Railways Department's Housing Scheme
The Railways Department's Housing Scheme refers to a housing programme undertaken by the New Zealand's Railways during the 1920s. The scheme intended to provide Railway workers and their families with affordable and accessible accommodation during a time where it was overwise difficult to find suitable housing.[1]
Although the houses were generally only intended for workers of the Railways Department, some houses were provided for the general population such as in Lower Hutt.
The scheme was in-effect between 1923 and 1929, and saw the construction of over 1,500 prefabricated houses throughout New Zealand.
History Edit
Background Edit
The Railways Department had provided housing of some sort for its workforce since the 1880s. These were often huts for the workers and small cottages for higher-ranking officials such as station masters. However, this provision of houses proved insufficient following World War I, where a growing population and a subsequent growing demand for housing led to large increases in rents nation-wide. Railway workers, especially those who often shifted between stations and yards, found it difficult to find and/or afford housing in the new location. This posed serious staff-retention problems for the Railways.[2][3]
In March 1920, the issues surrounding the lack of affordable housing lead Prime Minister William Massey to grant the Railways Department its own housing scheme, which was to include 400 houses.[4] The scheme was led by architect George Troup, who in 1919 became the officer in charge of the Architectural Branch of Railways.[5] It followed the introduction of the Workers' Dwellings Act 1905 and the Housing Act 1919, which aimed to address the squalid conditions and high rents in working-class suburbs of New Zealand.[6]
Implementation Edit
The department gave effect to the scheme by preparing architectural designs for a standardised, pre-fabricated house, referred to as the 'B2 design', and established a house factory in Frankton near Hamilton to build them. The wood was to be sourced from state-owned forests, and the houses were to be sited on Railways-owned land adjacent or near existing railway stations and yards. The pre-fabricated houses would be freighted to these locations by rail. Note that most of these locations were in the North Island due to constraining shipping costs.[7]
The rent charged for the houses was to be cheaper than the market rate, at only a days worth of pay. This led to grief from higher-ranking workers, who would have to pay comparatively more than a lower-ranked worker due to differences in daily pay.
The scheme quickly proved itself to be efficient and was expanded to become the largest-scale housing scheme in New Zealand.[8] In total, over 1591 houses were constructed during the short period of the scheme's operations.[7][9] The Railways became New Zealand's first employer to provide workers' accommodation at such a scale, and became the country's largest property developers and landlords.[8][10]
The houses could be constructed in two to three weeks by just a handful of workers.[7]
The programme affected the private housing market, where the average cost of a five-room house fell from £831 to £635.[2][11] The private construction industry was threatened by this state competition and lobbied for the end of the housing scheme, arguing that private enterprise could build workers' houses more cheaply.[2][12] This led to the end of the scheme, and the closure of the Frankton factory in 1929.
Post-1929 Edit
Lessons from the Railways' housing scheme influenced the state housing scheme of the First Labour Government in the 1930s-40s.
During the economic reforms of the 1980s, many of the Railways houses were sold by the Government. This outraged many tenants who would have to pay market rates and lost the security of a state landlord. Note that some were retained by the Government.
The Frankton Factory has been preserved and is a Heritage Listed Building. Many houses remain in-tact today. However, over the years, many have been removed or relocated from their original locations. Some which remain have heritage status under local District Plans.
Architecture and Planning Edit
Houses Edit
The railway houses used standardised plans to allow for mass production and to keep the costs low. The external design was influenced by the American West Coast or California Bungalow, and included Georgian facades, open eaves, and a limited variation of decorative porches,[9] and the use of hipped, gabled or gable hipped roofs.[4][13]
The standard variation of entry porches included trellised porches with hipped roofs; Bungalow-styled exposed pointed rafters; gabled hips with Art Nouveau bracketed posts; Arts and Crafts shallow-hipped arches with trellised posts; or a combination of these different elements.[4]
Street-facing windows could have hoods in the same style as the roof. These were either separate or joined to the porch roof. Windows were timber double hung sash with Queen Anne-styled multi-panes on the upper sash.[4]
They had piled foundations, suspended timber floors, timber frames, eternal bevel-back weatherboard cladding, and sarking lined internal walls.[1]
The houses were typically five room family cottages consisting of three bedrooms, a sitting room and a dining room. A lean-to at the back contained a small kitchen, bathroom and laundry. The houses had a separate outhouse and coal shed.
A larger house was designed for railways officers.
Railway Settlements Edit
Planned settlements and subdivisions were often laid out on Railway land to accommodate the houses. The largest settlements were developed at Frankton and Moera, with smaller settlements along the railways' main trunk and secondary lines.
The initial premise of the settlements was to follow garden city principles of Planning; the scheme was influenced by Samuel Hurst Seager's "garden suburb" at Sumner Spur, Christchurch (1902–14).[8] The settlement at Frankton is an example of this, with green spaces, well-connected streets, and community areas. However, as the scheme continued and the department prioritised the speed of development, these ideals became less important. This led to some developments lacking any amenities including footpaths, with the workers being told to keep their own gardens to a tidy standard to help provide the same effects as a garden suburb. Such was the case with Milson in Palmerston North, which was only provided with a community center and school after the tenants complained.[14]
Settlements were often not connected to boroughs' service lines due to the Railways Department not paying rates to the Councils.
Locations Edit
Railway settlements and subdivisions were established in several locations including Frankton, where the factory was located, Marton, Milson, Newmarket, Ngaio, Ohakune, Otahuhu, Stratford, Taumarunui, Taihape and Welbourn, as well as in Greymouth. Moera was unusual in not directly being a railways settlement but developed as part of the provisions of the Hutt Valley Lands Settlement Act 1925.[15]
Gallery Edit
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A railway cottage in Morea, Lower Hutt with a sunroom renovation on the porch.
See also Edit
References Edit
- ^ a b Surveys, NZ House. "NZ House Surveys - Blog Archive". www.nzhousesurveys.co.nz. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ a b c "Outside the mainstream - State housing | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ Shalders, Bruce (2017). Railway Houses of New Zealand. New Zealand Railway & Locomotive Society Inc. ISBN 9780908573950.
- ^ a b c d "Built Heritage Inventory" (PDF). Whanganui District Council.
- ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Troup, George Alexander". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ "The state steps in and out - State housing | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ a b c "Rail Heritage Trust of New Zealand - HOUSING". www.railheritage.org.nz. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ a b c "Search the List | Frankton Junction Railway House Factory | Heritage New Zealand". www.heritage.org.nz. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ a b "Frankton Home Railway Village Home Owners Manual" (PDF). 1996.
- ^ "Rescued Hamilton Railways house factory on the market". Stuff. 4 December 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ Ferguson, Gael (1994). Building the New Zealand Dream. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press with the assistance of the Historical Branch, Dept. of Internal Affairs, 1994. ISBN 0864691912.
- ^ "NZPlaces". nzplaces.nz. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
- ^ "Railway houses in Ngaio | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ "Milson Suburb". Manawatu Standard. No. VOLUME XLVIII, ISSUE 157. 2 June 1928. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Hutt Valley Lands Settlement Act 1925". Retrieved 23 April 2020.
Further reading Edit
- Shalders, Bruce (2017). Railway Houses of New Zealand. New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society. ISBN 9780908573950.