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Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines

October 21, 2023

Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) (Kinyarwanda: Radiyo yigenga y'imisozi igihumbi) was a Rwandan radio station which broadcast from July 8, 1993, to July 31, 1994. It played a significant role in inciting the Rwandan genocide that took place from April to July 1994, and has been described by some scholars as having been a de facto arm of the Hutu government.[1]

Monogram of Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines

The station's name is French for "Free Radio and Television of the Thousand Hills", deriving from the description of Rwanda as "Land of a Thousand Hills". It received support from the government-controlled Radio Rwanda, which initially allowed it to transmit using their equipment.[2]

Widely listened to by the general population, it projected hate propaganda against Tutsis, moderate Hutus, Belgians, and the United Nations Mission Assistant to Rwanda (UNAMIR). It is regarded by many Rwandan citizens (a view also shared and expressed by the UN war crimes tribunal) as having played a crucial role in creating the atmosphere of charged racial hostility that allowed the genocide against Tutsis in Rwanda to occur. A working paper published at Harvard University found that RTLM broadcasts were an important part of the process of mobilising the population, which complemented the mandatory Umuganda meetings.[3] RTLM has been described as "radio genocide", "death by radio" and "the soundtrack to genocide".[4]

Prior to the genocide Edit

Planning for RTLM began in 1992 by Hutu hard-liners, in response to the increasingly non-partisan stance of Radio Rwanda and growing popularity of Rwandese Patriotic Front's (RPF) Radio Muhabura.[5] RTLM was established the next year, and began broadcasting in July 1993.[6] The station railed against the on-going peace talks between the predominantly Tutsis RPF and President Juvénal Habyarimana, whose family supported the radio station.[7][8] It became a popular station since it offered frequent contemporary musical selections, unlike state radio, and quickly developed a faithful audience among young Rwandans, who later made up the bulk of the Interahamwe militia.[citation needed]

Félicien Kabuga was allegedly heavily involved in the founding and bankrolling of RTLM, as well as Kangura magazine.[9][10] In 1993, at an RTLM fundraising meeting organized by the MRND, Felicien Kabuga allegedly publicly defined the purpose of RTLM as the defence of Hutu Power.[11]

The station is considered to have preyed upon the deep animosities and prejudices of many Hutus. The hateful rhetoric was placed alongside the sophisticated use of humor and popular Zairean music.[citation needed] It frequently referred to Tutsis as "cockroaches" (example: "You [Tutsis] are cockroaches! We will kill you!").

Critics claim that the Rwandan government fostered the creation of RTLM as "Hate Radio", to circumvent the fact they had committed themselves to a ban against "harmful radio propaganda" in the UN's March 1993 joint communiqué in Dar es Salaam.[2] However RTLM director Ferdinand Nahimana claimed that the station was founded primarily to counter the propaganda by RPF's Radio Muhabura.[citation needed]

In January 1994, the station broadcast messages berating UNAMIR commander Roméo Dallaire for failing to prevent the killing of approximately 50 people in a UN-demilitarized zone.[12]

After Habyarimana's private plane was shot down on April 6, 1994, RTLM joined the chorus of voices blaming Tutsis rebels, and began calling for a "final war" to "exterminate" the Tutsis.[8]

During the genocide against Tutsis in Rwanda Edit

During the genocide, the RTLM acted as a source for propaganda by inciting hatred and violence against Tutsis, against Hutus who were for the peace accord, against Hutus who married Tutsis, and by advocating the annihilation of all Tutsis in Rwanda. The RTLM reported the latest massacres, victories, and political event in a way that promoted their anti-Tutsi agenda. In an attempt to dehumanize and degrade, the RTLM consistently referred to Tutsis and the RPF as 'cockroaches' during their broadcasts.[13] The music of Hutu Simon Bikindi was played frequently. He had two songs, "Bene Sebahinzi" ("Sons of the Father of the Farmers"), and "Nanga Abahutu" ("I Hate Hutus"), which were later interpreted as inciting hatred against the Tutsis and genocide.[14]

And you people who live ... near Rugunga ... go out. You will see the cockroaches' (inkotanyi) straw huts in the marsh ... I think that those who have guns should immediately go to these cockroaches ... encircle them and kill them ..."

