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Eastern Protestant Christianity

April 09, 2024

The term Eastern Protestant Christianity (also called as Eastern Reformed Christianity as well as Oriental Protestant Christianity) encompasses a range of heterogeneous Protestant Christian denominations that developed outside of the Occident, from the latter half of the nineteenth century, and yet retain certain elements of Eastern Christianity. Some of these denominations came into existence when active Protestant churches adopted reformational variants of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox liturgy and worship, while others are the result of reformations of Orthodox beliefs and practices, inspired by the teachings of Western Protestant missionaries.[1][2][3][4]

Some Eastern Protestant Churches are in communion with similar Western Protestant churches.[1][5] However, there is no universal communion between the various Eastern Protestant churches. This is due to the diverse polities, practices, liturgies, and orientations of the denominations which fall under this category, as can be seen in Western Protestantism.

Major branches

Mar Thoma Syrian Church

 
Bishop of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church in liturgical vestments
Further information: Mar Thoma Syrian Church

The Mar Thoma Church has its origins in a reformation movement in the Malankara Church, in the latter half of the 19th century. India was part of the British Empire at the time and the Malankara Church with its Oriental Orthodox traditions, in communion with the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch. Concurrently, Anglican missionaries from England arrived in South India, on a help mission for the Malankara Church. They became teachers at the church's seminary and made the Bible available in Malayalam. Inspired by the teachings of the missionaries and imbibing the ideas of the Protestant Reformation from them, a few priests under the leadership of Abraham Malpan initiated a reformation based on the Bible. Abraham Malpan also managed to get his nephew Deacon Mathew, ordained as bishop Mathews Mar Athanasius, by the Patriarch of Antioch. But many opposed the reforms. The groups for and against reforms engaged in court litigations for the church and its properties. These ended in 1889, through a verdict favoring the Patriarchal faction. Subsequently, the reformed faction became an independent church. To date, there are 11 bishops, 1149 priests and over a million laity.[6][7] While retaining many of the Syriac high church practices, the Mar Thoma Church is Reformed in its theology and doctrines.[8] It employs a reformed variant of the Liturgy of Saint James, with many parts in the local vernacular. The Mar Thoma church is in full communion with the Anglican Communion and maintains friendly relations with many other churches.[9][10][5]

Lutheran

Further information: Eastern Lutheranism

Eastern Lutheranism refers to Lutheran churches, such as those of Ukraine and Slovenia, that use a form of the Byzantine Rite as their liturgy.[11] It is unique in that it is based on the Eastern Christian rite used by the Eastern Orthodox Church, while incorporating theology from the Divine Service contained in the Formula Missae, the base texts for Lutheran liturgies in the West.[12]

Laestadianism

Further information: Laestadianism

In the far north of the Scandinavian peninsula are the Sámi people, some of whom practice a form of Lutheranism called Apostolic Lutheranism, or Laestadianism due to the efforts of Lars Levi Laestadius. However, others are Orthodox in religion. Some Apostolic Lutherans consider their movement as part of an unbroken line down from the Apostles. In Russia, Laestadians of Lutheran background cooperate with the Ingrian church, but since Laestadianism is an interdenominational movement, some are Eastern Orthodox. Eastern Orthodox Laestadians are known as Ushkovayzet (article is in Russian).[13]

Ukrainian Lutheran Church

Further information: Ukrainian Lutheran Church

The Ukrainian Lutheran Church, formerly called the Ukrainian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession, is a Byzantine Rite Lutheran Church based in Ukraine.[11][12][14] The Eastern Christian denomination consists of 25 congregations within Ukraine, serving over 2,500 members and runs Saint Sophia Ukrainian Lutheran Theological Seminary in Ternopil in Western Ukraine. The ULC is a member of the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference (CELC), a worldwide organization of confessional Lutheran church bodies of the same beliefs.[15]

Reformed/Presbyterian

Assyrian Evangelical Church

Further information: Assyrian Evangelical Church

The Assyrian Evangelical Church is a Middle Eastern Church which attained ecclesiastical independence from the Presbyterian mission in Iran, in 1870.[16] Its membership comprise mostly of Eastern Aramaic speaking ethnic Assyrians who were originally part of the Assyrian Church of the East and its offshoots or the Syriac Orthodox Church. They, like other Assyrian Christians are sometimes targets of persecution by hostile governments and neighbors.[17][18]

Armenian Evangelical Church

Further information: Armenian Evangelical Church

The Armenian Evangelical Church is the product of a reform campaign from within the Armenian Apostolic Church.[19][20][21] The reformers were influenced by the missionaries of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, who arrived in Turkey in the early nineteenth century, and published translated bibles for the Turkish-speaking Armenians.[22][23]

The reformers were led by Krikor Peshdimaljian, one of the leading intellectuals of the time.[22][23] Peshdimaljian was the head of a training school for the Armenian Apostolic clergy.[22] The school was under the auspices of the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople.[22] Out of this school, emerged a society called the Pietisical Union, whose members focused more directly on the Bible and organized Bible study meetings.[22][23] They began to raise questions about the conflicts between biblical truths and the traditional practices of the Armenian Apostolic Church.[22] The Union also advocated Pietism, which they believed their church was devoid of.[23][24]

