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Reeves's muntjac

January 01, 1970

Reeves's muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi), also known as the Chinese muntjac,[2] is a species of muntjac found widely in south-eastern China (from Gansu to Yunnan) and Taiwan.[3] It has also been introduced in the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Japan. It takes its name from John Reeves,[4] a naturalist employed by the British East India Company in the 19th century.

Reeves's muntjac
At Augsburg de Laza
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Cervidae
Subfamily: Cervinae
Genus: Muntiacus
Species:
M. reevesi
Binomial name
Muntiacus reevesi
(Ogilby, 1839)

Description edit

Reeves's muntjac grows to 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) high at the shoulder[5] and 0.95 m (3 ft 1 in) in length, plus a short tail up to 4 in (10 cm) long. It weighs between 10 and 18 kg (22 and 40 lb) when fully grown. It is reddish-brown in appearance with striped markings on its face.[5] The belly is creamy-white, with lighter fur extending to the neck, chin, and the underside of the tail. The males have short antlers,[5] usually 4 in (10 cm) or less, and long upper canines (tusks), usually about 2 in (5.1 cm) long. Females have bony lumps on their foreheads and localized black spots. The Taiwanese subspecies (M. r. micrurus), commonly known as the Formosan Reeves's muntjac, is darker than other subspecies.

Behavior edit

Reeves's muntjac feeds on herbs, blossoms, succulent shoots, fungi, berries, grasses, and nuts, and has also been reported to eat tree bark. Eggs and carrion are eaten opportunistically.[6] It is also called the barking deer due to its distinctive barking sound,[7] though this name is also used for other species of muntjacs. The barking sound is common during mating or when provoked. Its preferred habitats are forest and shrubland. It is a solitary and crepuscular animal. Both males and females defend small territories that they mark with preorbital gland secretions that are thought to be pheromonal in nature.[8] When fighting, males first use their antlers to push enemies off balance so they can wound them with their 2 in (5.1 cm) upper canine teeth.

On Hachijō-jima

Reproduction edit

Female, Prague Zoo
 

Female muntjacs (known as "does"[7]) become sexually mature within the first year of life.[9] Mating occurs throughout the year. Their gestation period lasts from 209 to 220 days.[10] Females limit the number of mating bouts, though time between successive bouts is determined by males[11] (known as "bucks"[7]).

Distribution edit

It is widely found in south-eastern China (from Gansu to Yunnan) and Taiwan.[3] It has also been introduced in several other regions.

Continental Europe edit

It has been introduced in Belgium and seen in the Netherlands.[12]

In Europe, this species is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list).[13] This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.[14]

Great Britain edit

Reeves's muntjacs were first introduced to the UK in the early 19th century.[15]

In the late 19th century, the then Duke of Bedford brought some to Woburn Abbey in Bedfordshire, then in 1901 released them into the surrounding woods.[15]: 96  A few more probably escaped from the nearby Whipsnade Zoo. During the mid-20th century, Woburn conducted several deliberate releases in distant locations throughout England.[15]: 97  It is suspected that there were also other unrecorded releases or escapes from private collections. These releases later caused misperception that muntjacs spread very rapidly.[15]: 98  The estimated population of Reeves's muntjacs in England was 52,000 in 1995,[2] and 104,000 in 2008.[15]: 100 

Under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 it was illegal to release the species except where already established, and the Invasive Alien Species (Enforcement and Permitting) Order 2019 has subsequently prohibited the capture and re-release of muntjac in all cases.[16] As of 2017, colonies exist throughout England south of the Humber, and the population continues to grow.[17]

Ireland edit

It has been introduced in the Republic of Ireland.[18]

Sightings in 2008 caused the government, concerned at the risk of the species becoming established, to quickly introduce a year-round hunting season.[19]

Japanese archipelago edit

In the 1960s, several specimens escaped from an exhibition zoo in the Bōsō Peninsula in eastern Japan. By 2017, their numbers had reached at least 60,000. It is considered a harmful invasive species[20] and has inflicted severe damage to ashitaba plantations. Also, Reeves's muntjac escaped a zoo on Izu Ōshima in 1970 when a fence fell due to a typhoon. A muntjac eradication effort on Izu Ōshima was undertaken in 2007–2014 but failed, and as of 2014, at least 11,000 individuals exist and have a yearly population growth rate of 15%. This failure has been blamed on inadequate survey methods.[21]

