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Realism (art movement)

January 01, 1970

This article is about the 19th-century art movement. For naturalism or realism in the arts, see Realism (arts).
For other uses, see Realism (disambiguation).

Realism was an artistic movement that emerged in France in the 1840s, around the 1848 Revolution.[1] Realists rejected Romanticism, which had dominated French literature and art since the early 19th century. Realism revolted against the exotic subject matter and the exaggerated emotionalism and drama of the Romantic movement. Instead, it sought to portray real and typical contemporary people and situations with truth and accuracy, and not avoiding unpleasant or sordid aspects of life. The movement aimed to focus on unidealized subjects and events that were previously rejected in art work. Realist works depicted people of all classes in situations that arise in ordinary life, and often reflected the changes brought by the Industrial and Commercial Revolutions. Realism was primarily concerned with how things appeared to the eye, rather than containing ideal representations of the world.[citation needed] The popularity of such "realistic" works grew with the introduction of photography—a new visual source that created a desire for people to produce representations which look objectively real.[citation needed]

James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Nocturne: Blue and Gold – Old Battersea Bridge (1872), Tate Britain, London, England

The Realists depicted everyday subjects and situations in contemporary settings, and attempted to depict individuals of all social classes in a similar manner. Gloomy earth toned palettes were used to ignore beauty and idealization that was typically found in art. This movement sparked controversy because it purposefully criticized social values and the upper classes, as well as examining the new values that came along with the industrial revolution. Realism is widely regarded as the beginning of the modern art movement due to the push to incorporate modern life and art together.[2] Classical idealism and Romantic emotionalism and drama were avoided equally, and often sordid or untidy elements of subjects were not smoothed over or omitted. Social realism emphasizes the depiction of the working class, and treating them with the same seriousness as other classes in art, but realism, as the avoidance of artificiality, in the treatment of human relations and emotions was also an aim of Realism. Treatments of subjects in a heroic or sentimental manner were equally rejected.[3]

Realism as an art movement was led by Gustave Courbet in France. It spread across Europe and was influential for the rest of the century and beyond, but as it became adopted into the mainstream of painting it becomes less common and useful as a term to define artistic style. After the arrival of Impressionism and later movements which downgraded the importance of precise illusionistic brushwork, it often came to refer simply to the use of a more traditional and tighter painting style. It has been used for a number of later movements and trends in art, some involving careful illusionistic representation, such as Photorealism, and others the depiction of "realist" subject matter in a social sense, or attempts at both.

Beginnings in France edit

 
Bonjour, Monsieur Courbet, 1854. A Realist painting by Gustave Courbet.

The Realist movement began in the mid-19th century as a reaction to Romanticism and History painting. In favor of depictions of 'real' life, the Realist painters used common laborers, and ordinary people in ordinary surroundings engaged in real activities as subjects for their works. The chief exponents of Realism were Gustave Courbet, Jean-François Millet, Honoré Daumier, and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot.[4][5][6] Jules Bastien-Lepage is closely associated with the beginning of Naturalism, an artistic style that emerged from the later phase of the Realist movement and heralded the arrival of Impressionism.[7]

Realists used unprettified detail depicting the existence of ordinary contemporary life, coinciding in the contemporaneous naturalist literature of Émile Zola, Honoré de Balzac, and Gustave Flaubert.[8]

Courbet was the leading proponent of Realism and he challenged the popular history painting that was favored at the state-sponsored art academy. His groundbreaking paintings A Burial at Ornans and The Stonebreakers depicted ordinary people from his native region. Both paintings were done on huge canvases that would typically be used for history paintings.[8] Although Courbet's early works emulated the sophisticated manner of Old Masters such as Rembrandt and Titian, after 1848 he adopted a boldly inelegant style inspired by popular prints, shop signs, and other work of folk artisans.[9] In The Stonebreakers, his first painting to create a controversy, Courbet eschewed the pastoral tradition of representing human subjects in harmony with nature. Rather, he depicted two men juxtaposed against a charmless, stony roadside. The concealment of their faces emphasizes the dehumanizing nature of their monotonous, repetitive labor.[9]