Kantano Habimana on RTLM, April 12, 1994[15]

One of the major reasons that RTLM was so successful in communication was because other forms of news sources such as televisions and newspapers were not able to be as popularized because of lack of resources. In addition to this communication barrier, areas where there were high rates of illiteracy and lack of education amongst the citizens remain some of the most violent areas during the genocide against Tutsis.[16] The villages outside of the transmission zone of RTLM experienced spillover violence from villages that actually received the radio transmissions. An estimated 10% of all the violence within the genocide against Tutsis resulted from the hateful radio transmissions sent out from RTLM. Not only did RTLM increase general violence, but full radio coverage areas increased the number of persons prosecuted for any violence by about 62–69%.[17] However, a 2018 paper questions the findings of that study.[18]

Following the genocide in 1994, the first relief workers on the scene reported seeing hundreds of Tutsis fleeing their villages with little more than the clothes on their backs and transistor radios pressed to their ears.[citation needed]

As the genocide was taking place, the United States military drafted a plan to jam RTLM's broadcasts, but this action was never taken, with officials claiming that the cost of the operation, international broadcast agreements and "the American commitment to free speech" made the operation unfeasible.[19]

When French forces entered Rwanda during Opération Turquoise, which was ostensibly to provide a safe zone for those escaping the genocide but was also alleged to be in support of the Hutu-dominated interim government, RTLM broadcast from Gisenyi, calling on 'you Hutus girls to wash yourselves and put on a good dress to welcome our French allies. The Tutsis girls are all dead, so you have your chance.'[20]

When the Tutsi-led RPF army won control of the country in July, RTLM took mobile equipment and fled to Zaire with Hutu refugees.

Individuals associated with the station Edit

Presenters/animateurs Edit

  • Kantano Habimana, popularly known as "Kantano". The most popular animateur in terms of airtime,[21][22] Kantano called for "those who have guns [to] immediately go to these cockroaches [and] encircle them and kill them..."
  • Valérie Bemeriki, the only female animateur. Bemeriki was known for her calls for machete violence; unlike Kantano, who called for the use of firing squads, Bemeriki told listeners to "not kill those cockroaches with a bullet — cut them to pieces with a machete”.
  • Noël Hitimana, who was previously an animateur at Radio Rwanda before getting fired for insulting President Juvénal Habyarimana on-air while intoxicated.[23]
  • Georges Ruggiu, a white man from Belgium of Italian descent who, after moving away from home at age 35[24] to work in Liège, came in contact with a Hutu man from Rwanda. After meeting President Juvénal Habyarimana, he would visit and eventually move to Rwanda a year before the genocide.[25] At RTLM, Ruggiu preached Hutu Power despite his non-Rwandan origins, urging listeners to kill Tutsis and told listeners that "graves were waiting to be filled".[24]
  • Froduald Karamira, the vice president of the MDR. Formally coined the term "Hutu Power". Gave daily broadcasts encouraging the mass murder of Tutsis and oversaw roadblocks where massacres occurred. Executed in 1998.[26]

Other figures of note Edit

After-effects Edit

The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda's (ICTR) action against RTLM began on 23 October 2000 – along with the trial of Hassan Ngeze, director and editor of the Kangura magazine.

On 19 August 2003, at the tribunal in Arusha, life sentences were requested for RTLM leaders Ferdinand Nahimana, and Jean Bosco Barayagwiza. They were charged with genocide, incitement to genocide, and crimes against humanity, before and during the period of the 1994 genocide against the Tutsis.

On 3 December 2003, the court found all three defendants guilty and sentenced Nahimana and Ngeze to life imprisonment and Barayagwiza to imprisonment for 35 years - this was appealed. The Appeal judgment, issued on 27 November 2007 reduced the sentences of all three - Nahimana getting 30 years, Barayagwiza getting 32 and Ngeze getting 35, with the court overturning convictions on certain counts.