Conservation edit

In Hong Kong, Reeve's muntjac is a protected species under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170. It is listed as least concern by the IUCN due to being generally common and widespread.[1]

Economic significance edit

The tanned skin of Reeves's muntjac is notable for its softness and is occasionally used in beauty-care products, musical instruments, lenses, and antique items packaging. Low-fat muntjac meat is also noted for its culinary qualities.[22]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Timmins, J.; Chan, B. (2016). "Muntiacus reevesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42191A170905827. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42191A170905827.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Harris, Stephen; Morris, Pat; Wray, Stephanie; Yalden, Derek (1995). . A review of British mammals:population estimates and conservation status of British mammals other than cetaceans (Report). Joint Nature Conservation Committee (UK). pp. 101–102. ISBN 1-873701-68-3. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
    • p101: in England around 40,000, in Scotland fewer than 50, in Wales fewer than 250.
    • p102: additional fawn and immature individuals 30% (12,000)
  3. ^ a b Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Vol. 6. 1838. p. 105. Cervus Reevesi
  5. ^ a b c "Muntjac, Muntiacus reevesi". GB Non-native species secretariat. DEFRA.
  6. ^ . Arkive. Archived from the original on 2017-10-27. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  7. ^ a b c "Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi)". www.bds.org.uk. The British Deer Society. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  8. ^ Rehorek, Susan J.; Hillenius, Willem J.; Kennaugh, John; Chapman, Norma (2005). "The gland and the sac — the preorbital apparatus of muntjacs". Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 10. pp. 152–158. doi:10.1007/0-387-25160-X_19. ISBN 978-0-387-25159-2.
  9. ^ Chapman, Norma G., M. Furlong, and S. Harris. "Reproductive strategies and the influence of date of birth on growth and sexual development of an aseasonally‐breeding ungulate: Reeves' muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi)". Journal of Zoology 241.3 (1997): 551–570.
  10. ^ Whitehead, Kenneth (1993). The Whitehead Encyclopedia of Deer. Stillwater, MN: Voyager Press. p. 597.
  11. ^ Yahner, Richard (August 1979). "Temporal Patterns in Male Mating Behavior of Captive Reeve's Muntjac (muntiacus Reevesi)". Journal of Mammalogy. 3. 60 (3): 560–567. doi:10.2307/1380097. JSTOR 1380097.
  12. ^ Hollander, Hans. "Reeves' muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and sika deer (Cervus nippon) in the Netherlands" (PDF). Dutch Mammal Society. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  13. ^ "List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern - Environment - European Commission". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  14. ^ "REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species".
  15. ^ a b c d e Lever, Christopher (2009). "Reeves's muntjac". The naturalized animals of Britain and Ireland. London: New Holland Publishers (UK). pp. 95–100. ISBN 9781847734549.
    • cited sources: History and distribution: Chapman 1994, 1995; Population: Harris et al. 1995, Chapman 2008
  16. ^ "Alien Species (Enforcement and Permitting) Order 2019".
  17. ^ "Muntjac Deer". The British Deer Society. from the original on 2022-03-21. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  18. ^ Sleeman, D. P. and Carlsson, J. Introduction in Sleeman, D. P., Carlsson, J. and Carlsson, J. E. L. (eds) 2014. "Mind the Gap 11.: new insights into the Irish postglacial". Ir Nat J. ISBN 978-0-9569704-8-0
  19. ^ Under Statutory Instrument 346 of 2008
  20. ^ "Reeves's (or Chinese) Muntjac / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  21. ^ . TOKYO Web (Tokyo Shimbun) (in Japanese). 2015-09-13. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  22. ^ Charles Smith, Muntjac: Managing an Alien Species ISBN 978-1904784029