The leadership of the Armenian Apostolic Church under Patriarch Matteos Chouhajian was against any reform, and excommunicated the reformists from the church.[22][23][24] This separation led to the formation of the Armenian Evangelical Church, on July 1, 1846, at Constantinople.[19][25] By 1850, the new church received the official recognition of the Ottoman government.[24][25] Later, however, Armenians were forced out of Ottoman Turkey, due to the Armenian genocide.[20][22][25] The Armenian Evangelical congregations in the Middle East are currently organized as the Union of the Armenian Evangelical Churches in the Near East.[20][22][23]

Evangelical

St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India

Further information: St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India

The St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India (STECI) is an Evangelical, Episcopal denomination based in Kerala, India. It derives from a schism in the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church in 1961. STECI holds that the Bible is the inspired, inerrant and infallible Word of God. Adherents believe that all that is necessary for salvation and living in righteousness is given in the Bible. The church is engaged in active evangelism. The headquarters of this church is at Tiruvalla, a town in the state of Kerala.[26]

Assyrian Pentecostal Church

Further information: Assyrian Pentecostal Church

The Assyrian Pentecostal Church is a Pentecostal Christian denomination which originated in the 1940s among the Assyrian people of Iran and spread among ethnic Assyrians in Iraq, Turkey and Syria.[27][28] They are native speakers of the Assyrian Neo-Aramaic language and use it as their liturgical language too.[29] They also use the Syriac Aramaic Bible.[30] Most of its members were originally part of the Assyrian Church of the East and its offshoots or the Syriac Orthodox Church.[17] This denomination is affiliated to the Assemblies of God Church.[31] There has been reported instances of persecution against them as well.[32]

Believers Eastern Church

Further information: Believers Eastern Church

Believers Eastern Church (formerly Believers Church) is a Christian denomination with roots in Pentecostalism, based in Kerala, India. It exists as a part of the Gospel for Asia.[33][34] In 2003, this church acquired episcopacy, by getting Indian Anglican bishops ordain its founder K. P. Yohannan, as a bishop. Henceforth this denomination adopted several elements of Eastern Christian worship and practices like usage of anointed holy oils, yet keeping the principle of sola scriptura.[35] Its name was officially changed to Believers Eastern Church in 2017, so as to "better express its roots in the ancient and orthodox faith".[36]

Evangelical Church of Romania

Further information: Evangelical Church of Romania

The Evangelical Church of Romania (Romanian: Biserica Evanghelică Română) is one of Romania's eighteen officially recognised religious denominations.[37][38] The church originated between 1920 and 1924, through work of the young Romanian Orthodox theologians Dumitru Cornilescu and Tudor Popescu.[39]

Deacon Cornilescu was motivated to translate the Bible into modern Romanian, by Princess Calimachi of Moldavia. While translating the Epistle to the Romans, Cornilescu became interested in the concept of personal salvation. By the time he completed the translation, he had become staunchly evangelical.[39] Afterwards, Cornilescu served as a deacon under Fr. Tudor Popescu, at the Cuibul cu barză Church in Bucharest. After some time, Popescu converted to evangelicalism, due to Cornilescu's influence. Both of them began to preach salvation by personal faith in Christ. Gradually, they gained a significant following, including priests from the Romanian Orthodox Church. Soon other evangelical traits, such as singing and congregational participation, began to manifest in this group.[39] They called into question many Orthodox practices, which they perceived to be unbiblical. Tudor Popescu has been called the Romanian Martin Luther, for his attempts to reform the Romanian Orthodox Church.[40][41]

Due to deviations from Eastern Orthodox doctrines, the Romanian Orthodox Church defrocked Fr. Tudor Popescu. Dumitru Cornilescu was forced to leave the country. But Popescu and his followers (originally called Tudorists), established their own Church; the Evangelical Church of Romania.[42]

Evangelical Orthodox Church

Further information: Evangelical Orthodox Church

The Evangelical Orthodox Church is a Christian denomination which blends Evangelical Protestantism with features of Eastern Orthodoxy. It started off in 1973 as a network of house churches established by Campus Crusade for Christ missionaries in the United States. The founders Peter E. Gillquist, Jack Sparks, Jon Braun, and J.R. Ballew wanted to restore Christianity to its primitive form based on the writings of the early Church Fathers. So they stood in a circle and self-ordained each other, creating an entity called the New Covenant Apostolic Order (NCAO). Their own interpretations of Church history led to the adoption of a somewhat liturgical form of worship and induced a need for apostolic succession. In 1977 the first contact with the Eastern Orthodox Church was initiated through Orthodox seminarian Fr. John Bartke. In 1979 the Evangelical Orthodox Church (EOC) was organized. The EOC pursued various avenues to obtain episcopacy, including a visit to the Patriarch of Constantinople, but to no avail. At last they met Patriarch Ignatius IV of Antioch, during his historic visit to Los Angeles, which proved successful. This meeting was arranged by Fr. John Bartke, who later served as the primary intermediary between the EOC and the Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese, and also hosted the initial set of chrismations and ordinations for the EOC at St. Michael's Church in Van Nuys, California. Unable to completely reconcile Evangelicalism and Orthodoxy, many EOC members formally joined the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America in 1987. Some others joined the Orthodox Church in America. The rest remained independent and continue as the Evangelical Orthodox Church.[43][44][45][46]