On 14 December 2009, RTLM announcer Valérie Bemeriki was convicted by a gacaca court in Rwanda and sentenced to life imprisonment for her role in inciting genocidal acts.

Cultural references Edit

Dramatised RTLM broadcasts are heard in Hotel Rwanda.

In the film Sometimes in April the main character's brother is an employee of RTLM. Controversy develops when attempting to prosecute radio broadcasters because of free speech issues.

The film Shooting Dogs makes use of recordings from RTLM.

The title of The New York Times journalist Bill Berkeley's novel, The Graves are Not Yet Full (2001), is taken from a notorious RTLM broadcast in Kigali, 1994: "You have missed some of the enemies. You must go back there and finish them off. The graves are not yet full!"[31]

The Swiss theatre maker Milo Rau 're-enacted' an RTLM radio broadcast in his play Hate Radio, which premièred in 2011 and featured on the Berliner Festspiele in 2012 (with audience discussion).[32] He also made it into a radio-play and a film and wrote a book about it.[33]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Dale, A.C. (2001). "Countering Hate Messages That Lead To Violence: The United Nations's Chapter VII Authority To Use Radio Jamming To Halt Incendiary Broadcasts". Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law: 112.
  2. ^ a b at the Wayback Machine (archived 2006-03-08)
  3. ^ Bonnier, Evelina; Poulsen, Jonas; Rogall, Thorsten; Stryjan, Miri (2020-11-01). (PDF). Journal of Development Economics. 147: 102533. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102533. S2CID 85450013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-11. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  4. ^ Wilson 2017, p. 1.
  5. ^ Des Forges, Alison (March 1999). Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda – Propaganda and Practice → The Media. New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-171-8.
  6. ^ Thierry, Cruvellier (2010). Court of Remorse: Inside the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. University of Wisconsin Press. p. xii. ISBN 9780299236748.
  7. ^ 'Hate radio' journalist confesses from BBC News | AFRICA
  8. ^ a b The impact of hate media in Rwanda from BBC News | AFRICA
  9. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  10. ^ NTV Kenya: In the Footsteps of Kabuga; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gpxy4NxqboQ (video unavailable)
  11. ^ ICTR Case No. 99-52-T; The Prosecutor against Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, Amended Indictment, pg. 19, 6.4; http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/ICTR/BARAYAGWIZA_ICTR-99-52/Judgment_&_Sentence_ICTR-99-52-T.pdf
  12. ^ "...kill as many people as you want, you cannot kill their memory" from the website of the International Committee of the Red Cross
  13. ^ "042 - Loose Tape RTLM 68". Concordia University. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  14. ^ McNeil Jr, Donald G. (17 March 2002). "Killer Songs". The New York Times.
  15. ^ (PDF). 1995. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-22.
  16. ^ Hatzfeld, Jean (2005). Machete Season: The Killers in Rwanda Speak. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780374280826.
  17. ^ Yanagizawa-Drott, David (November 21, 2014). "Propaganda and Conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide" (PDF). The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 129 (4): 1947–1994. doi:10.1093/qje/qju020.
  18. ^ Danning, G. 2018. Did Radio RTLM Really Contribute Meaningfully to the Rwandan Genocide?: Using Qualitative Information to Improve Causal Inference from Measures of Media Availability. Civil Wars. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13698249.2018.1525677
  19. ^ Power, Samantha (September 2001). "Bystanders to Genocide". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  20. ^ Martin Meredith, The State of Africa, Chapter 27 (The Free Press, London, 2005)
  21. ^ Thompson, Allan, ed. (2007). The Media and the Rwanda Genocide. Pluto Press, Fountain Publishers, IDRC. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-74532-625-2. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  22. ^ Thompson, Allan, ed. (2007). Kimani, Mary: RTLM: the Medium that Became a Tool for Mass Murder. In "The Media and the Rwanda Genocide". Pluto Press, Fountain Publishers, IDRC. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-74532-625-2. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  23. ^ Li, Darryl (2004). "Echoes of violence: Considerations on radio and genocide in Rwanda". Journal of Genocide Research. 6 (1): 25. doi:10.1080/1462352042000194683. S2CID 85504804. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  24. ^ a b "The voice of terror". The Independent. London. 2000-05-30. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  25. ^ Black, Ian (2000-06-02). "Broadcaster jailed for inciting genocide". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  26. ^ Buckley, Stephen (April 25, 1998). "IN RWANDA, EXECUTIONS IN A FESTIVAL AIR". The Washington Post.
  27. ^ ICTR-99-52-T Prosecution Exhibit P 91B; "A DOCUMENT TITLED RTLM ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE RUGGIUS REPRESENTATION.PDF"
  28. ^ ICTR-99-52-T; Defense Exhibit 1 D 1 48B; "NAHIMANA - BARAYAGWIZA - NGEZE - STRUCTURE OF RTLM SA." "WebDrawer - 8112". Archived from the original on 2013-04-16. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
  29. ^ How the mighty are falling, The Economist, 5 July 2007. Accessed online 17 July 2007.
  30. ^ "International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza must not escape justice" (PDF). Amnesty International. 24 November 1999.
  31. ^ Bill Berkeley (2001). The Graves Are Not Yet Full. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465006410.
  32. ^ Hate Radio, Archiv Theatertreffen Berliner Festspiele
  33. ^ "Es gab kein Fernsehen", interview with Milo Raus by Jan Drees, der Freitag, 8 April 2014

