There was no problem when the ROC and the PRC were involved in the same event in other countries as the name would be spelled according to the host language However the 1990 Asian Games in Beijing resurrected the issue According to He Zhenliang the IOC member from the PRC the ROC refused the Zhongguo name interpretation on principle due to the direct implication that the team would be a local part of China Eventually the PRC agreed that the ROC name did not imply that there were two Chinas or one China one Taiwan In 1989 the two Olympic committees signed a pact in Hong Kong where the PRC agreed to use the ROC s translation in international sports related occasions hosted in China 12 References Edit a b Chan Gerald 1985 The Two Chinas Problem and the Olympic Formula Pacific Affairs 58 3 473 490 doi 10 2307 2759241 JSTOR 2759241 Retrieved 11 July 2022 奧會簡介 Introduction to the Olympic Committee Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee in Chinese Retrieved 11 July 2022 M Ave Comite Olympique Francais Les Jeux de la VIIIe Olympiade Paris 1924 Rapport Officiel PDF in French Paris Librairie de France Archived PDF from the original on 5 May 2011 Retrieved 16 October 2012 39 seulement s alignerent ne representant plus que 24 nations la Chine le Portugal et la Yougoslavie ayant declare forfait X Olympiad Los Angeles 1932 Official Report PDF LA84 Foundation Archived from the original PDF on 7 July 2010 Retrieved 11 July 2022 Brownell Susan March 2005 Globalization is not a Dinner Party He Zhenliang and China s 30 Year Struggle for Recognition by the International Olympic Committee Conference on Globalization and Sport in Historical Context University of California San Diego LA84 Foundation a b c d Brownell Susan 14 June 2008 Could China stop Taiwan from coming to the Olympic Games History News Network Retrieved 11 July 2022 China and the Five Rings Olympic Review 145 626 November 1979 Retrieved 11 July 2022 Lin Catherine Kai Ping 2008 Nationalism in International Politics The Republic of China s Sports Foreign Policy Making and Diplomacy from 1972 to 1981 PhD Georgetown University ProQuest 304642819 Retrieved 11 July 2022 Ritchie Joe 24 March 1981 Taiwan Reaches Accord on Entry Into Olympics The Washington Post Retrieved 11 July 2022 Hong Kong China olympics com Retrieved 11 July 2022 Macao Will Not Join Olympic Committee Macao Daily Times 7 March 2017 Retrieved 11 July 2022 Lu Pengqiao 23 May 2017 China Is Undermining Its Own Taiwan Strategy The Diplomat Retrieved 11 July 2022 External links Edit Olympic Results International Olympic Committee China Olympedia com Olympic Analytics ROC olympanalyt com China at the 1932 Summer Olympics Olympedia com China at the 1936 Summer Olympics Olympedia com China at the 1948 Summer Olympics Olympedia com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Republic of China at the Olympics amp oldid 1130449041, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
