Local anesthesia is any technique to induce the absence of sensation in a specific part of the body,[1] generally for the aim of inducing local analgesia, i.e. local insensitivity to pain, although other local senses may be affected as well. It allows patients to undergo surgical and dental procedures with reduced pain and distress. In many situations, such as cesarean section, it is safer and therefore superior to general anesthesia.[2]
A local anesthetic is a drug that causes reversible local anesthesia and a loss of nociception. When it is used on specific nerve pathways (nerve block), effects such as analgesia (loss of pain sensation) and paralysis (loss of muscle power) can be achieved. Clinical local anesthetics belong to one of two classes: aminoamide and aminoester local anesthetics. Synthetic local anesthetics are structurally related to cocaine. They differ from cocaine mainly in that they have no abuse potential and do not act on the sympathoadrenergic system, i.e. they do not produce hypertension or local vasoconstriction, with the exception of Ropivacaine and Mepivacaine that do produce weak vasoconstriction. Unlike other forms of anesthesia, a local can be used for a minor procedure in a surgeon's office as it does not put you into a state of unconsciousness. However, the physician should have a sterile environment available before doing a procedure in their office.
Local anesthetics vary in their pharmacological properties and they are used in various techniques of local anesthesia such as:
Adverse effects depend on the local anesthetic method and site of administration discussed in depth in the local anesthetic sub-article, but overall, adverse effects can be:
localized prolonged anesthesia or paresthesia due to infection, hematoma, excessive fluid pressure in a confined cavity, and severing of nerves & support tissue during injection.[3]
^thefreedictionary.com > local anesthesia In turn citing: Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. Copyright 2009
^Sukhminder Jit Singh Bajwa; Ashish Kulshrestha (2016). "Anaesthesia for laparoscopic surgery: General vs regional anaesthesia". J Minim Access Surg. 12 (1): 4–9. doi:10.4103/0972-9941.169952. PMC4746973. PMID 26917912.
^(PDF). Risks Associated with Your Anaesthetic. The Royal College of Anaesthetists. Section 12. January 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
^Dubinsky RM, Miyasaki J (January 2010). "Assessment: efficacy of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain in neurologic disorders (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology" (PDF). Neurology. 74 (2): 173–6. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c918fc. PMID 20042705.
^Varrassi G, Paladini A, Marinangeli F, Racz G (2006). "Neural modulation by blocks and infusions". Pain Practice. 6 (1): 34–8. doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2006.00056.x. PMID 17309707. S2CID 22767485.
^Meglio M (2004). "Spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain management". Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 15 (3): 297–306. doi:10.1016/j.nec.2004.02.012. PMID 15246338.
^Rasche D, Ruppolt M, Stippich C, Unterberg A, Tronnier VM (2006). "Motor cortex stimulation for long-term relief of chronic neuropathic pain: a 10 year experience". Pain. 121 (1–2): 43–52. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.12.006. PMID 16480828. S2CID 24552444.
^Boswell MV, Trescot AM, Datta S, Schultz DM, Hansen HC, Abdi S, Sehgal N, Shah RV, Singh V, Benyamin RM, Patel VB, Buenaventura RM, Colson JD, Cordner HJ, Epter RS, Jasper JF, Dunbar EE, Atluri SL, Bowman RC, Deer TR, Swicegood JR, Staats PS, Smith HS, Burton AW, Kloth DS, Giordano J, Manchikanti L (2007). (PDF). Pain Physician. 10 (1): 7–111. PMID 17256025. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 28, 2008.