Bibliography Edit

  • Annan, Kofi (2007). The Media and the Rwanda Genocide. IDRC. ISBN 978-0-7453-2625-2.
  • Danning, Gordon (2018). "Did Radio RTLM Really Contribute Meaningfully to the Rwandan Genocide?". Civil Wars. 20 (4): 529–554. doi:10.1080/13698249.2018.1525677. ISSN 1369-8249. S2CID 150075267.
  • Grzyb, Amanda; Freier, Amy (2017). "The Role of Radio Télévision Libre des Milles Collines in the 1994 Rwandan Genocide". In Totten, Samuel; Theriault, Henry; Joeden-Forgey, Elisa von (eds.). Controversies in the Field of Genocide Studies. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-29499-7.
  • Herr, Alexis (2018). "Radio-Télévision Libre des Milles Collines". Rwandan Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-5561-0.
  • Kellow, Christine L.; Steeves, H. Leslie (1998). "The Role of Radio in the Rwandan Genocide". Journal of Communication. 48 (3): 107–128. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1998.tb02762.x. ISSN 0021-9916.
  • Li, Darryl (2004). "Echoes of violence: considerations on radio and genocide in Rwanda". Journal of Genocide Research. 6 (1): 9–27. doi:10.1080/1462352042000194683. ISSN 1462-3528. S2CID 85504804.
  • Somerville, K. (2012). Radio Propaganda and the Broadcasting of Hatred: Historical Development and Definitions. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-28415-0.
  • Wilson, Richard Ashby (2017). Incitement on Trial: Prosecuting International Speech Crimes. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-10310-8.

Further reading Edit

External links Edit

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines.

