Regulator of G-protein signalling 9, also known as RGS9, is a human gene,[5] which codes for a protein involved in regulation of signal transduction inside cells. Members of the RGS family, such as RGS9, are signaling proteins that suppress the activity of G proteins by promoting their deactivation.[supplied by OMIM][5]
There are two splice isoforms of RGS9 with quite different properties and patterns of expression. RGS9-1 is mainly found in the eye and is involved in regulation of phototransduction in rod and cone cells of the retina, while RGS9-2 is found in the brain, and regulates dopamine and opioid signaling in the basal ganglia.[6]
RGS9-2 is of particular interest as the most important RGS protein involved in terminating signalling by the mu opioid receptor (although RGS4 and RGS17 are also involved), and is thought to be important in the development of tolerance to opioid drugs.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] RGS9-deficient mice exhibit some motor and cognitive difficulties however, so inhibition of this protein is likely to cause similar side effects.[14]
RGS9 is differentially regulated by Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 (GNB5) via the DEP domain and DEP helical-extension domain in protein stability and membrane anchor association.[15]
Referencesedit
^ abcGRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000108370 - Ensembl, May 2017
^ abcGRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020599 - Ensembl, May 2017
^"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^"Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ ab"Entrez Gene: RGS9 regulator of G-protein signalling 9".
^Martemyanov KA, Krispel CM, Lishko PV, Burns ME, Arshavsky VY (December 2008). "Functional comparison of RGS9 splice isoforms in a living cell". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (52): 20988–93. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10520988M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808941106. PMC2634932. PMID 19098104.
^Garzón J, Rodríguez-Díaz M, López-Fando A, Sánchez-Blázquez P (February 2001). "RGS9 proteins facilitate acute tolerance to mu-opioid effects". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 13 (4): 801–11. doi:10.1046/j.0953-816x.2000.01444.x. hdl:10261/154868. PMID 11207815. S2CID 23943994.
^Zachariou V, Georgescu D, Sanchez N, Rahman Z, DiLeone R, Berton O, Neve RL, Sim-Selley LJ, Selley DE, Gold SJ, Nestler EJ (November 2003). "Essential role for RGS9 in opiate action". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (23): 13656–61. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10013656Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.2232594100. PMC263869. PMID 14595021.
^Sánchez-Blázquez P, Rodríguez-Muñoz M, Montero C, Garzón J (January 2005). "RGS-Rz and RGS9-2 proteins control mu-opioid receptor desensitisation in CNS: the role of activated Galphaz subunits". Neuropharmacology. 48 (1): 134–50. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.08.016. PMID 15617734. S2CID 40755580.
^Garzón J, Rodríguez-Muñoz M, López-Fando A, Sánchez-Blázquez P (March 2005). "Activation of mu-opioid receptors transfers control of Galpha subunits to the regulator of G-protein signaling RGS9-2: role in receptor desensitization". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (10): 8951–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.M407005200. PMID 15632124.
^Psifogeorgou K, Papakosta P, Russo SJ, Neve RL, Kardassis D, Gold SJ, Zachariou V (October 2007). "RGS9-2 is a negative modulator of mu-opioid receptor function". Journal of Neurochemistry. 103 (2): 617–25. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04812.x. PMID 17725581. S2CID 23246884.
^Hooks SB, Martemyanov K, Zachariou V (January 2008). "A role of RGS proteins in drug addiction". Biochemical Pharmacology. 75 (1): 76–84. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.045. PMID 17880927.
^Traynor JR, Terzi D, Caldarone BJ, Zachariou V (March 2009). "RGS9-2: probing an intracellular modulator of behavior as a drug target". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 30 (3): 105–11. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2008.11.006. PMC3394094. PMID 19211160.
^Masuho, I.; Wakasugi-Masuho, H.; Posokhova, E. N.; Patton, J. R.; Martemyanov, K. A. (2011). "Type 5 G Protein Subunit (G 5) Controls the Interaction of Regulator of G Protein Signaling 9 (RGS9) with Membrane Anchors". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (24): 21806–21813. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.241513. PMC3122235. PMID 21511947.
Further readingedit
Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (1997). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery". Genome Res. 6 (9): 791–806. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548.