P'ent'ay

Further information: P'ent'ay

The P'ent'ay is an Amharic and Tigrinya language term for evangelical Christians in Ethiopia and Eritrea. This movement have been influenced by the mainstream Orthodox Christianity of these countries as well as Pentecostalism. As Protestantism is relatively new in Ethiopia, most P'ent'ay are ex-Orthodox Christians.[47][48] Many of these groups describe their religious practices as culturally Orthodox, but Protestant by doctrine. They boast approximately 16,500,000 members.[49] The P'ent'ay denominations may constitute as much as 19% of the population of Ethiopia,[50] while being a small minority in Eritrea.[51]

List of churches

See also

  • Army of the Lord, an evangelical movement within the Romanian Orthodox Church
  • Zoë movement, sometimes regarded as a crypto-Protestant movement in the Greek church.
  • Spiritual Christianity, refers to Russian "folk Protestants", non-Orthodox indigenous to then the Russian Empire that emerged from among the Orthodox, and from the Bezpopovtsy Raskolniks.

References

  1. ^ a b Fernández Rodríguez, José Manuel (28 November 2016). "Eastern Protestant and Reformed Churches "a historical and ecumenical look"". Theologica Xaveriana. 66 (182): 345–366. doi:10.11144/javeriana.tx66-182.ioproh.
  2. ^ Milovanović, Aleksandra Djurić; Radić, Radmila (2017-10-11). "Parts I, II, III". Orthodox Christian Renewal Movements in Eastern Europe. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-63354-1.
  3. ^ Leustean, Lucian N. (2014-05-30). Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century. Routledge. pp. 8, 10, 484–485, 568, 587–589. ISBN 978-1-317-81866-3.
  4. ^ Werff, Lyle L. Vander (1977). Christian Mission to Muslims: The Record : Anglican and Reformed Approaches in India and the Near East, 1800-1938. William Carey Library. pp. 101–103. ISBN 978-0-87808-320-6.
  5. ^ a b "Heritage – Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church".
  6. ^ Fortescue, Adrian (1913). The lesser eastern churches. London: Catholic Truth Society. pp. 368–371, 374–375. ISBN 978-1-177-70798-5. A Malpan (teacher) in the Kottayam college, Abraham, who was a priest (Katanar), took up Protestant ideas warmly. Dr. Richards says of him with just pride that he was "the Wyclif of the Syrian Church in Malabar."…The Reformers calls themselves the "Mar Thomas Christians". They are considerably Protestantized. They have no images, denounce the idea of the Eucharistic sacrifice, pray neither to the saints nor for the dead, and use the vernacular (Malayalam) for their services…If only we knew what the views of the Church of England in matters of faith are, it would be easier to estimate those of the Mar Thomas Christians.
  7. ^ Neill, Stephen (2002). A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858. Cambridge University Press. pp. 236–254. ISBN 0521893321. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  8. ^ Kurian, George Thomas; Day, Sarah Claudine (14 March 2017). The Essential Handbook of Denominations and Ministries. Baker Books. ISBN 978-1-4934-0640-1.
  9. ^ Pallikunnil, Jameson K. (2017). The Eucharistic Liturgy: A Liturgical Foundation for Mission in the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-5246-7652-0. Metropolitan Juhanon Mar Thoma called it "a Protestant Church in an oriental grab."...As a reformed Oriental Church, it agrees with the reformed doctrines of the Western Churches. Therefore, there is much in common in faith and doctrine between the MTC and the reformed Churches of the West. As the Church now sees it, just as the Anglican Church is a Western Reformed Church, the MTC is an Eastern Reformed Church. At the same time as it continues in the apostolic episcopal tradition and ancient oriental practices, it has much in common with the Oriental Orthodox Churches. Thus, it is regarded as a "bridging Church".
  10. ^ Leustean, Lucian N. (30 May 2014). Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century. Routledge. p. 568. ISBN 978-1-317-81866-3. The Syrian Orthodox also became the target of Anglican missionary activity, as a result of which the Mar Thoma Church separated from the Orthodox in 1874, adopting the Anglican confession of faith and a reformed Syrian liturgy conforming to Protestant principles.
  11. ^ a b Hämmerli, Maria; Mayer, Jean-François (23 May 2016). Orthodox Identities in Western Europe: Migration, Settlement and Innovation. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 9781317084914.
  12. ^ a b Bebis, Fr. Vassilios. "The Divine Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom, used by the Ukrainian Lutheran Church, and its missing elements".
  13. ^ Karelian religious movement Uskhovayzet
  14. ^ Webber, David Jay (1992). "Why is the Lutheran Church a Liturgical Church?". Bethany Lutheran College. Retrieved 18 September 2018. In the Byzantine world, however, this pattern of worship would not be informed by the liturgical history of the Latin church, as with the Reformation-era church orders, but by the liturgical history of the Byzantine church. (This was in fact what occurred with the Ukrainian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession, which published in its 1933 Ukrainian Evangelical Service Book the first ever Lutheran liturgical order derived from the historic Eastern Rite.)
  15. ^ "Member Churches". Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