October 21, 2023
lang, radio, télévision, libre, mille, collines, radio, télévision, libre, mille, collines, rtlm, kinyarwanda, radiyo, yigenga, imisozi, igihumbi, rwandan, radio, station, which, broadcast, from, july, 1993, july, 1994, played, significant, role, inciting, rwa. Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines RTLM Kinyarwanda Radiyo yigenga y imisozi igihumbi was a Rwandan radio station which broadcast from July 8 1993 to July 31 1994 It played a significant role in inciting the Rwandan genocide that took place from April to July 1994 and has been described by some scholars as having been a de facto arm of the Hutu government 1 Monogram of Radio Television Libre des Mille CollinesThe station s name is French for Free Radio and Television of the Thousand Hills deriving from the description of Rwanda as Land of a Thousand Hills It received support from the government controlled Radio Rwanda which initially allowed it to transmit using their equipment 2 Widely listened to by the general population it projected hate propaganda against Tutsis moderate Hutus Belgians and the United Nations Mission Assistant to Rwanda UNAMIR It is regarded by many Rwandan citizens a view also shared and expressed by the UN war crimes tribunal as having played a crucial role in creating the atmosphere of charged racial hostility that allowed the genocide against Tutsis in Rwanda to occur A working paper published at Harvard University found that RTLM broadcasts were an important part of the process of mobilising the population which complemented the mandatory Umuganda meetings 3 RTLM has been described as radio genocide death by radio and the soundtrack to genocide 4 Contents 1 Prior to the genocide 2 During the genocide against Tutsis in Rwanda 3 Individuals associated with the station 3 1 Presenters animateurs 3 2 Other figures of note 4 After effects 5 Cultural references 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External linksPrior to the genocide EditPlanning for RTLM began in 1992 by Hutu hard liners in response to the increasingly non partisan stance of Radio Rwanda and growing popularity of Rwandese Patriotic Front s RPF Radio Muhabura 5 RTLM was established the next year and began broadcasting in July 1993 6 The station railed against the on going peace talks between the predominantly Tutsis RPF and President Juvenal Habyarimana whose family supported the radio station 7 8 It became a popular station since it offered frequent contemporary musical selections unlike state radio and quickly developed a faithful audience among young Rwandans who later made up the bulk of the Interahamwe militia citation needed Felicien Kabuga was allegedly heavily involved in the founding and bankrolling of RTLM as well as Kangura magazine 9 10 In 1993 at an RTLM fundraising meeting organized by the MRND Felicien Kabuga allegedly publicly defined the purpose of RTLM as the defence of Hutu Power 11 The station is considered to have preyed upon the deep animosities and prejudices of many Hutus The hateful rhetoric was placed alongside the sophisticated use of humor and popular Zairean music citation needed It frequently referred to Tutsis as cockroaches example You Tutsis are cockroaches We will kill you Critics claim that the Rwandan government fostered the creation of RTLM as Hate Radio to circumvent the fact they had committed themselves to a ban against harmful radio propaganda in the UN s March 1993 joint communique in Dar es Salaam 2 However RTLM director Ferdinand Nahimana claimed that the station was founded primarily to counter the propaganda by RPF s Radio Muhabura citation needed In January 1994 the station broadcast messages berating UNAMIR commander Romeo Dallaire for failing to prevent the killing of approximately 50 people in a UN demilitarized zone 12 After Habyarimana s private plane was shot down on April 6 1994 RTLM joined the chorus of voices blaming Tutsis rebels and began calling for a final war to exterminate the Tutsis 8 During the genocide against Tutsis in Rwanda EditDuring the genocide the RTLM acted as a source for propaganda by inciting hatred and violence against Tutsis against Hutus who were for the peace accord against Hutus who married Tutsis and by advocating the annihilation of all Tutsis in Rwanda The RTLM reported the latest massacres victories and political event in a way that