Cowan CW, Fariss RN, Sokal I, et al. (1998). "High expression levels in cones of RGS9, the predominant GTPase accelerating protein of rods". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (9): 5351–6. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.5351C. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.9.5351. PMC20264. PMID 9560279.
Granneman JG, Zhai Y, Zhu Z, et al. (1998). "Molecular characterization of human and rat RGS 9L, a novel splice variant enriched in dopamine target regions, and chromosomal localization of the RGS 9 gene". Mol. Pharmacol. 54 (4): 687–94. PMID 9765512.
Zhang K, Howes KA, He W, et al. (2000). "Structure, alternative splicing, and expression of the human RGS9 gene". Gene. 240 (1): 23–34. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00393-5. PMID 10564809.
Yu H, Bondarenko VA, Yamazaki A (2001). "Inhibition of retinal guanylyl cyclase by the RGS9-1 N-terminus". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 286 (1): 12–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5346. PMID 11485301.
Hu G, Wensel TG (2002). "R9AP, a membrane anchor for the photoreceptor GTPase accelerating protein, RGS9-1". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (15): 9755–60. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.9755H. doi:10.1073/pnas.152094799. PMC125004. PMID 12119397.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC139241. PMID 12477932.
Martemyanov KA, Lishko PV, Calero N, et al. (2003). "The DEP domain determines subcellular targeting of the GTPase activating protein RGS9 in vivo". J. Neurosci. 23 (32): 10175–81. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-32-10175.2003. PMC6741003. PMID 14614075.
Nishiguchi KM, Sandberg MA, Kooijman AC, et al. (2004). "Defects in RGS9 or its anchor protein R9AP in patients with slow photoreceptor deactivation". Nature. 427 (6969): 75–8. Bibcode:2004Natur.427...75N. doi:10.1038/nature02170. PMID 14702087. S2CID 953980.
Ajit SK, Young KH (2004). "Enhancement of pheromone response by RGS9 and Gbeta5 in yeast". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 324 (2): 686–91. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.100. PMID 15474482.
Cheng JY, Luu CD, Yong VH, et al. (2007). "Bradyopsia in an Asian man". Arch. Ophthalmol. 125 (8): 1138–40. doi:10.1001/archopht.125.8.1138. PMID 17698770.
External linksedit
Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: O54828 (Mouse Regulator of G-protein signaling 9) at the PDBe-KB.
This article on a gene on human chromosome 17 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
rgs9, regulator, protein, signalling, also, known, human, gene, which, codes, protein, involved, regulation, signal, transduction, inside, cells, members, family, such, signaling, proteins, that, suppress, activity, proteins, promoting, their, deactivation, su. Regulator of G protein signalling 9 also known as RGS9 is a human gene 5 which codes for a protein involved in regulation of signal transduction inside cells Members of the RGS family such as RGS9 are signaling proteins that suppress the activity of G proteins by promoting their deactivation supplied by OMIM 5 RGS9Available structuresPDBOrtholog search PDBe RCSBList of PDB id codes2PBIIdentifiersAliasesRGS9 PERRS RGS9L regulator of G protein signaling 9 regulator of G protein signaling 9External IDsOMIM 604067 MGI 1338824 HomoloGene 2845 GeneCards RGS9Gene location Human Chr Chromosome 17 human 1 Band17q24 1Start65 100 812 bp 1 End65 227 703 bp 1 Gene location Mouse Chr Chromosome 11 mouse 2 Band11 E1 11 71 86 cMStart109 116 181 bp 2 End109 188 955 bp 2 RNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse ortholog Top expressed inputamencaudate nucleusislet of Langerhansnucleus accumbensleft uterine tubegastric mucosaanterior pituitaryright lungmiddle frontal gyrusAchilles tendonTop expressed inolfactory tuberclenucleus accumbenssuperior frontal gyrusglobus pallidusarcuate nucleusmedian eminenceventromedial nucleusdorsomedial