  16. ^ Vander Werff, Lyle L. (1977). Christian mission to Muslims: the record : Anglican and Reformed approaches in India and the Near East, 1800-1938. The William Carey Library series on Islamic studies. William Carey Library. pp. 366. ISBN 978-0-87808-320-6.
  17. ^ a b "Who are the Assyrians? 10 Things to Know about their History & Faith". Christianity.com.
  18. ^ "UNPO: Assyria: Church Raided by Iranian Authorities". unpo.org.
  19. ^ a b Boynerian, Avedis (January 2000). "The Importance of the Armenian Evangelical Churches for Christian Witness in the Middle East". International Review of Mission. 89 (352): 76–86. doi:10.1111/j.1758-6631.2000.tb00181.x.
  20. ^ a b c Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (21 September 2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 2956. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3.
  21. ^ Katchadourian, Herant (5 September 2012). The Way It Turned Out: A Memoir. CRC Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-981-4364-75-1.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kurian, George Thomas; Lamport, Mark A. (7 May 2015). Encyclopedia of Christian Education. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-8108-8493-9.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Raheb, Mitri; Lamport, Mark A. (15 December 2020). The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 284–285. ISBN 978-1-5381-2418-5.
  24. ^ a b c Winter, Jay (8 January 2004). America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915. Cambridge University Press. pp. 187–188. ISBN 978-1-139-45018-8.
  25. ^ a b c Raheb, Mitri; Lamport, Mark A. (24 May 2022). Surviving Jewel: The Enduring Story of Christianity in the Middle East. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-1-7252-6319-2.
  26. ^ . St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India (steci) is an episcopal Church. Archived from the original on 2019-07-20. Retrieved 2019-07-20.
  27. ^ Iran Almanac and Book of Facts (9 ed.). Echo of Iran. 1970.
  28. ^ Religion and nation : Iranian local and transnational networks in Britain. Berghahn Books. 2004. p. 199. ISBN 1571815767.
  29. ^ . 14 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  30. ^ . 31 May 2015. Archived from the original on 31 May 2015.
  31. ^ . Archived from the original on 2005-01-02.
  32. ^ "Wife of Iranian Pentecostal Leader Sentenced to 5 Years in Prison After Praying With Christians". www.christianpost.com. 31 January 2018.
  33. ^ The South Indian Pentecostal movement in the twentieth century. William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. 2008-06-06. p. 54. ISBN 9780802827340.
  34. ^ . www.gfaau.org. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
  35. ^ "K.P. Yohannan Blesses and Consecrates Holy Oils for Believers Eastern Church". 18 April 2018.
  36. ^ "Believers Eastern Church".
  37. ^ (PDF). Bucharest: State Secretariat for Religious Affairs. 2019. pp. 37, 149–150. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-10-31. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  38. ^ Olivier Gillet. "The religious situation in Romania". o-re-la.ulb.be. Centre Interdisciplinaire d’Etude des Religions et de la Laïcité (CIERL).
  39. ^ a b c Scarfe, Alan (1975-11-01). "The evangelical wing of the orthodox church in Romania". Religion in Communist Lands. 3 (6): 15–19. doi:10.1080/09637497508430738. ISSN 0307-5974.
  40. ^ Ramet, Sabrina P. (1992). Protestantism and Politics in Eastern Europe and Russia: The Communist and Postcommunist Eras. Duke University Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-8223-1241-3.
  41. ^ Milovanović, Aleksandra Djurić; Radić, Radmila (2017-10-11). Orthodox Christian Renewal Movements in Eastern Europe. Springer. pp. 234–237. ISBN 978-3-319-63354-1.
  42. ^ Clark, Roland (2021). Sectarianism and Renewal in 1920s Romania: The Limits of Orthodoxy and Nation-Building. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 169–193. doi:10.5040/9781350100985. ISBN 978-1-3501-0095-4. S2CID 229431106.
  43. ^ Lloyd R. Thompson, “A Critical Analysis of the Evangelical Orthodox Church (New Covenant Apostolic Order)” (Ph.D. diss., Yale Divinity School, 1979), 20.
  44. ^ Ruth Stiling, “An Examination of the Evangelical Orthodox Church” (M.A. thesis, Dallas Theological Seminary, May 1980), 17-18.
  45. ^ Steve Barth, “Development of Evangelical Church Traced: Twelve Years of Theology Change Moves Away from Anti-Authority,” Daily Nexus (November 13, 1979): 2.
  46. ^ D. Oliver Herbel, Turning to Tradition: Converts and the Making of an American Orthodox Church (Oxford University Press, 2014), 104-117.
  47. ^ . Cultural Atlas. Archived from the original on 2019-09-06. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
  48. ^ Eshete, Tibebe (2009). The evangelical movement in Ethiopia : resistance and resilience. Baylor University Press. ISBN 9781602580022.
  49. ^ "Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity in Ethiopia: A Historical Introduction to a Largely Unexplored Movement". ResearchGate.
  50. ^ Baker, Stephanie (18 October 2012). . ethiogrio.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
  51. ^ "ERITREA" (PDF).
  52. ^ Alexy II, ed. (2008). "Евангельские христиане" [Evangelical christians]. Православная энциклопедия [Orthodox Encyclopedia] (in Russian). Vol. 17. Москва: Церковно-научный центр "Православная энциклопедия". pp. 40–44. ISBN 978-5-89572-030-1.