promoted their anti Tutsi agenda In an attempt to dehumanize and degrade the RTLM consistently referred to Tutsis and the RPF as cockroaches during their broadcasts 13 The music of Hutu Simon Bikindi was played frequently He had two songs Bene Sebahinzi Sons of the Father of the Farmers and Nanga Abahutu I Hate Hutus which were later interpreted as inciting hatred against the Tutsis and genocide 14 And you people who live near Rugunga go out You will see the cockroaches inkotanyi straw huts in the marsh I think that those who have guns should immediately go to these cockroaches encircle them and kill them Kantano Habimana on RTLM April 12 1994 15 One of the major reasons that RTLM was so successful in communication was because other forms of news sources such as televisions and newspapers were not able to be as popularized because of lack of resources In addition to this communication barrier areas where there were high rates of illiteracy and lack of education amongst the citizens remain some of the most violent areas during the genocide against Tutsis 16 The villages outside of the transmission zone of RTLM experienced spillover violence from villages that actually received the radio transmissions An estimated 10 of all the violence within the genocide against Tutsis resulted from the hateful radio transmissions sent out from RTLM Not only did RTLM increase general violence but full radio coverage areas increased the number of persons prosecuted for any violence by about 62 69 17 However a 2018 paper questions the findings of that study 18 Following the genocide in 1994 the first relief workers on the scene reported seeing hundreds of Tutsis fleeing their villages with little more than the clothes on their backs and transistor radios pressed to their ears citation needed As the genocide was taking place the United States military drafted a plan to jam RTLM s broadcasts but this action was never taken with officials claiming that the cost of the operation international broadcast agreements and the American commitment to free speech made the operation unfeasible 19 When French forces entered Rwanda during Operation Turquoise which was ostensibly to provide a safe zone for those escaping the genocide but was also alleged to be in support of the Hutu dominated interim government RTLM broadcast from Gisenyi calling on you Hutus girls to wash yourselves and put on a good dress to welcome our French allies The Tutsis girls are all dead so you have your chance 20 When the Tutsi led RPF army won control of the country in July RTLM took mobile equipment and fled to Zaire with Hutu refugees Individuals associated with the station EditPresenters animateurs Edit Kantano Habimana popularly known as Kantano The most popular animateur in terms of airtime 21 22 Kantano called for those who have guns to immediately go to these cockroaches and encircle them and kill them Valerie Bemeriki the only female animateur Bemeriki was known for her calls for machete violence unlike Kantano who called for the use of firing squads Bemeriki told listeners to not kill those cockroaches with a bullet cut them to pieces with a machete Noel Hitimana who was previously an animateur at Radio Rwanda before getting fired for insulting President Juvenal Habyarimana on air while intoxicated 23 Georges Ruggiu a white man from Belgium of Italian descent who after moving away from home at age 35 24 to work in Liege came in contact with a Hutu man from Rwanda After meeting President Juvenal Habyarimana he would visit and eventually move to Rwanda a year before the genocide 25 At RTLM Ruggiu preached Hutu Power despite his non Rwandan origins urging listeners to kill Tutsis and told listeners that graves were waiting to be filled 24 Froduald Karamira the vice president of the MDR Formally coined the term Hutu Power Gave daily broadcasts encouraging the mass murder of Tutsis and oversaw roadblocks where massacres occurred Executed in 1998 26 Other figures of note Edit Felicien Kabuga Chairman Director general 27 or President of the General Assembly of all shareholders 28 A multimillionaire who was close friends with President Juvenal Habyarimana Kabuga funded many Hutu ultranationalist media outlets 29 Ferdinand Nahimana director A respected historian who received his doctorate from the University Paris Diderot Nahimana joined RTLM after being fired from