Red fruit bats can range from tan to dark brown in color and their wings can be dark brown to black with red or pinked colored arms and figures. The nose-leaf are erect and shaped like a lace with a tan coloration.[3] The ears pointed and go from light to dark brown, starting from the base of the ear and to the top of the ears. The eyes are small and oval shaped with brown iris and a circular pupils. Red fruit bats that are dark brown in color are the ones that have molted their juvenile fur to their adult fur.[3] Bats from Puerto Rico are a darker brown, Dresden Brown than the bats found on St. John, Buckthorn Brown.[3] Both adults and juveniles have darker coloration on the ventral side than on the dorsal side, and they have white spots on the sides of the neck near the base of the ear and at the wing joints.[3][4] Sexual dimorphism is present among S. r. darioi, where the females are bigger than the males, on Puerto Rico and this does not appear in S. r. rufum on St. John.[3][4] The S. r. darioi females are 67.8 mm in length on average, have a forearm length of about 49.7 mm, and their skull is 22.9 mm in length.[3][4]S. r. rufum females are 65 mm long, the forearm is around 47.3 mm, and have a skull length of 22.1 mm, making them smaller than S. r. doraioi females.[4] Males of both species are the same size on average with a length of 61–65.5 mm, forearm length of 47.5-47.7 mm, a skull length about 22.3 mm, and males lack a baculum which is typical of all phyllostomatid bats.[4]
Stenoderma rufum rufum (Desmarest's red fruit bat) - U.S. Virgin Islands
†Stenoderma rufum anthonyi (Anthony's red fruit bat) - Puerto Rico (fossil)
Stenoderma rufum darioi (Valdivieso's red fruit bat) - Puerto Rico
Ecologyedit
Range and habitatedit
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests and is found on the islands of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, St. John and St. Thomas. As of June 10, 2004, a pregnant female was found on the island of St. Croix, showing that there is a breeding population on the island.[5] There are no morphological or habitat characteristics that put red fruit bats from St. Croix in the subspecies of S. rufum, but is put in S. r. rufum because they have a similar coloration. The female has a body length of 67 mm and a forearm length of 50.21 mm. Most species of Stenoderma rufum are found in the Luquillo National Forest.[5] This rain forest is located in the northeast part of Puerto Rico, this is a mountainous region that gets over 2,000 mm of rainfall annually.[6]
Dietedit
Red fruit bats are frugivores. They primarily feed on fruit like Cecropia schrebriana, Manilkara bidentata, and Prestoea montana.[6][7] It has been shown that they can also survive on mangos, fruit nectars, and bananas, but they need to have the flesh of the fruit exposed for the animal to eat it.[3]
Behavioredit
Red fruit bats are nocturnal. Most nocturnal animals tend to reduce their activity during the brighter levels of moonlight, because nocturnal predators can find prey easier when the moon is bright. Red fruit bats do not lack of nocturnal predators on Puerto Rico, this allows the bats to search for food or mates regardless of whether there is a full moon or a new moon.[6]
Mating and reproductionedit
Little is known on the mating and reproduction of red fruit bats. Males tend to mate during the dry seasons rather than the rainy seasons.[7] Females will mate year round, and are polyestrus.[7] Seasons also affect the size of their embryos, with smaller embryos appearing more frequently during dry seasons rather than rainy seasons.[7] When pups are born they are covered in fur everywhere but the face, which is pink and hairless. Pups are born with their eyes open.[3] At birth they are 45 mm long with a forearm length of 29.4 mm and a wingspan of 201 mm.[3]
^Rodriguez Duran, A. (2016). "Stenoderma rufum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20743A22065638. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T20743A22065638.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ abcdefghijGenoways, Hugh H.; Baker, Robert J. (1972). "Stenoderma rufum". Mammalian Species (18): 1–4. doi:10.2307/3503991. JSTOR 3503991.
^ abcdeJones, J. Knox; Genoways, Hugh H.; Baker, Robert J. (1971). "Morphological Variation in Stenoderma rufum". Journal of Mammalogy. 52 (1): 244–247. doi:10.2307/1378464. JSTOR 1378464. PMID 5545563. S2CID 2478699.
^ abKwiecinski, Gary George; Coles, William C. (2007). "Presence of Stenoderma rufum beyond the Puerto Rican bank" (PDF). Occasional Papers. 266. Museum of Texas Tech University. doi:10.5962/BHL.TITLE.156896. S2CID 132829783.
^ abcGannon, Michael R.; Willig, Michael R. (1997). "The Effect of Lunar Illumination on Movement and Activity of the Red Fig-eating Bat (Stenoderma rufum)". Biotropica. 29 (4): 525–529. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.1997.tb00048.x. JSTOR 2388947. S2CID 85156702.
^ abcdGannon, Michael R.; Willig, Michael R. (1992). "Bat Reproduction in the Luquillo Experimental Forest of Puerto Rico". The Southwestern Naturalist. 37 (4): 414–419. doi:10.2307/3671794. JSTOR 3671794.
