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Revolutionary Anti-Racist Action

January 01, 1970

"RaRa" redirects here. For other uses, see Rara (disambiguation).

Revolutionary Anti-Racist Action (Dutch: Revolutionaire Anti-Racistische Actie), often abbreviated RaRa, was a Dutch terrorist left-wing group.[1][2][3][4][5] The name "RaRa" in Dutch means "Guess ..." (who we are) (from the Dutch word raden).[1][2][4][6]

RaRa bombing of a Shell garage

RaRa was active in the 1980s and 1990s[7] within the Netherlands, bombing sites to express opposition to the apartheid policies of South Africa as well as to the Dutch asylum legislation.[8] Their bombings caused a lot of material damage,[3] but no deaths resulted.[9]

Makro and Van Leer attacks edit

In 1985 and 1986 RaRa fire bombed and destroyed divisions of Makro, a chain of wholesale traders.[2][5][6][10] As a result, Makro ended all economic activity in South Africa.[2] RaRa targeted Forbo, a Dutch maker of floor coverings, and Forbo also withdrew from South Africa.[2] RaRa also bombed various facilities of the Shell oil company, because it expanded its business in South Africa.[2] RaRa also set fire to the Amsterdam head office of the Royal Packing Industry Van Leer BV on 9 July 1986.[10] The Dutch Interior Minister referred to RaRa as "terrorists" in connection with these arson attacks.[10]

SHV attacks edit

In January 1987 Steenkolen Handels Vereniging (SHV) pulled out of South Africa because of arson attacks by RaRa.[4][11][12][13] The Dutch government had refused to insure SHV stores against arson attacks.[11] Damages caused by RaRa arson attacks from September 1985 to January 1987 were estimated at $75 million.[11]

One of the members of RaRa was quoted as saying, in connection with the SHV pull-out, "According to the rules of TV democracy, those with the most access to the media win."[14]

Arrests and conviction edit

On 11 April 1988 the police arrested 8 people they thought to be behind the RaRa bombings.[1][2] Another person surrendered shortly thereafter, and a tenth suspect was arrested in May 1986.[2] Only one of the suspects was prosecuted and tried, René Roemersma. He was convicted on four of seven charges, the most serious of which was arson, for his part in two 1986 attacks on Dutch wholesale traders, a January attack on a Dutch passport printer, and the sabotage of a Shell station in Nieuwegein.[1] He was sentenced to 5 years imprisonment.[1] A higher court subsequently changed the verdict to a sentence of 18 months imprisonment because some evidence was illegally obtained as the public persecutor during a search of seven properties had been temporarily absent.[15] The others arrested at the same time as Roemersma were released for lack of evidence.[1][2]

When Roemersma was sentenced, roughly 100 sympathizers protested outside the Amsterdam High Court, where they threw stones at the windows of the court.[2]

1990s attacks edit

On 12 November 1991, RaRa bombed the private house of Aad Kosto, member of the Dutch government.[8] In 1990 and 1991 RaRa also bombed the building of the Dutch Departments of Justice and of Internal Affairs.[7][8][16] The Dutch intelligence service was surprised by the 1991 attacks.[8][17]

After the 1991 attacks the RaRa claimed to "want to stop the asylum policy which abandons people, excludes them and dehumanizes them."[8]

In 1993 RaRa bombed the building of the Department of Social Affairs.[7]

Further reading edit

  • F. Hoekstra In dienst van de BVD. Spionage en contraspionage in Nederland, 2004. (ISBN 9085060230)
  • Allan Antliff Only a Beginning: An Anarchist Anthology pp. 91, 92, 240; (Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press, 2004) (ISBN 978-1-55152-167-1)