hypothalamic nucleusparaventricular nucleus of hypothalamusmammillary bodyMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular functionGTPase activator activity protein containing complex binding GTPase activity signal transducer activityCellular componentnucleus photoreceptor inner segment cytoplasm membrane photoreceptor outer segment plasma membrane photoreceptor disc membrane postsynaptic density membrane glutamatergic synapse intracellular anatomical structureBiological processnervous system development visual perception response to stimulus G protein coupled receptor signaling pathway intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of signal transduction positive regulation of GTPase activity response to estrogen regulation of G protein coupled receptor signaling pathway dopamine receptor signaling pathway protein folding response to amphetamine response to estradiol positive regulation of NMDA glutamate receptor activity regulation of calcium ion export across plasma membraneSources Amigo QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez878719739EnsemblENSG00000108370ENSMUSG00000020599UniProtO75916O54828RefSeq mRNA NM 001081955NM 001165933NM 003835NM 001165934NM 011268RefSeq protein NP 001075424NP 001159405NP 003826NP 001159406NP 035398Location UCSC Chr 17 65 1 65 23 MbChr 11 109 12 109 19 MbPubMed search 3 4 WikidataView Edit HumanView Edit MouseThere are two splice isoforms of RGS9 with quite different properties and patterns of expression RGS9 1 is mainly found in the eye and is involved in regulation of phototransduction in rod and cone cells of the retina while RGS9 2 is found in the brain and regulates dopamine and opioid signaling in the basal ganglia 6 RGS9 2 is of particular interest as the most important RGS protein involved in terminating signalling by the mu opioid receptor although RGS4 and RGS17 are also involved and is thought to be important in the development of tolerance to opioid drugs 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 RGS9 deficient mice exhibit some motor and cognitive difficulties however so inhibition of this protein is likely to cause similar side effects 14 RGS9 is differentially regulated by Guanine nucleotide binding protein subunit beta 5 GNB5 via the DEP domain and DEP helical extension domain in protein stability and membrane anchor association 15 References edit a b c GRCh38 Ensembl release 89 ENSG00000108370 Ensembl May 2017 a b c GRCm38 Ensembl release 89 ENSMUSG00000020599 Ensembl May 2017 Human PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine Mouse PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine a b Entrez Gene RGS9 regulator of G protein signalling 9 Martemyanov KA Krispel CM Lishko PV Burns ME Arshavsky VY December 2008 Functional comparison of RGS9 splice isoforms in a living cell Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 52 20988 93 Bibcode 2008PNAS 10520988M doi 10 1073 pnas 0808941106 PMC 2634932 PMID 19098104 Garzon J Rodriguez Diaz M Lopez Fando A Sanchez Blazquez P February 2001 RGS9 proteins facilitate acute tolerance to mu opioid effects The European Journal of Neuroscience 13 4 801 11 doi 10 1046 j 0953 816x 2000 01444 x hdl 10261 154868 PMID 11207815 S2CID 23943994 Zachariou V Georgescu D Sanchez N Rahman Z DiLeone R Berton O Neve RL Sim Selley LJ Selley DE Gold SJ Nestler EJ November 2003 Essential role for RGS9 in opiate action Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 23 13656 61 Bibcode 2003PNAS 10013656Z doi 10 1073 pnas 2232594100 PMC 263869 PMID 14595021 Sanchez Blazquez P Rodriguez Munoz M Montero C Garzon J January 2005 RGS Rz and RGS9 2 proteins control mu opioid receptor desensitisation in CNS the role of activated Galphaz subunits Neuropharmacology 48 1 134 50 doi 10 1016 j neuropharm 2004 08 016 PMID 15617734 S2CID 40755580 Garzon J Rodriguez Munoz M Lopez Fando A Sanchez Blazquez P March 2005 Activation of mu opioid receptors transfers control of Galpha subunits to the regulator of G protein