External links edit

  •   Media related to Muntiacus reevesi at Wikimedia Commons

January 01, 1970
reeves, muntjac, muntiacus, reevesi, also, known, chinese, muntjac, species, muntjac, found, widely, south, eastern, china, from, gansu, yunnan, taiwan, also, been, introduced, united, kingdom, ireland, netherlands, belgium, japan, takes, name, from, john, ree. Reeves s muntjac Muntiacus reevesi also known as the Chinese muntjac 2 is a species of muntjac found widely in south eastern China from Gansu to Yunnan and Taiwan 3 It has also been introduced in the United Kingdom Ireland the Netherlands Belgium and Japan It takes its name from John Reeves 4 a naturalist employed by the British East India Company in the 19th century Reeves s muntjac At Augsburg de Laza Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Family Cervidae Subfamily Cervinae Genus Muntiacus Species M reevesi Binomial name Muntiacus reevesi Ogilby 1839 Contents 1 Description 2 Behavior 3 Reproduction 4 Distribution 4 1 Continental Europe 4 2 Great Britain 4 3 Ireland 4 4 Japanese archipelago 5 Conservation 6 Economic significance 7 References 8 External linksDescription editReeves s muntjac grows to 0 5 m 1 ft 8 in high at the shoulder 5 and 0 95 m 3 ft 1 in in length plus a short tail up to 4 in 10 cm long It weighs between 10 and 18 kg 22 and 40 lb when fully grown It is reddish brown in appearance with striped markings on its face 5 The belly is creamy white with lighter fur extending to the neck chin and the underside of the tail The males have short antlers 5 usually 4 in 10 cm or less and long upper canines tusks usually about 2 in 5 1 cm long Females have bony lumps on their foreheads and localized black spots The Taiwanese subspecies M r micrurus commonly known as the Formosan Reeves s muntjac is darker than other subspecies At Dumbleton Hall nbsp Behavior editReeves s muntjac feeds on herbs blossoms succulent shoots fungi berries grasses and nuts and has also been reported to eat tree bark Eggs and carrion are eaten opportunistically 6 It is also called the barking deer due to its distinctive barking sound 7 though this name is also used for other species of muntjacs The barking sound is common during mating or when provoked Its preferred habitats are forest and shrubland It is a solitary and crepuscular animal Both males and females defend small territories that they mark with preorbital gland secretions that are thought to be pheromonal in nature 8 When fighting males first use their antlers to push enemies off balance so they can wound them with their 2 in 5 1 cm upper canine teeth source source source source source source source source On Hachijō jimaReproduction editFemale Prague Zoo nbsp Female muntjacs known as does 7 become sexually mature within the first year of life 9 Mating occurs throughout the year Their gestation period lasts from 209 to 220 days 10 Females limit the number of mating bouts though time between successive bouts is determined by males 11 known as bucks 7 Distribution editIt is widely found in south eastern China from Gansu to Yunnan and Taiwan 3 It has also been introduced in several other regions Continental Europe edit It has been introduced in Belgium and seen in the Netherlands 12 In Europe this species is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern the Union list 13 This implies that this species cannot be imported bred transported commercialized or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union 14 Great Britain edit Reeves s muntjacs were first introduced to the UK in the early 19th century 15 In the late 19th century the then Duke of Bedford brought some to Woburn Abbey in Bedfordshire then in 1901 released them into the surrounding woods 15 96 A few more probably escaped from the nearby Whipsnade Zoo During the mid 20th century Woburn conducted several deliberate releases in distant locations throughout England 15 97 It is suspected that there were also other unrecorded releases or escapes from private collections These releases later caused misperception that muntjacs spread very rapidly 15 98 The estimated population of Reeves s muntjacs in England was 52 000 in 1995 2 and 104 000 in 2008 15 100 Under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 it was illegal to release the species except where already established and the Invasive Alien Species Enforcement and Permitting Order 2019 has subsequently prohibited the capture and re release of muntjac in all cases 16 As of 2017 update colonies exist throughout England south of the Humber and the population continues to grow 17 Ireland edit It has been introduced in the Republic of Ireland 18 Sightings in 2008 caused the