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f Spinks, Peter (6 September 1988). "Group targets Dutch firms that profit from apartheid". Toronto Star. Toronto. pp. A.13. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Spinks, Peter (10 September 1988). "Anti-apartheid activists turn saboteurs Dutch government's action..." The Telegraph. London. p. 8. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
  3. ^ a b Lodge, Juliet (1988). The Threat of Terrorism. Wheatsheaf. p. 163. ISBN 0-7450-0328-1.
  4. ^ a b c Schmid, Alex P. (April 1992). "6 Terrorism and the Media: Freedom of Information vs. Freedom from intimidation". In Howard, Lawrence (ed.). Terrorism: Roots, Impact, Responses. New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 97. ISBN 0-275-94020-9. OCLC 24630166. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
  5. ^ a b "Terrorism". 10. New York: Crane Russak. 1987: 334. ISSN 0149-0389. OCLC 3421932. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ a b "Notes". New African (256): 126. 1989. ISSN 0142-9345. OCLC 3955328.
  7. ^ a b c "Bombing suspect quickly arrested". The Record. Kitchener, Ont. 5 November 2003. p. A9. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
  8. ^ a b c d e Chergui, Hinde; Oosterom-Staples, Helen (November 2006). "Chapter 6: The Impact on Immigration and asylum Law in the Netherlands". In Guild, Elspeth; Baldaccini, Anneliese (eds.). Terrorism And the Foreigner: A Decade of Tension Around the Rule of Law in Europe. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers / Brill Academic. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-15187-7. OCLC 191858897. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
  9. ^ Sterling, Toby (5 November 2003). "Teen arrested after attack on Turkish Embassy in The Hague ". The Victoria Advocate. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
  10. ^ a b c Schmid, Alex Peter; Jongman, Albert J. (March 2005). Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, and Literature (2nd ed.). Transaction Publishers. p. 625. ISBN 1-4128-0469-8.
  11. ^ a b c . Chicago Sun-Times. 20 January 1987. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
  12. ^ "Dutch firm cites arson in South Africa pullout". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. 20 January 1987. p. C2. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
  13. ^ "West Africa". West Africa. London: Afrimedia International: 264. 1987. ISSN 0043-2962. OCLC 1639542. 23 March 2010
  14. ^ Bluf! [Periodical of Squatters in Amsterdam] (275): 5. 25 June 1987. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) quoted in Schmid, Alex P. (April 1992). "6 Terrorism and the Media: Freedom of Information vs. Freedom from intimidation". In Howard, Lawrence (ed.). Terrorism: Roots, Impact, Responses. New York: Praeger Publishers. pp. 97, 115. ISBN 0-275-94020-9. OCLC 24630166. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
  15. ^ de Haas, Joost; Mos, Bart (15 August 2008). "Duyvendak in harde kern RaRa" [Duyvendak part of inner circle of RaRa]. De Telegraaf (in Dutch). Amsterdam. Retrieved 23 March 2010. Het gerechtshof in Amsterdam oordeelde dat het bewijs onrechtmatig was verkregen, omdat de rechter-commissaris die leiding moest geven aan de huiszoeking tijdelijk afwezig was geweest. trans: The court in Amsterdam ruled that the evidence was illegally obtained because the judge who was to lead the search had been temporarily absent.
  16. ^ "Bomb Damages Dutch Justice Ministry". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 27 March 1990. p. 10A. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
  17. ^ "Aanslagen in Nederland". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). 14 November 1991. quoted in Chergui, Hinde; Oosterom-Staples, Helen (November 2006). "Chapter 6: The Impact on Immigration and asylum Law in the Netherlands". In Guild, Elspeth; Baldaccini, Anneliese (eds.). Terrorism And the Foreigner: A Decade of Tension Around the Rule of Law in Europe. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers / Brill Academic. p. 271. ISBN 90-04-15187-7. OCLC 191858897. Retrieved 23 March 2010.