Beyond France edit

 
Ilya Repin, Barge Haulers on the Volga, 1870–73

The French Realist movement had stylistic and ideological equivalents in all other Western countries, developing somewhat later. The Realist movement in France was characterized by a spirit of rebellion against powerful official support for history painting. In countries where institutional support of history painting was less dominant, the transition from existing traditions of genre painting to Realism presented no such schism.[9] An important Realist movement beyond France was the Peredvizhniki or Wanderers group in Russia who formed in the 1860s and organized exhibitions from 1871 included many realists such as genre artist Vasily Perov, landscape artists Ivan Shishkin, Alexei Savrasov, and Arkhip Kuindzhi, portraitist Ivan Kramskoy, war artist Vasily Vereshchagin, historical artist Vasily Surikov and, especially, Ilya Repin, who is considered by many to be the most renowned Russian artist of the 19th century.[11]

Courbet's influence was felt most strongly in Germany, where prominent realists included Adolph Menzel, Wilhelm Leibl, Wilhelm Trübner, and Max Liebermann. Leibl and several other young German painters met Courbet in 1869 when he visited Munich to exhibit his works and demonstrate his manner of painting from nature.[12] In Italy the artists of the Macchiaioli group painted Realist scenes of rural and urban life. The Hague School were Realists in the Netherlands whose style and subject matter strongly influenced the early works of Vincent van Gogh.[9] In Britain artists such as the American James Abbott McNeill Whistler, as well as English artists Ford Madox Brown, Hubert von Herkomer and Luke Fildes had great success with realist paintings dealing with social issues and depictions of the "real" world.

In the United States, Winslow Homer and Thomas Eakins were important Realists and forerunners of the Ashcan School, an early-20th-century art movement largely based in New York City. The Ashcan School included such artists as George Bellows and Robert Henri, and helped to define American realism in its tendency to depict the daily life of poorer members of society.

Later on in America, the term realism took on various new definitions and adaptations once the movement hit the U.S. Surrealism and magical realism developed out of the French realist movement in the 1930s, and in the 1950s new realism developed. This sub-movement considered art to exist as a thing in itself opposed to representations of the real world. In modern-day America, realism art is generally regarded as anything that does not fall into abstract art, therefore including mostly art that depicts realities.[citation needed]

References edit

  1. ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art
  2. ^ "Realism Movement Overview". The Art Story. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
  3. ^ Finocchio, Ross. "Nineteenth-Century French Realism". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. online (October 2004)
  4. ^ NGA Realism movement 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ National Gallery glossary, Realism movement
  6. ^ Philosophy of Realism
  7. ^ Fry, Roger. 1920. "Vision and Design." London: Chatto & Windus. "An Essay in Æsthetics." 11–24. Accessed online on 13 March 2012 at . Archived from the original on 2013-11-14. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
  8. ^ a b Nineteenth-Century French Realism | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
  9. ^ a b c d Rubin, J. 2003. "Realism". Grove Art Online.
  10. ^ National Gallery of Art
  11. ^ "10 Most Famous Russian Artists And Their Masterpieces | Learnodo Newtonic". Retrieved 2021-10-14.
  12. ^ Nationalgalerie (Berlin), and Françoise Forster-Hahn. 2001. Spirit of an Age: Nineteenth-Century Paintings From the Nationalgalerie, Berlin. London: National Gallery Company. p. 155. ISBN 1857099605

External links edit

  • 19th Century French Realism, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, Metropolitan Museum of Art
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Realism.