government concerned at the risk of the species becoming established to quickly introduce a year round hunting season 19 Japanese archipelago edit In the 1960s several specimens escaped from an exhibition zoo in the Bōsō Peninsula in eastern Japan By 2017 their numbers had reached at least 60 000 It is considered a harmful invasive species 20 and has inflicted severe damage to ashitaba plantations Also Reeves s muntjac escaped a zoo on Izu Ōshima in 1970 when a fence fell due to a typhoon A muntjac eradication effort on Izu Ōshima was undertaken in 2007 2014 but failed and as of 2014 at least 11 000 individuals exist and have a yearly population growth rate of 15 This failure has been blamed on inadequate survey methods 21 Conservation editIn Hong Kong Reeve s muntjac is a protected species under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170 It is listed as least concern by the IUCN due to being generally common and widespread 1 Economic significance editThe tanned skin of Reeves s muntjac is notable for its softness and is occasionally used in beauty care products musical instruments lenses and antique items packaging Low fat muntjac meat is also noted for its culinary qualities 22 References edit a b Timmins J Chan B 2016 Muntiacus reevesi IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T42191A170905827 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 2 RLTS T42191A170905827 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 a b Harris Stephen Morris Pat Wray Stephanie Yalden Derek 1995 Chinese muntjac Muntiacus reevesi A review of British mammals population estimates and conservation status of British mammals other than cetaceans Report Joint Nature Conservation Committee UK pp 101 102 ISBN 1 873701 68 3 Archived from the original on 2011 07 13 Retrieved 2022 08 28 p101 in England around 40 000 in Scotland fewer than 50 in Wales fewer than 250 p102 additional fawn and immature individuals 30 12 000 a b Wilson D E Reeder D M eds 2005 Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Vol 6 1838 p 105 Cervus Reevesi a b c Muntjac Muntiacus reevesi GB Non native species secretariat DEFRA Reeve s muntjac videos photos and facts Muntiacus reevesi Arkive Archived from the original on 2017 10 27 Retrieved 7 April 2018 a b c Muntjac Muntiacus reevesi www bds org uk The British Deer Society Retrieved 13 March 2014 Rehorek Susan J Hillenius Willem J Kennaugh John Chapman Norma 2005 The gland and the sac the preorbital apparatus of muntjacs Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 10 pp 152 158 doi 10 1007 0 387 25160 X 19 ISBN 978 0 387 25159 2 Chapman Norma G M Furlong and S Harris Reproductive strategies and the influence of date of birth on growth and sexual development of an aseasonally breeding ungulate Reeves muntjac Muntiacus reevesi Journal of Zoology 241 3 1997 551 570 Whitehead Kenneth 1993 The Whitehead Encyclopedia of Deer Stillwater MN Voyager Press p 597 Yahner Richard August 1979 Temporal Patterns in Male Mating Behavior of Captive Reeve s Muntjac muntiacus Reevesi Journal of Mammalogy 3 60 3 560 567 doi 10 2307 1380097 JSTOR 1380097 Hollander Hans Reeves muntjac Muntiacus reevesi and sika deer Cervus nippon in the Netherlands PDF Dutch Mammal Society Retrieved 13 December 2022 List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern Environment European Commission ec europa eu Retrieved 2021 07 27 REGULATION EU No 1143 2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species a b c d e Lever Christopher 2009 Reeves s muntjac The naturalized animals of Britain and Ireland London New Holland Publishers UK pp 95 100 ISBN 9781847734549 cited sources History and distribution Chapman 1994 1995 Population Harris et al 1995 Chapman 2008 Alien Species Enforcement and Permitting Order 2019 Muntjac Deer The British Deer Society Archived from the original on 2022 03 21 Retrieved 2022 08 28 Sleeman D P and Carlsson J Introduction in Sleeman D P Carlsson J and Carlsson J E L eds 2014 Mind the Gap 11 new insights into the Irish postglacial Ir Nat J ISBN 978 0 9569704 8 0 Under Statutory Instrument 346 of 2008 Reeves s or Chinese Muntjac Invasive Species of Japan www nies go jp Retrieved 7 April 2018 東京新聞 社会 大島のキョンが猛繁殖 島民より多い1万1000頭 アシタバ被害 TOKYO Web Tokyo Shimbun in Japanese 2015 09 13 Archived from the original on 27 September 2015 Retrieved 7 April 2018 Charles Smith Muntjac Managing an Alien Species ISBN 978 1904784029External links edit nbsp Media related to Muntiacus reevesi at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Reeves 27s muntjac amp oldid 1222371378, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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