January 01, 1970
revolutionary, anti, racist, action, rara, redirects, here, other, uses, rara, disambiguation, dutch, revolutionaire, anti, racistische, actie, often, abbreviated, rara, dutch, terrorist, left, wing, group, name, rara, dutch, means, guess, from, dutch, word, r. RaRa redirects here For other uses see Rara disambiguation Revolutionary Anti Racist Action Dutch Revolutionaire Anti Racistische Actie often abbreviated RaRa was a Dutch terrorist left wing group 1 2 3 4 5 The name RaRa in Dutch means Guess who we are from the Dutch word raden 1 2 4 6 RaRa bombing of a Shell garage RaRa was active in the 1980s and 1990s 7 within the Netherlands bombing sites to express opposition to the apartheid policies of South Africa as well as to the Dutch asylum legislation 8 Their bombings caused a lot of material damage 3 but no deaths resulted 9 Contents 1 Makro and Van Leer attacks 2 SHV attacks 3 Arrests and conviction 4 1990s attacks 5 Further reading 6 ReferencesMakro and Van Leer attacks editIn 1985 and 1986 RaRa fire bombed and destroyed divisions of Makro a chain of wholesale traders 2 5 6 10 As a result Makro ended all economic activity in South Africa 2 RaRa targeted Forbo a Dutch maker of floor coverings and Forbo also withdrew from South Africa 2 RaRa also bombed various facilities of the Shell oil company because it expanded its business in South Africa 2 RaRa also set fire to the Amsterdam head office of the Royal Packing Industry Van Leer BV on 9 July 1986 10 The Dutch Interior Minister referred to RaRa as terrorists in connection with these arson attacks 10 SHV attacks editIn January 1987 Steenkolen Handels Vereniging SHV pulled out of South Africa because of arson attacks by RaRa 4 11 12 13 The Dutch government had refused to insure SHV stores against arson attacks 11 Damages caused by RaRa arson attacks from September 1985 to January 1987 were estimated at 75 million 11 One of the members of RaRa was quoted as saying in connection with the SHV pull out According to the rules of TV democracy those with the most access to the media win 14 Arrests and conviction editOn 11 April 1988 the police arrested 8 people they thought to be behind the RaRa bombings 1 2 Another person surrendered shortly thereafter and a tenth suspect was arrested in May 1986 2 Only one of the suspects was prosecuted and tried Rene Roemersma He was convicted on four of seven charges the most serious of which was arson for his part in two 1986 attacks on Dutch wholesale traders a January attack on a Dutch passport printer and the sabotage of a Shell station in Nieuwegein 1 He was sentenced to 5 years imprisonment 1 A higher court subsequently changed the verdict to a sentence of 18 months imprisonment because some evidence was illegally obtained as the public persecutor during a search of seven properties had been temporarily absent 15 The others arrested at the same time as Roemersma were released for lack of evidence 1 2 When Roemersma was sentenced roughly 100 sympathizers protested outside the Amsterdam High Court where they threw stones at the windows of the court 2 1990s attacks editOn 12 November 1991 RaRa bombed the private house of Aad Kosto member of the Dutch government 8 In 1990 and 1991 RaRa also bombed the building of the Dutch Departments of Justice and of Internal Affairs 7 8 16 The Dutch intelligence service was surprised by the 1991 attacks 8 17 After the 1991 attacks the RaRa claimed to want to stop the asylum policy which abandons people excludes them and dehumanizes them 8 In 1993 RaRa bombed the building of the Department of Social Affairs 7 Further reading editF Hoekstra In dienst van de BVD Spionage en contraspionage in Nederland 2004 ISBN 9085060230 Allan Antliff Only a Beginning An Anarchist Anthology pp 91 92 240 Vancouver Arsenal Pulp Press 2004 ISBN 978 1 55152 167 1 References edit a b c d e f Spinks Peter 6 September 1988 Group targets Dutch firms that profit from apartheid Toronto Star Toronto pp A 13 Retrieved 23 March 2010 a b c d e f g h i j Spinks Peter 10 September 1988 Anti apartheid activists turn saboteurs Dutch government s action The Telegraph London p 8 Retrieved 23 March 2010 a b Lodge Juliet 1988 The Threat of Terrorism Wheatsheaf p 163 ISBN 0 7450 0328 1 a b c Schmid Alex P April 1992 6 Terrorism and the Media Freedom of Information vs Freedom from intimidation In Howard Lawrence ed Terrorism Roots Impact Responses New York Praeger Publishers p 97 ISBN 0 275 94020 9 OCLC 24630166 Retrieved 23 March 2010 a b Terrorism 10 New York Crane Russak 1987 334 ISSN 0149 0389 OCLC 3421932 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b Notes New African 256 126 1989 ISSN 0142 9345 OCLC 3955328 a b c Bombing suspect quickly arrested The Record Kitchener Ont 5 November 2003 p A9 Retrieved 23 March 2010 a b c d e Chergui Hinde Oosterom Staples Helen November 2006 Chapter 6 The Impact on Immigration and asylum Law in the Netherlands In Guild Elspeth Baldaccini Anneliese eds Terrorism And the Foreigner A Decade of Tension Around the Rule of Law in Europe Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Brill Academic p 271 ISBN 90 04 15187 7 OCLC 191858897 Retrieved 23 March 2010 Sterling Toby 5 November 2003 Teen arrested after attack on Turkish Embassy in The Hague The Victoria Advocate Retrieved 23 March 2010 a b c Schmid Alex Peter Jongman Albert J March 2005 Political Terrorism A New Guide to Actors Authors Concepts Data Bases Theories and Literature 2nd ed Transaction Publishers p 625 ISBN 1 4128 0469 8 a b c Black amp Decker Dutch firm pulling out of South Africa Chicago Sun Times 20 January 1987 Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 Retrieved 23 March 2010 Dutch firm cites arson in South Africa pullout The Atlanta Journal Constitution 20 January 1987 p C2 Retrieved 23 March 2010 West Africa West Africa London Afrimedia International 264 1987 ISSN 0043 2962 OCLC 1639542 23 March 2010 Bluf Periodical of Squatters in Amsterdam 275 5 25 June 1987 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Missing or empty title help quoted in Schmid Alex P April 1992 6 Terrorism and the Media Freedom of Information vs Freedom from intimidation In Howard Lawrence ed Terrorism Roots Impact Responses New York Praeger Publishers pp 97 115 ISBN 0 275 94020 9 OCLC 24630166 Retrieved 23 March 2010 de Haas Joost Mos Bart 15 August 2008 Duyvendak in harde kern RaRa Duyvendak part of inner circle of RaRa De Telegraaf in Dutch Amsterdam Retrieved 23 March 2010 Het gerechtshof in Amsterdam oordeelde dat het bewijs onrechtmatig was verkregen omdat de rechter commissaris die leiding moest geven aan de huiszoeking tijdelijk afwezig was geweest trans The court in Amsterdam ruled that the evidence was illegally obtained because the judge who was to lead the search had been temporarily absent Bomb Damages Dutch Justice Ministry St Louis Post Dispatch 27 March 1990 p 10A Retrieved 23 March 2010 Aanslagen in Nederland NRC Handelsblad in Dutch 14 November 1991 quoted in Chergui Hinde Oosterom Staples Helen November 2006 Chapter 6 The Impact on Immigration and asylum Law in the Netherlands In Guild Elspeth Baldaccini Anneliese eds Terrorism And the Foreigner A Decade of Tension Around the Rule of Law in Europe Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Brill Academic p 271 ISBN 90 04 15187 7 OCLC 191858897 Retrieved 23 March 2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Revolutionary Anti Racist Action amp oldid 1209583150, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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