April 09, 2024
eastern, protestant, christianity, term, also, called, eastern, reformed, christianity, well, oriental, protestant, christianity, encompasses, range, heterogeneous, protestant, christian, denominations, that, developed, outside, occident, from, latter, half, n. The term Eastern Protestant Christianity also called as Eastern Reformed Christianity as well as Oriental Protestant Christianity encompasses a range of heterogeneous Protestant Christian denominations that developed outside of the Occident from the latter half of the nineteenth century and yet retain certain elements of Eastern Christianity Some of these denominations came into existence when active Protestant churches adopted reformational variants of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox liturgy and worship while others are the result of reformations of Orthodox beliefs and practices inspired by the teachings of Western Protestant missionaries 1 2 3 4 Some Eastern Protestant Churches are in communion with similar Western Protestant churches 1 5 However there is no universal communion between the various Eastern Protestant churches This is due to the diverse polities practices liturgies and orientations of the denominations which fall under this category as can be seen in Western Protestantism Contents 1 Major branches 1 1 Mar Thoma Syrian Church 1 2 Lutheran 1 2 1 Laestadianism 1 2 2 Ukrainian Lutheran Church 1 3 Reformed Presbyterian 1 3 1 Assyrian Evangelical Church 1 3 2 Armenian Evangelical Church 1 4 Evangelical 1 4 1 St Thomas Evangelical Church of India 1 4 2 Assyrian Pentecostal Church 1 4 3 Believers Eastern Church 1 4 4 Evangelical Church of Romania 1 4 5 Evangelical Orthodox Church 1 4 6 P ent ay 2 List of churches 3 See also 4 ReferencesMajor branchesMar Thoma Syrian Church nbsp Bishop of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church in liturgical vestmentsFurther information Mar Thoma Syrian Church The Mar Thoma Church has its origins in a reformation movement in the Malankara Church in the latter half of the 19th century India was part of the British Empire at the time and the Malankara Church with its Oriental Orthodox traditions in communion with the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch Concurrently Anglican missionaries from England arrived in South India on a help mission for the Malankara Church They became teachers at the church s seminary and made the Bible available in Malayalam Inspired by the teachings of the missionaries and imbibing the ideas of the Protestant Reformation from them a few priests under the leadership of Abraham Malpan initiated a reformation based on the Bible Abraham Malpan also managed to get his nephew Deacon Mathew ordained as bishop Mathews Mar Athanasius by the Patriarch of Antioch But many opposed the reforms The groups for and against reforms engaged in court litigations for the church and its properties These ended in 1889 through a verdict favoring the Patriarchal faction Subsequently the reformed faction became an independent church To date there are 11 bishops 1149 priests and over a million laity 6 7 While retaining many of the Syriac high church practices the Mar Thoma Church is Reformed in its theology and doctrines 8 It employs a reformed variant of the Liturgy of Saint James with many parts in the local vernacular The Mar Thoma church is in full communion with the Anglican Communion and maintains friendly relations with many other churches 9 10 5 Lutheran Further information Eastern Lutheranism Eastern Lutheranism refers to Lutheran churches such as those of Ukraine and Slovenia that use a form of the Byzantine Rite as their liturgy 11 It is unique in that it is based on the Eastern Christian rite used by the Eastern Orthodox Church while incorporating theology from the Divine Service contained in the Formula Missae the base texts for Lutheran liturgies in the West 12 Laestadianism Further information Laestadianism In the far north of the Scandinavian peninsula are the Sami people some of whom practice a form of Lutheranism called Apostolic Lutheranism or Laestadianism due to the efforts of Lars Levi Laestadius However others are Orthodox in religion Some Apostolic Lutherans consider their movement as part of an unbroken line down from the Apostles In Russia Laestadians of Lutheran background cooperate with the Ingrian church but since Laestadianism is an interdenominational movement some are Eastern Orthodox Eastern Orthodox Laestadians are known as Ushkovayzet article is in Russian 13 Ukrainian Lutheran Church Further information Ukrainian Lutheran Church The Ukrainian Lutheran Church formerly called the Ukrainian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession is a Byzantine Rite Lutheran Church based in Ukraine 11 12 14 The Eastern Christian denomination consists of 25 congregations within Ukraine serving over 2 500 members and runs Saint Sophia Ukrainian Lutheran Theological Seminary in Ternopil in Western Ukraine The ULC is a member of the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference CELC a worldwide organization of confessional Lutheran church bodies of the same beliefs 15 Reformed Presbyterian Assyrian Evangelical Church Further information Assyrian Evangelical Church The Assyrian Evangelical Church is a Middle Eastern Church which attained ecclesiastical independence from the Presbyterian mission in Iran in 1870 16 Its membership comprise mostly of Eastern Aramaic speaking ethnic Assyrians who were originally part of the Assyrian Church of the East and its offshoots or the Syriac Orthodox Church They like other Assyrian Christians are sometimes targets of persecution by hostile governments and neighbors 17 18 Armenian Evangelical Church Further information Armenian Evangelical Church The Armenian Evangelical Church is the product of a reform campaign from within the Armenian Apostolic Church 19 20 21 The reformers were influenced