Radio Rwanda in 1993 Jean Bosco Barayagwiza chairman of the executive committee Barayagwiza was an important political figure who served as policy director within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the time of the Rwandan genocide 30 Gaspard Gahigi editor in chief Phocas Habimana day to day managerAfter effects EditThe International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda s ICTR action against RTLM began on 23 October 2000 along with the trial of Hassan Ngeze director and editor of the Kangura magazine On 19 August 2003 at the tribunal in Arusha life sentences were requested for RTLM leaders Ferdinand Nahimana and Jean Bosco Barayagwiza They were charged with genocide incitement to genocide and crimes against humanity before and during the period of the 1994 genocide against the Tutsis On 3 December 2003 the court found all three defendants guilty and sentenced Nahimana and Ngeze to life imprisonment and Barayagwiza to imprisonment for 35 years this was appealed The Appeal judgment issued on 27 November 2007 reduced the sentences of all three Nahimana getting 30 years Barayagwiza getting 32 and Ngeze getting 35 with the court overturning convictions on certain counts On 14 December 2009 RTLM announcer Valerie Bemeriki was convicted by a gacaca court in Rwanda and sentenced to life imprisonment for her role in inciting genocidal acts Cultural references EditDramatised RTLM broadcasts are heard in Hotel Rwanda In the film Sometimes in April the main character s brother is an employee of RTLM Controversy develops when attempting to prosecute radio broadcasters because of free speech issues The film Shooting Dogs makes use of recordings from RTLM The title of The New York Times journalist Bill Berkeley s novel The Graves are Not Yet Full 2001 is taken from a notorious RTLM broadcast in Kigali 1994 You have missed some of the enemies You must go back there and finish them off The graves are not yet full 31 The Swiss theatre maker Milo Rau re enacted an RTLM radio broadcast in his play Hate Radio which premiered in 2011 and featured on the Berliner Festspiele in 2012 with audience discussion 32 He also made it into a radio play and a film and wrote a book about it 33 See also EditSimon Bikindi Rwandan singer songwriter charged with inciting genocide Hate mediaReferences Edit Dale A C 2001 Countering Hate Messages That Lead To Violence The United Nations s Chapter VII Authority To Use Radio Jamming To Halt Incendiary Broadcasts Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 112 a b Hate Radio Rwanda at the Wayback Machine archived 2006 03 08 Bonnier Evelina Poulsen Jonas Rogall Thorsten Stryjan Miri 2020 11 01 Preparing for genocide Quasi experimental evidence from Rwanda PDF Journal of Development Economics 147 102533 doi 10 1016 j jdeveco 2020 102533 S2CID 85450013 Archived from the original PDF on 2017 09 11 Retrieved 5 June 2021 Wilson 2017 p 1 Des Forges Alison March 1999 Leave None to Tell the Story Genocide in Rwanda Propaganda and Practice The Media New York Human Rights Watch ISBN 978 1 56432 171 8 Thierry Cruvellier 2010 Court of Remorse Inside the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda University of Wisconsin Press p xii ISBN 9780299236748 Hate radio journalist confesses from BBC News AFRICA a b The impact of hate media in Rwanda from BBC News AFRICA TRIAL Profiles Archived from the original on 2014 04 07 Retrieved 2012 07 17 NTV Kenya In the Footsteps of Kabuga https www youtube com watch v Gpxy4NxqboQ video unavailable ICTR Case No 99 52 T The Prosecutor against Jean Bosco Barayagwiza Amended Indictment pg 19 6 4 http www1 umn edu humanrts instree ICTR BARAYAGWIZA ICTR 99 52 Judgment amp Sentence ICTR 99 52 T pdf kill as many people as you want you cannot kill their memory from the website of the International Committee of the Red Cross 042 Loose Tape RTLM 68 Concordia University Retrieved 12 October 2017 McNeil Jr Donald G 17 March 2002 Killer Songs The New York Times Official UN transcript ICTR 99 52 T P103 2B PDF 1995 p 4 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 04 22 Hatzfeld Jean 2005 Machete Season The Killers in Rwanda Speak Farrar Straus and Giroux ISBN 9780374280826 Yanagizawa Drott David November 21 2014 Propaganda and Conflict Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide PDF The Quarterly Journal of Economics 129 4 1947 