signaling RGS9 2 role in receptor desensitization The Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 10 8951 60 doi 10 1074 jbc M407005200 PMID 15632124 Psifogeorgou K Papakosta P Russo SJ Neve RL Kardassis D Gold SJ Zachariou V October 2007 RGS9 2 is a negative modulator of mu opioid receptor function Journal of Neurochemistry 103 2 617 25 doi 10 1111 j 1471 4159 2007 04812 x PMID 17725581 S2CID 23246884 Hooks SB Martemyanov K Zachariou V January 2008 A role of RGS proteins in drug addiction Biochemical Pharmacology 75 1 76 84 doi 10 1016 j bcp 2007 07 045 PMID 17880927 Traynor JR Terzi D Caldarone BJ Zachariou V March 2009 RGS9 2 probing an intracellular modulator of behavior as a drug target Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 30 3 105 11 doi 10 1016 j tips 2008 11 006 PMC 3394094 PMID 19211160 Blundell J Hoang CV Potts B Gold SJ Powell CM January 2008 Motor coordination deficits in mice lacking RGS9 Brain Research 1190 78 85 doi 10 1016 j brainres 2007 11 017 PMC 2241663 PMID 18073128 Masuho I Wakasugi Masuho H Posokhova E N Patton J R Martemyanov K A 2011 Type 5 G Protein Subunit G 5 Controls the Interaction of Regulator of G Protein Signaling 9 RGS9 with Membrane Anchors Journal of Biological Chemistry 286 24 21806 21813 doi 10 1074 jbc M111 241513 PMC 3122235 PMID 21511947 Further reading editBonaldo MF Lennon G Soares MB 1997 Normalization and subtraction two approaches to facilitate gene discovery Genome Res 6 9 791 806 doi 10 1101 gr 6 9 791 PMID 8889548 Cowan CW Fariss RN Sokal I et al 1998 High expression levels in cones of RGS9 the predominant GTPase accelerating protein of rods Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 9 5351 6 Bibcode 1998PNAS 95 5351C doi 10 1073 pnas 95 9 5351 PMC 20264 PMID 9560279 Granneman JG Zhai Y Zhu Z et al 1998 Molecular characterization of human and rat RGS 9L a novel splice variant enriched in dopamine target regions and chromosomal localization of the RGS 9 gene Mol Pharmacol 54 4 687 94 PMID 9765512 Zhang K Howes KA He W et al 2000 Structure alternative splicing and expression of the human RGS9 gene Gene 240 1 23 34 doi 10 1016 S0378 1119 99 00393 5 PMID 10564809 Yu H Bondarenko VA Yamazaki A 2001 Inhibition of retinal guanylyl cyclase by the RGS9 1 N terminus Biochem Biophys Res Commun 286 1 12 9 doi 10 1006 bbrc 2001 5346 PMID 11485301 Hu G Wensel TG 2002 R9AP a membrane anchor for the photoreceptor GTPase accelerating protein RGS9 1 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 15 9755 60 Bibcode 2002PNAS 99 9755H doi 10 1073 pnas 152094799 PMC 125004 PMID 12119397 Strausberg RL Feingold EA Grouse LH et al 2003 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15 000 full length human and mouse cDNA sequences Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 26 16899 903 Bibcode 2002PNAS 9916899M doi 10 1073 pnas 242603899 PMC 139241 PMID 12477932 Martemyanov KA Lishko PV Calero N et al 2003 The DEP domain determines subcellular targeting of the GTPase activating protein RGS9 in vivo J Neurosci 23 32 10175 81 doi 10 1523 JNEUROSCI 23 32 10175 2003 PMC 6741003 PMID 14614075 Nishiguchi KM Sandberg MA Kooijman AC et al 2004 Defects in RGS9 or its anchor protein R9AP in patients with slow photoreceptor deactivation Nature 427 6969 75 8 Bibcode 2004Natur 427 75N doi 10 1038 nature02170 PMID 14702087 S2CID 953980 Ajit SK Young KH 2004 Enhancement of pheromone response by RGS9 and Gbeta5 in yeast Biochem Biophys Res Commun 324 2 686 91 doi 10 1016 j bbrc 2004 09 100 PMID 15474482 Cheng JY Luu CD Yong VH et al 2007 Bradyopsia in an Asian man Arch Ophthalmol 125 8 1138 40 doi 10 1001 archopht 125 8 1138 PMID 17698770 External links editOverview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt O54828 Mouse Regulator of G protein signaling 9 at the PDBe KB nbsp This article on a gene on human chromosome 17 is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title RGS9 amp oldid 1115911998, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