by the missionaries of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions who arrived in Turkey in the early nineteenth century and published translated bibles for the Turkish speaking Armenians 22 23 The reformers were led by Krikor Peshdimaljian one of the leading intellectuals of the time 22 23 Peshdimaljian was the head of a training school for the Armenian Apostolic clergy 22 The school was under the auspices of the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople 22 Out of this school emerged a society called the Pietisical Union whose members focused more directly on the Bible and organized Bible study meetings 22 23 They began to raise questions about the conflicts between biblical truths and the traditional practices of the Armenian Apostolic Church 22 The Union also advocated Pietism which they believed their church was devoid of 23 24 The leadership of the Armenian Apostolic Church under Patriarch Matteos Chouhajian was against any reform and excommunicated the reformists from the church 22 23 24 This separation led to the formation of the Armenian Evangelical Church on July 1 1846 at Constantinople 19 25 By 1850 the new church received the official recognition of the Ottoman government 24 25 Later however Armenians were forced out of Ottoman Turkey due to the Armenian genocide 20 22 25 The Armenian Evangelical congregations in the Middle East are currently organized as the Union of the Armenian Evangelical Churches in the Near East 20 22 23 Evangelical St Thomas Evangelical Church of India Further information St Thomas Evangelical Church of India The St Thomas Evangelical Church of India STECI is an Evangelical Episcopal denomination based in Kerala India It derives from a schism in the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church in 1961 STECI holds that the Bible is the inspired inerrant and infallible Word of God Adherents believe that all that is necessary for salvation and living in righteousness is given in the Bible The church is engaged in active evangelism The headquarters of this church is at Tiruvalla a town in the state of Kerala 26 Assyrian Pentecostal Church Further information Assyrian Pentecostal Church The Assyrian Pentecostal Church is a Pentecostal Christian denomination which originated in the 1940s among the Assyrian people of Iran and spread among ethnic Assyrians in Iraq Turkey and Syria 27 28 They are native speakers of the Assyrian Neo Aramaic language and use it as their liturgical language too 29 They also use the Syriac Aramaic Bible 30 Most of its members were originally part of the Assyrian Church of the East and its offshoots or the Syriac Orthodox Church 17 This denomination is affiliated to the Assemblies of God Church 31 There has been reported instances of persecution against them as well 32 Believers Eastern Church Further information Believers Eastern Church Believers Eastern Church formerly Believers Church is a Christian denomination with roots in Pentecostalism based in Kerala India It exists as a part of the Gospel for Asia 33 34 In 2003 this church acquired episcopacy by getting Indian Anglican bishops ordain its founder K P Yohannan as a bishop Henceforth this denomination adopted several elements of Eastern Christian worship and practices like usage of anointed holy oils yet keeping the principle of sola scriptura 35 Its name was officially changed to Believers Eastern Church in 2017 so as to better express its roots in the ancient and orthodox faith 36 Evangelical Church of Romania Further information Evangelical Church of Romania The Evangelical Church of Romania Romanian Biserica Evanghelică Romană is one of Romania s eighteen officially recognised religious denominations 37 38 The church originated between 1920 and 1924 through work of the young Romanian Orthodox theologians Dumitru Cornilescu and Tudor Popescu 39 Deacon Cornilescu was motivated to translate the Bible into modern Romanian by Princess Calimachi of Moldavia While translating the Epistle to the Romans Cornilescu became interested in the concept of personal salvation By the time he completed the translation he had become staunchly evangelical 39 Afterwards Cornilescu served as a deacon under Fr Tudor Popescu at the Cuibul cu barză Church in Bucharest After some time Popescu converted to evangelicalism due to Cornilescu s influence Both of them began to preach salvation by personal faith in Christ Gradually they gained a significant following including priests from the Romanian Orthodox Church Soon other evangelical traits such as singing and congregational participation began to manifest in this group 39 They called into question many Orthodox practices which they perceived to be unbiblical Tudor Popescu has been called the Romanian Martin Luther for his attempts to reform the Romanian Orthodox Church 40 41 Due to deviations from Eastern Orthodox doctrines the Romanian Orthodox Church defrocked Fr Tudor Popescu Dumitru Cornilescu was forced to leave the country But Popescu and his followers originally called Tudorists established their own Church the Evangelical Church of Romania 42 Evangelical Orthodox Church Further information Evangelical Orthodox Church The Evangelical Orthodox Church is a Christian denomination which blends Evangelical Protestantism with features of Eastern Orthodoxy It started off in 1973 as a network of house churches established by Campus Crusade for Christ missionaries in the United States The founders Peter E Gillquist Jack Sparks Jon Braun and J R Ballew wanted to restore Christianity to its primitive form based on the writings of the early Church Fathers So they stood in a circle and self ordained each other creating an entity called the New Covenant Apostolic Order NCAO Their own interpretations of Church history led to the adoption of a somewhat liturgical form of worship and induced a need for apostolic succession In 1977 the first contact with the Eastern Orthodox