April 17, 2024
fruit, fruit, eating, stenoderma, rufum, species, family, phyllostomidae, monotypic, genus, stenoderma, found, puerto, rico, virgin, islands, conservation, statusnear, threatened, iucn, scientific, classificationdomain, eukaryotakingdom, animaliaphylum, chorda. The red fruit bat or red fig eating bat Stenoderma rufum is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae in the monotypic genus Stenoderma 2 It is found in Puerto Rico and the U S Virgin Islands Red fruit batConservation statusNear Threatened IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder ChiropteraFamily PhyllostomidaeGenus StenodermaE Geoffroy 1818Species S rufumBinomial nameStenoderma rufumDesmarest 1820 Contents 1 Description 1 1 Subspecies 2 Ecology 2 1 Range and habitat 2 2 Diet 3 Behavior 3 1 Mating and reproduction 4 See also 5 ReferencesDescription editRed fruit bats can range from tan to dark brown in color and their wings can be dark brown to black with red or pinked colored arms and figures The nose leaf are erect and shaped like a lace with a tan coloration 3 The ears pointed and go from light to dark brown starting from the base of the ear and to the top of the ears The eyes are small and oval shaped with brown iris and a circular pupils Red fruit bats that are dark brown in color are the ones that have molted their juvenile fur to their adult fur 3 Bats from Puerto Rico are a darker brown Dresden Brown than the bats found on St John Buckthorn Brown 3 Both adults and juveniles have darker coloration on the ventral side than on the dorsal side and they have white spots on the sides of the neck near the base of the ear and at the wing joints 3 4 Sexual dimorphism is present among S r darioi where the females are bigger than the males on Puerto Rico and this does not appear in S r rufum on St John 3 4 The S r darioi females are 67 8 mm in length on average have a forearm length of about 49 7 mm and their skull is 22 9 mm in length 3 4 S r rufum females are 65 mm long the forearm is around 47 3 mm and have a skull length of 22 1 mm making them smaller than S r doraioi females 4 Males of both species are the same size on average with a length of 61 65 5 mm forearm length of 47 5 47 7 mm a skull length about 22 3 mm and males lack a baculum which is typical of all phyllostomatid bats 4 Subspecies edit Three subspecies are recognised 3 Stenoderma rufum rufum Desmarest s red fruit bat U S Virgin Islands Stenoderma rufum anthonyi Anthony s red fruit bat Puerto Rico fossil Stenoderma rufum darioi Valdivieso s red fruit bat Puerto RicoEcology editRange and habitat edit Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests and is found on the islands of Puerto Rico and the U S Virgin Islands St John and St Thomas As of June 10 2004 a pregnant female was found on the island of St Croix showing that there is a breeding population on the island 5 There are no morphological or habitat characteristics that put red fruit bats from St Croix in the subspecies of S rufum but is put in S r rufum because they have a similar coloration The female has a body length of 67 mm and a forearm length of 50 21 mm Most species of Stenoderma rufum are found in the Luquillo National Forest 5 This rain forest is located in the northeast part of Puerto Rico this is a mountainous region that gets over 2 000 mm of rainfall annually 6 Diet edit Red fruit bats are frugivores They primarily feed on fruit like Cecropia schrebriana Manilkara bidentata and Prestoea montana 6 7 It has been shown that they can also survive on mangos fruit nectars and bananas but they need to have the flesh of the fruit exposed for the animal to eat it 3 Behavior editRed fruit bats are nocturnal Most nocturnal animals tend to reduce their activity during the brighter levels of moonlight because nocturnal predators can find prey easier when the moon is bright Red fruit bats do not lack of nocturnal predators on Puerto Rico this allows the bats to search for food or mates regardless of whether there is a full moon or a new moon 6 Mating and reproduction edit Little is known on the mating and reproduction of red fruit bats Males tend to mate during the dry seasons rather than the rainy seasons 7 Females will mate year round and are polyestrus 7 Seasons also affect the size of their embryos with smaller embryos appearing more frequently during dry seasons rather than rainy seasons 7 When pups are born they are covered in fur everywhere but the face which is pink and hairless Pups are born with their eyes open 3 At birth they are 45 mm long with a forearm length of 29 4 mm and a wingspan of 201 mm 3 See also edit nbsp Puerto Rico portal nbsp Biology portalFauna of Puerto Rico List of endemic fauna of Puerto RicoReferences edit Rodriguez Duran A 2016 Stenoderma rufum IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T20743A22065638 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 1 RLTS T20743A22065638 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 Gannon M R Rodriguez Duran M Kurta A and Willig M R Stenoderma rufum Desmarest Red Fig eating Bat or Murcielago Frutero Nativo website Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Downloaded 10 November 2012 from http hydrodictyon eeb uconn edu people willig Research Puerto 20Rico stenoderma html a b c d e f g h i j Genoways Hugh H Baker Robert J 1972 Stenoderma rufum Mammalian Species 18 1 4 doi 10 2307 3503991 JSTOR 3503991 a b c d e Jones J Knox Genoways Hugh H Baker Robert J 1971 Morphological Variation in Stenoderma rufum Journal of Mammalogy 52 1 244 247 doi 10 2307 1378464 JSTOR 1378464 PMID 5545563 S2CID 2478699 a b Kwiecinski Gary George Coles William C 2007 Presence of Stenoderma rufum beyond the Puerto Rican bank PDF Occasional Papers 266 Museum of Texas Tech University doi 10 5962 BHL TITLE 156896 S2CID 132829783 a b c Gannon Michael R Willig Michael R 1997 The Effect of Lunar Illumination on Movement and Activity of the Red Fig eating Bat Stenoderma rufum Biotropica 29 4 525 529 doi 10 1111 j 1744 7429 1997 tb00048 x JSTOR 2388947 S2CID 85156702 a b c d Gannon Michael R Willig Michael R 1992 Bat Reproduction in the Luquillo Experimental Forest of Puerto Rico The Southwestern Naturalist 37 4 414 419 doi 10 2307 3671794 JSTOR 3671794 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