Free online manual of regional anaesthesia - John Hyndman
December 15, 2023
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Local anesthesia is any technique to induce the absence of sensation in a specific part of the body 1 generally for the aim of inducing local analgesia i e local insensitivity to pain although other local senses may be affected as well It allows patients to undergo surgical and dental procedures with reduced pain and distress In many situations such as cesarean section it is safer and therefore superior to general anesthesia 2 Local anesthesiaMeSHD000772 edit on Wikidata The following terms are often used interchangeably Local anesthesia in a strict sense is anesthesia of a small part of the body such as a tooth or an area of skin Regional anesthesia is aimed at anesthetizing a larger part of the body such as a leg or arm Conduction anesthesia encompasses a great variety of local and regional anesthetic techniques Contents 1 Medical 2 Non medical local anesthetic techniques 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksMedical editMain article Local anesthetic A local anesthetic is a drug that causes reversible local anesthesia and a loss of nociception When it is used on specific nerve pathways nerve block effects such as analgesia loss of pain sensation and paralysis loss of muscle power can be achieved Clinical local anesthetics belong to one of two classes aminoamide and aminoester local anesthetics Synthetic local anesthetics are structurally related to cocaine They differ from cocaine mainly in that they have no abuse potential and do not act on the sympathoadrenergic system i e they do not produce hypertension or local vasoconstriction with the exception of Ropivacaine and Mepivacaine that do produce weak vasoconstriction Unlike other forms of anesthesia a local can be used for a minor procedure in a surgeon s office as it does not put you into a state of unconsciousness However the physician should have a sterile environment available before doing a procedure in their office Local anesthetics vary in their pharmacological properties and they are used in various techniques of local anesthesia such as Topical anesthesia surface Similar to topical gel numbing before getting injected with Lidocaine Infiltration Plexus blockAdverse effects depend on the local anesthetic method and site of administration discussed in depth in the local anesthetic sub article but overall adverse effects can be localized prolonged anesthesia or paresthesia due to infection hematoma excessive fluid pressure in a confined cavity and severing of nerves amp support tissue during injection 3 systemic reactions such as depressed CNS syndrome allergic reaction vasovagal episode and cyanosis due to local anesthetic toxicity lack of anesthetic effect due to infectious pus such as an abscess Non medical local anesthetic techniques editLocal pain management that uses other techniques than analgesic medication include Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation which has been found to be ineffective for lower back pain citation needed however it might help with diabetic neuropathy 4 Pulsed radiofrequency neuromodulation direct introduction of medication and nerve ablation may be used to target either the tissue structures and organ systems responsible for persistent nociception or the nociceptors from the structures implicated as the source of chronic pain 5 6 7 8 9 See also edit nbsp Medicine portalContinuous wound infiltrationReferences edit thefreedictionary com gt local anesthesia In turn citing Mosby s Medical Dictionary 8th edition Copyright 2009 Sukhminder Jit Singh Bajwa Ashish Kulshrestha 2016 Anaesthesia for laparoscopic surgery General vs regional anaesthesia J Minim Access Surg 12 1 4 9 doi 10 4103 0972 9941 169952 PMC 4746973 PMID 26917912 Nerve damage associated with peripheral nerve block PDF Risks Associated with Your Anaesthetic The Royal College of Anaesthetists Section 12 January 2006 Archived from the original PDF on 2007 10 09 Retrieved 2007 10 10 Dubinsky RM Miyasaki J January 2010 Assessment efficacy of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain in neurologic disorders an evidence based review report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology PDF Neurology 74 2 173 6 doi 10 1212 WNL 0b013e3181c918fc PMID 20042705 Varrassi G Paladini A Marinangeli F Racz G 2006 Neural modulation by blocks and infusions Pain Practice 6 1 34 8 doi 10 1111 j 1533 2500 2006 00056 x PMID 17309707 S2CID 22767485 Meglio M 2004 Spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain management Neurosurg Clin N Am 15 3 297 306 doi 10 1016 j nec 2004 02 012 PMID 15246338 Rasche D Ruppolt M Stippich C Unterberg A Tronnier VM 2006 Motor cortex stimulation for long term relief of chronic neuropathic pain a 10 year experience Pain 121 1 2 43 52 doi 10 1016 j pain 2005 12 006 PMID 16480828 S2CID 24552444 Boswell MV Trescot AM Datta S Schultz DM Hansen HC Abdi S Sehgal N Shah RV Singh V Benyamin RM Patel VB Buenaventura RM Colson JD Cordner HJ Epter RS Jasper JF Dunbar EE Atluri SL Bowman RC Deer TR Swicegood JR Staats PS Smith HS Burton AW Kloth DS Giordano J Manchikanti L 2007 Interventional techniques evidence based practice guidelines in the management of chronic spinal pain PDF Pain Physician 10 1 7 111 PMID 17256025 Archived from the original PDF on August 28 2008 Romanelli P Esposito V Adler J 2004 Ablative procedures for chronic pain Neurosurg Clin N Am 15 3 335 42 doi 10 1016 j nec 2004 02 009 PMID 15246341 External links editNew York School of Regional Anesthesia Anesthesia Books Archived 2019 12 30 at the Wayback Machine General information and tutorials in peripheral regional anesthesia worldanaesthesia org Free online manual of regional anaesthesia John Hyndman Clinical Use of Peripheral Nerve Stimulators and The Neuromuscular Junction ESRA The European Society for Regional Anaesthesia Congress Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Local anesthesia amp oldid 1170354161, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