1994 doi 10 1093 qje qju020 Danning G 2018 Did Radio RTLM Really Contribute Meaningfully to the Rwandan Genocide Using Qualitative Information to Improve Causal Inference from Measures of Media Availability Civil Wars https www tandfonline com doi full 10 1080 13698249 2018 1525677 Power Samantha September 2001 Bystanders to Genocide The Atlantic Retrieved 2010 01 15 Martin Meredith The State of Africa Chapter 27 The Free Press London 2005 Thompson Allan ed 2007 The Media and the Rwanda Genocide Pluto Press Fountain Publishers IDRC p 98 ISBN 978 0 74532 625 2 Retrieved 19 March 2013 Thompson Allan ed 2007 Kimani Mary RTLM the Medium that Became a Tool for Mass Murder In The Media and the Rwanda Genocide Pluto Press Fountain Publishers IDRC p 116 ISBN 978 0 74532 625 2 Retrieved 19 March 2013 Li Darryl 2004 Echoes of violence Considerations on radio and genocide in Rwanda Journal of Genocide Research 6 1 25 doi 10 1080 1462352042000194683 S2CID 85504804 Retrieved 19 March 2013 a b The voice of terror The Independent London 2000 05 30 Retrieved 2010 05 03 Black Ian 2000 06 02 Broadcaster jailed for inciting genocide The Guardian London Retrieved 2010 05 03 Buckley Stephen April 25 1998 IN RWANDA EXECUTIONS IN A FESTIVAL AIR The Washington Post ICTR 99 52 T Prosecution Exhibit P 91B A DOCUMENT TITLED RTLM ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE RUGGIUS REPRESENTATION PDF ICTR 99 52 T Defense Exhibit 1 D 1 48B NAHIMANA BARAYAGWIZA NGEZE STRUCTURE OF RTLM SA WebDrawer 8112 Archived from the original on 2013 04 16 Retrieved 2012 07 18 How the mighty are falling The Economist 5 July 2007 Accessed online 17 July 2007 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Jean Bosco Barayagwiza must not escape justice PDF Amnesty International 24 November 1999 Bill Berkeley 2001 The Graves Are Not Yet Full Basic Books ISBN 9780465006410 Hate Radio Archiv Theatertreffen Berliner Festspiele Es gab kein Fernsehen interview with Milo Raus by Jan Drees der Freitag 8 April 2014 Bibliography Edit Annan Kofi 2007 The Media and the Rwanda Genocide IDRC ISBN 978 0 7453 2625 2 Danning Gordon 2018 Did Radio RTLM Really Contribute Meaningfully to the Rwandan Genocide Civil Wars 20 4 529 554 doi 10 1080 13698249 2018 1525677 ISSN 1369 8249 S2CID 150075267 Grzyb Amanda Freier Amy 2017 The Role of Radio Television Libre des Milles Collines in the 1994 Rwandan Genocide In Totten Samuel Theriault Henry Joeden Forgey Elisa von eds Controversies in the Field of Genocide Studies Routledge ISBN 978 1 351 29499 7 Herr Alexis 2018 Radio Television Libre des Milles Collines Rwandan Genocide The Essential Reference Guide ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 4408 5561 0 Kellow Christine L Steeves H Leslie 1998 The Role of Radio in the Rwandan Genocide Journal of Communication 48 3 107 128 doi 10 1111 j 1460 2466 1998 tb02762 x ISSN 0021 9916 Li Darryl 2004 Echoes of violence considerations on radio and genocide in Rwanda Journal of Genocide Research 6 1 9 27 doi 10 1080 1462352042000194683 ISSN 1462 3528 S2CID 85504804 Somerville K 2012 Radio Propaganda and the Broadcasting of Hatred Historical Development and Definitions Springer ISBN 978 1 137 28415 0 Wilson Richard Ashby 2017 Incitement on Trial Prosecuting International Speech Crimes Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 107 10310 8 Further reading EditGulseth Hege Lovdal 2004 The use of propaganda in the Rwandan genocide a study of Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines RTLM Thesis Thompson Allan ed 2007 The Media and the Rwanda Genocide PDF London Pluto Press Kampala Fountain Publishers Ottawa International Development Research Centre ISBN 978 0 745 32626 9 Archived from the original on 2013 11 12 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link External links Edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines Hate Radio Rwanda part of a Radio Netherlands dossier on Counteracting Hate Radio After the genocide redemption by Mary Wiltenburg The Christian Science Monitor April 7 2004 Voices on Antisemitism Interview with Gregory Gordon from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum RwandaFile Transcripts of RTLM broadcasts Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines amp oldid 1177337976, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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