January 01, 1970
realism, movement, this, article, about, 19th, century, movement, naturalism, realism, arts, realism, arts, other, uses, realism, disambiguation, realism, artistic, movement, that, emerged, france, 1840s, around, 1848, revolution, realists, rejected, romantici. This article is about the 19th century art movement For naturalism or realism in the arts see Realism arts For other uses see Realism disambiguation Realism was an artistic movement that emerged in France in the 1840s around the 1848 Revolution 1 Realists rejected Romanticism which had dominated French literature and art since the early 19th century Realism revolted against the exotic subject matter and the exaggerated emotionalism and drama of the Romantic movement Instead it sought to portray real and typical contemporary people and situations with truth and accuracy and not avoiding unpleasant or sordid aspects of life The movement aimed to focus on unidealized subjects and events that were previously rejected in art work Realist works depicted people of all classes in situations that arise in ordinary life and often reflected the changes brought by the Industrial and Commercial Revolutions Realism was primarily concerned with how things appeared to the eye rather than containing ideal representations of the world citation needed The popularity of such realistic works grew with the introduction of photography a new visual source that created a desire for people to produce representations which look objectively real citation needed James Abbott McNeill Whistler Nocturne Blue and Gold Old Battersea Bridge 1872 Tate Britain London England The Realists depicted everyday subjects and situations in contemporary settings and attempted to depict individuals of all social classes in a similar manner Gloomy earth toned palettes were used to ignore beauty and idealization that was typically found in art This movement sparked controversy because it purposefully criticized social values and the upper classes as well as examining the new values that came along with the industrial revolution Realism is widely regarded as the beginning of the modern art movement due to the push to incorporate modern life and art together 2 Classical idealism and Romantic emotionalism and drama were avoided equally and often sordid or untidy elements of subjects were not smoothed over or omitted Social realism emphasizes the depiction of the working class and treating them with the same seriousness as other classes in art but realism as the avoidance of artificiality in the treatment of human relations and emotions was also an aim of Realism Treatments of subjects in a heroic or sentimental manner were equally rejected 3 Realism as an art movement was led by Gustave Courbet in France It spread across Europe and was influential for the rest of the century and beyond but as it became adopted into the mainstream of painting it becomes less common and useful as a term to define artistic style After the arrival of Impressionism and later movements which downgraded the importance of precise illusionistic brushwork it often came to refer simply to the use of a more traditional and tighter painting style It has been used for a number of later movements and trends in art some involving careful illusionistic representation such as Photorealism and others the depiction of realist subject matter in a social sense or attempts at both Contents 1 Beginnings in France 2 Beyond France 3 References 4 External linksBeginnings in France edit nbsp Bonjour Monsieur Courbet 1854 A Realist painting by Gustave Courbet The Realist movement began in the mid 19th century as a reaction to Romanticism and History painting In favor of depictions of real life the Realist painters used common laborers and ordinary people in ordinary surroundings engaged in real activities as subjects for their works The chief exponents of Realism were Gustave Courbet Jean Francois Millet Honore Daumier and Jean Baptiste Camille Corot 4 5 6 Jules Bastien Lepage is closely associated with the beginning of Naturalism an artistic style that emerged from the later phase of the Realist movement and heralded the arrival of Impressionism 7 Realists used unprettified detail depicting the existence of ordinary contemporary life coinciding in the contemporaneous naturalist literature of Emile Zola Honore de Balzac and Gustave Flaubert 8 Courbet was the leading proponent of Realism and he challenged the popular history painting that was favored at the state sponsored art academy His groundbreaking paintings A Burial at Ornans and The Stonebreakers depicted ordinary people from his native region Both paintings were done on huge canvases that would typically be used for history paintings 8 Although Courbet s early works emulated the sophisticated manner of Old Masters such as Rembrandt and Titian after 1848 he adopted a boldly inelegant style inspired by popular prints shop signs and other work of folk artisans 9 In The Stonebreakers his first painting to create a controversy Courbet eschewed the pastoral tradition of representing human subjects in harmony with nature Rather he depicted two men juxtaposed against a charmless stony roadside The concealment of their faces emphasizes the dehumanizing nature of their monotonous repetitive labor 9 nbsp Gustave Courbet A Burial At Ornans 1849 nbsp Jean Francois Millet The Gleaners 1857 nbsp Honore Daumier The Third Class Carriage 1862 1864 nbsp Gustave Courbet The Stone Breakers 1849 nbsp Gustave Courbet After