Church was initiated through Orthodox seminarian Fr John Bartke In 1979 the Evangelical Orthodox Church EOC was organized The EOC pursued various avenues to obtain episcopacy including a visit to the Patriarch of Constantinople but to no avail At last they met Patriarch Ignatius IV of Antioch during his historic visit to Los Angeles which proved successful This meeting was arranged by Fr John Bartke who later served as the primary intermediary between the EOC and the Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese and also hosted the initial set of chrismations and ordinations for the EOC at St Michael s Church in Van Nuys California Unable to completely reconcile Evangelicalism and Orthodoxy many EOC members formally joined the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America in 1987 Some others joined the Orthodox Church in America The rest remained independent and continue as the Evangelical Orthodox Church 43 44 45 46 P ent ay Further information P ent ay The P ent ay is an Amharic and Tigrinya language term for evangelical Christians in Ethiopia and Eritrea This movement have been influenced by the mainstream Orthodox Christianity of these countries as well as Pentecostalism As Protestantism is relatively new in Ethiopia most P ent ay are ex Orthodox Christians 47 48 Many of these groups describe their religious practices as culturally Orthodox but Protestant by doctrine They boast approximately 16 500 000 members 49 The P ent ay denominations may constitute as much as 19 of the population of Ethiopia 50 while being a small minority in Eritrea 51 List of churchesMalankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church Armenian Evangelical Church Assyrian Evangelical Church Assyrian Pentecostal Church Believers Eastern Church of India Eastern Rite Community in Germany and the Czech Republic Evangelical Baptist Church of Georgia Evangelical Church of Egypt Synod of the Nile Evangelical Church of Romania Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia Evangelical Orthodox Church Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church P ent ay Ethiopian and Eritrean Evangelical Churches Russian Evangelical Church 52 Society for Eastern Rite Anglicanism St Thomas Evangelical Church of India Ukrainian Lutheran ChurchSee alsoArmy of the Lord an evangelical movement within the Romanian Orthodox Church Zoe movement sometimes regarded as a crypto Protestant movement in the Greek church Spiritual Christianity refers to Russian folk Protestants non Orthodox indigenous to then the Russian Empire that emerged from among the Orthodox and from the Bezpopovtsy Raskolniks References a b Fernandez Rodriguez Jose Manuel 28 November 2016 Eastern Protestant and Reformed Churches a historical and ecumenical look Theologica Xaveriana 66 182 345 366 doi 10 11144 javeriana tx66 182 ioproh Milovanovic Aleksandra Djuric Radic Radmila 2017 10 11 Parts I II III Orthodox Christian Renewal Movements in Eastern Europe Springer ISBN 978 3 319 63354 1 Leustean Lucian N 2014 05 30 Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty First Century Routledge pp 8 10 484 485 568 587 589 ISBN 978 1 317 81866 3 Werff Lyle L Vander 1977 Christian Mission to Muslims The Record Anglican and Reformed Approaches in India and the Near East 1800 1938 William Carey Library pp 101 103 ISBN 978 0 87808 320 6 a b Heritage Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church Fortescue Adrian 1913 The lesser eastern churches London Catholic Truth Society pp 368 371 374 375 ISBN 978 1 177 70798 5 A Malpan teacher in the Kottayam college Abraham who was a priest Katanar took up Protestant ideas warmly Dr Richards says of him with just pride that he was the Wyclif of the Syrian Church in Malabar The Reformers calls themselves the Mar Thomas Christians They are considerably Protestantized They have no images denounce the idea of the Eucharistic sacrifice pray neither to the saints nor for the dead and use the vernacular Malayalam for their services If only we knew what the views of the Church of England in matters of faith are it would be easier to estimate those of the Mar Thomas Christians Neill Stephen 2002 A History of Christianity in India 1707 1858 Cambridge University Press pp 236 254 ISBN 0521893321 Retrieved 19 February 2016 Kurian George Thomas Day Sarah Claudine 14 March 2017 The Essential Handbook of Denominations and Ministries Baker Books ISBN 978 1 4934 0640 1 Pallikunnil Jameson K 2017 The Eucharistic Liturgy A Liturgical Foundation for Mission in the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church AuthorHouse ISBN 978 1 5246 7652 0 Metropolitan Juhanon Mar Thoma called it a Protestant Church in an oriental grab As a reformed Oriental Church it agrees with the reformed doctrines of the Western Churches Therefore there is much in common in faith and doctrine between the MTC and the reformed Churches of the West As the Church now sees it just as the Anglican Church is a Western Reformed Church the MTC is an Eastern Reformed Church At the same time as it continues in the apostolic episcopal tradition and ancient oriental practices it has much in common with the Oriental Orthodox Churches Thus it is regarded as a bridging Church Leustean Lucian N 30 May 2014 Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty First Century Routledge p 568 ISBN 978 1 317 81866 3 The Syrian Orthodox also became the target of Anglican missionary activity as a result of which the Mar Thoma Church separated from the Orthodox in 1874 adopting the Anglican confession of faith and a reformed Syrian liturgy conforming to Protestant principles a b Hammerli Maria Mayer Jean Francois 23 May 2016 Orthodox Identities in Western Europe Migration Settlement and Innovation Routledge p 13 ISBN 9781317084914 a b Bebis Fr Vassilios The Divine Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom used by the Ukrainian Lutheran Church and its missing elements Karelian religious movement Uskhovayzet Webber David Jay 1992 Why is the Lutheran Church a Liturgical Church Bethany Lutheran College Retrieved 18 September 2018 In the Byzantine world however this pattern of worship would not be informed by the liturgical history of the Latin church as with the Reformation era church orders but by the liturgical history of the Byzantine church This was in fact what occurred with the Ukrainian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession which published in its 1933 Ukrainian Evangelical Service Book the first ever Lutheran liturgical order derived from the historic Eastern Rite Member Churches Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference Retrieved January 12 2018 Vander Werff Lyle L 1977 Christian mission to Muslims the record Anglican and Reformed approaches in India and the Near East 1800 1938 The William Carey Library series on Islamic studies William Carey Library pp 366 ISBN 978 0 87808 320 6 a b Who are the Assyrians 10 Things to Know about their History amp Faith Christianity com UNPO Assyria Church Raided by Iranian Authorities unpo org a b Boynerian Avedis January 2000 The Importance of the Armenian Evangelical Churches for Christian Witness in the Middle East International Review of Mission 89 352 76 86 doi 10 1111 j 1758 6631 2000 tb00181 x a b c Melton J Gordon Baumann Martin 21 September 2010 Religions of the World A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices 2nd Edition 6 volumes ABC CLIO p 2956 ISBN 978 1 59884 204 3 Katchadourian Herant 5 September 2012 The Way It Turned Out A Memoir CRC Press pp 38 39 ISBN 978 981 4364 75 1 a b c d e f g h i Kurian George Thomas Lamport Mark A 7 May 2015 Encyclopedia of Christian Education Rowman amp Littlefield p 70 ISBN 978 0 8108 8493 9 a b c d e f Raheb Mitri Lamport Mark A 15 December 2020 The Rowman amp Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East Rowman amp Littlefield pp 284 285 ISBN 978 1 5381 2418 5 a b c Winter Jay 8 January 2004 America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915 Cambridge University Press pp 187 188 ISBN 978 1 139 45018 8 a b c Raheb Mitri Lamport Mark A 24 May 2022 Surviving Jewel The Enduring Story of Christianity in the Middle East Wipf and Stock Publishers pp 113 114 ISBN 978 1 7252 6319 2 Church History St Thomas Evangelical Church of India steci is an episcopal Church Archived from the original on 2019 07 20 Retrieved 2019 07 20 Iran Almanac and Book of Facts 9 ed Echo of Iran 1970 Religion and nation Iranian local and transnational networks in Britain Berghahn Books 2004 p 199 ISBN 1571815767 14 February 2012 https web archive org web 20120214135708 http item slide com r 1 112 i f7Qa4Gm 5D8zh6Ty1TAbQZAUbTLofgrx Archived from the original on 14 February 2012 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Aramaic Bible Translation 31 May 2015 Archived from the original on 31 May 2015 Haik s Impact Upon Church History Archived from the original on 2005 01 02 Wife of Iranian Pentecostal Leader Sentenced to 5 Years in Prison After Praying With Christians www christianpost com 31 January 2018 The South Indian Pentecostal movement in the twentieth century William B Eerdmans Pub Co 2008 06 06 p 54 ISBN 9780802827340 Believers Eastern Church www gfaau org Archived from the original on 2023 03 21 Retrieved 2019 09 06 K P Yohannan Blesses and Consecrates Holy Oils for Believers Eastern Church 18 April 2018 Believers Eastern Church State and Religion in Romania PDF Bucharest State Secretariat for Religious Affairs 2019 pp 37 149 150 Archived from the original PDF on 2022 10 31 Retrieved 2021 05 31 Olivier Gillet The religious situation in Romania o re la ulb be Centre Interdisciplinaire d Etude des Religions et de la Laicite CIERL a b c Scarfe Alan 1975 11 01 The evangelical wing of the orthodox church in Romania Religion in Communist Lands 3 6 15 19 doi 10 1080 09637497508430738 ISSN 0307 5974 Ramet Sabrina P 1992 Protestantism and Politics in Eastern Europe and Russia The Communist and Postcommunist Eras Duke University Press p 187 ISBN 978 0 8223 1241 3 Milovanovic Aleksandra Djuric Radic Radmila 2017 10 11 Orthodox Christian Renewal Movements in Eastern Europe Springer pp 234 237 ISBN 978 3 319 63354 1 Clark Roland 2021 Sectarianism and Renewal in 1920s Romania The Limits of Orthodoxy and Nation Building Bloomsbury Academic pp 169 193 doi 10 5040 9781350100985 ISBN 978 1 3501 0095 4 S2CID 229431106 Lloyd R Thompson A Critical Analysis of the Evangelical Orthodox Church New Covenant Apostolic Order Ph D diss Yale Divinity School 1979 20 Ruth Stiling An Examination of the Evangelical Orthodox Church M A thesis Dallas Theological Seminary May 1980 17 18 Steve Barth Development of Evangelical Church Traced Twelve Years of Theology Change Moves Away from Anti Authority Daily Nexus November 13 1979 2 D Oliver Herbel Turning to Tradition Converts and the Making of an American Orthodox Church Oxford University Press 2014 104 117 Ethiopian Culture Religion Cultural Atlas Archived from the original on 2019 09 06 Retrieved 2019 09 06 Eshete Tibebe 2009 The evangelical movement in Ethiopia resistance and resilience Baylor University Press ISBN 9781602580022 Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity in Ethiopia A Historical Introduction to a Largely Unexplored Movement ResearchGate Baker Stephanie 18 October 2012 Religion In Ethiopia ethiogrio com Archived from the original on 6 September 2019 Retrieved 6 September 2019 ERITREA PDF Alexy II ed 2008 Evangelskie hristiane Evangelical christians Pravoslavnaya enciklopediya Orthodox Encyclopedia in Russian Vol 17 Moskva Cerkovno nauchnyj centr Pravoslavnaya enciklopediya pp 40 44 ISBN 978 5 89572 030 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eastern Protestant Christianity amp oldid 1215335704, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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