Dinner at Ornans 1849 nbsp Jean Francois Millet The Sower 1850 nbsp Gustave Courbet Le Sommeil Sleep 1866 Petit Palais Musee des Beaux Arts de la Ville de Paris nbsp Jean Baptiste Camille Corot Young Girl Reading 1868 National Gallery of Art 10 nbsp Edouard Manet Breakfast in the Studio the Black Jacket New Pinakothek Munich Germany 1868 nbsp Departing Cranes Poland by Jozef Chelmonski National Museum in Krakow 1871 nbsp Jean Francois Millet A Norman Milkmaid at Greville 1871 nbsp Jules Bastien Lepage October 1878 National Gallery of Victoria nbsp Jules Breton The Song of the Lark 1884 nbsp Jules Breton The End of the Working Day 1886 87Beyond France edit nbsp Ilya Repin Barge Haulers on the Volga 1870 73 The French Realist movement had stylistic and ideological equivalents in all other Western countries developing somewhat later The Realist movement in France was characterized by a spirit of rebellion against powerful official support for history painting In countries where institutional support of history painting was less dominant the transition from existing traditions of genre painting to Realism presented no such schism 9 An important Realist movement beyond France was the Peredvizhniki or Wanderers group in Russia who formed in the 1860s and organized exhibitions from 1871 included many realists such as genre artist Vasily Perov landscape artists Ivan Shishkin Alexei Savrasov and Arkhip Kuindzhi portraitist Ivan Kramskoy war artist Vasily Vereshchagin historical artist Vasily Surikov and especially Ilya Repin who is considered by many to be the most renowned Russian artist of the 19th century 11 Courbet s influence was felt most strongly in Germany where prominent realists included Adolph Menzel Wilhelm Leibl Wilhelm Trubner and Max Liebermann Leibl and several other young German painters met Courbet in 1869 when he visited Munich to exhibit his works and demonstrate his manner of painting from nature 12 In Italy the artists of the Macchiaioli group painted Realist scenes of rural and urban life The Hague School were Realists in the Netherlands whose style and subject matter strongly influenced the early works of Vincent van Gogh 9 In Britain artists such as the American James Abbott McNeill Whistler as well as English artists Ford Madox Brown Hubert von Herkomer and Luke Fildes had great success with realist paintings dealing with social issues and depictions of the real world In the United States Winslow Homer and Thomas Eakins were important Realists and forerunners of the Ashcan School an early 20th century art movement largely based in New York City The Ashcan School included such artists as George Bellows and Robert Henri and helped to define American realism in its tendency to depict the daily life of poorer members of society Later on in America the term realism took on various new definitions and adaptations once the movement hit the U S Surrealism and magical realism developed out of the French realist movement in the 1930s and in the 1950s new realism developed This sub movement considered art to exist as a thing in itself opposed to representations of the real world In modern day America realism art is generally regarded as anything that does not fall into abstract art therefore including mostly art that depicts realities citation needed nbsp Illarion Pryanishnikov Jokers Gostiny Dvor in Moscow 1865 nbsp Konstantin Savitsky Repairing the Railway 1874 nbsp Ivan Shishkin A Rye Field 1878 nbsp Wilhelm Leibl The Village Politicians 1877 nbsp Adolph Menzel Rear of House and Backyard ca 1846 nbsp Giovanni Fattori Three Peasants in a Field 1866 67 nbsp Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch Farmhouse Interior between 1870 and 1903 nbsp Ford Madox Brown The Last of England 1852 1855 nbsp Hubert von Herkomer Hard Times 1885 nbsp Everett Shinn Cross Streets of New York 1899 Corcoran Gallery of Art Washington DC nbsp Robert Henri Snow in New York 1902 National Gallery of Art Washington DC nbsp John French Sloan McSorley s Bar 1912 Detroit Institute of ArtsReferences edit Metropolitan Museum of Art Realism Movement Overview The Art Story Retrieved 2019 02 25 Finocchio Ross Nineteenth Century French Realism In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History New York The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2000 online October 2004 NGA Realism movement Archived 2014 07 14 at the Wayback Machine National Gallery glossary Realism movement Philosophy of Realism Fry Roger 1920 Vision and Design London Chatto amp Windus An Essay in AEsthetics 11 24 Accessed online on 13 March 2012 at Roger Fry Vision and design Archived from the original on 2013 11 14 Retrieved 2017 09 09 a b Nineteenth Century French Realism Essay Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art a b c d Rubin J 2003 Realism Grove Art Online National Gallery of Art 10 Most Famous Russian Artists And Their Masterpieces Learnodo Newtonic Retrieved 2021 10 14 Nationalgalerie Berlin and Francoise Forster Hahn 2001 Spirit of an Age Nineteenth Century Paintings From the Nationalgalerie Berlin London National Gallery Company p 155 ISBN 1857099605External links edit19th Century French Realism Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Metropolitan Museum of Art nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Realism Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Realism art movement amp oldid 1210927700, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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