Qusta ibn Luqa
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Qusta ibn Luqa (820–912) (Costa ben Luca, Constabulus)[1] was a Syrian Melkite Christian physician, philosopher, astronomer, mathematician and translator.[2] He was born in Baalbek. Travelling to parts of the Byzantine Empire, he brought back Greek texts and translated them into Arabic.
Qusta Ibn Luqa al-Ba'albakki قُسطا ابن لُوقا البعلبکی | |
|---|---|
| Born | 820 Baalbek, Abbasid Caliphate , now Baalbek District, Beqaa Governorate, Lebanon |
| Died | 912 (aged 92) Armenia |
| Occupation | Physician, Scientist, Translator |
| Period | Abbasid period |
| Years active | 840– 912 |
| Notable works | Risalah fī Auja Al Niqris, Rislah fī al Nabidh (Arabic), Kitāb fī al‐ʿamal bi‐ʾl-kura al‐nujūmiyya, Hayʾat al‐aflāk (work on Celestial Bodies), Kitāb al‐Madkhal ilā ʿilm al‐nujūm, Kitāb al‐Madkhal ilā al‐hayʾa wa‐ḥarakāt al‐aflāk wa‐ʾl‐kawākib, Kitāb fī al‐ʿamal bi‐ʾl‐asṭurlāb al‐kurī, Kitāb fī al‐ʿamal bi‐ʾl‐kura dhāt al‐kursī, The Introduction to Geometry (English Translation) |
Personal life
Qusta ibn Luqa al-Ba'albakki, i. e. from Baalbek or Heliopolis, modern-day Lebanon, a Melkite Christian, was born in 820 and flourished in Baghdad. He was a philosopher, physician, mathematician and astronomer. He died in Armenia possibly in A.D. 912/913.[3]
Translations
Translations of Diophantos, Theodosius of Bithynia's Sphaerica, On Days and Nights (Περὶ ἡμερῶν καὶ νυκτῶν -De diebus et noctibus), On the places of habitation (Περὶ οἰκήσεων - De habitationibus), Autolycus' On the moving sphere (Περὶ κινουμένης σφαίρας - De sphaera quae movetur), On Risings and Settings (Περὶ ἐπιτολῶν καὶ δύσεων - De ortibus et occasibus), Hypsicles' On Ascensions (Ἀναφορικός), Aristarchus, Theophrastus’ Meteora, Galen’s catalogue of his books, Hero of Alexandria's (Heron's) Mechanics, and John Philoponus were made or revised by him, or made under his direction.
He wrote commentaries on Euclid and a treatise on the Armillary sphere. He was a prominent figure in the Graeco-Arabic translation movement that reached its peak in the 9th century. At the request of wealthy and influential commissioners, Qusta translated Greek works on astronomy, mathematics, mechanics and natural science into Arabic.
He also produced works of his own: more than sixty treatises are attributed to him. He wrote mainly on medical subjects, but also on mathematics and astronomy. Only a small part of his production has so far been edited. The extant editions of Qusta’s medical works show that he was thoroughly acquainted with Hippocratic-Galenic humoral medicine– the theoretical system that constituted the basis of formal medicine in Islam.
Original works
His original works, many listed in the Fihrist of Ibn al-Nadim, dealt with contemporary science, medicine, astronomy and philosophy. A Latin translation of his work ‘On the Difference between the Spirit and the Soul’ (De Differentia Spiritus et Animae) was one of the few works not attributed to Aristotle that was included in a list of ‘books to be 'read,' or lectured on, by the Masters of the Faculty of Arts, at Paris in 1254, as part of their study of Natural Philosophy.[4] This translation was made by Joannes Hispalensis, (John of Seville, fl. 1140). He wrote a treatise on Nabidh. His Medical Regime for the Pilgrims to Mecca: The Risālā Fī Tadbīr Safar Al-ḥa is available in translation.[5]
Discoveries
Recent research in 2021 shows that the book 'fargh- beyn-roh va nafs" is the oldest text in which there is a report on pulmonary circulation.[6] For this reason, some consider him the discoverer of pulmonary circulation.
Testimonials
Of him Ibn al-Nadim says: "He is an excellent translator; he knew well Greek, Syriac, and Arabic; he translated texts and corrected many translations. Many are his medical writings."[7] Qusta was with Hunayn Ibn Ishaq the author who best served Greek culture in the Arab civilization.
Involvement with peers
He was also involved, with his fellow-Christian Hunayn ibn Ishaq, in an epistolary exchange with the Muslim astronomer, Abu Isa Yahya ibn al-Munajjim, who had invited them to embrace Islam. Both refused, and provided their reasons for rejecting al-Munajjim's Islamic faith. [8]
Writings
- Risalah fī Auja Al Niqris by Qusta Ibn Luqa. Edited with translation and commentary by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences, Aligarh, 2007 (ISBN 978-81-901362-8-0).
- Rislah fī al Nabidh (Arabic translation of Qusta ibn Luqa by Rufus. Edited with translation and commentary by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences, Aligarh, 2007 (ISBN 978-81-901362-7-3).
- Rîsâlah-i Nabîdh of Qustâ bin Lûqâ by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, Supplement to 'Studies in the History of Medicine and Science' (SHMS), Jamia Hamdard, Vol. IX(1985), pp. 185–201.
- Kitāb fī al‐ʿamal bi‐ʾl–kura al‐nujūmiyya (On the use of the celestial globe; with some variations as to title), which contains 65 chapters and was widely disseminated through at least two Arabic recensions as well as Latin, Hebrew, Spanish, and Italian translations. The Latin translation is edited by R. Lorch - J. Martínez: Qusta ben Lucae De sphera uolubili, in Suhayl, vol. 5 [1]
- the extant astronomical work, Hayʾat al‐aflāk (On the configuration of celestial bodies; Bodleian Library MS Arabic 879, Uri, p. 190), which is one of the earliest compositions in theoretical (hayʾa) astronomy
- Kitāb al‐Madkhal ilā ʿilm al‐nujūm (Introduction to the science of astronomy – astrology)
- Kitāb al‐Madkhal ilā al‐hayʾa wa‐ḥarakāt al‐aflāk wa‐ʾl‐kawākib (Introduction to the configuration and movements of celestial bodies and stars)
- Kitāb fī al‐ʿamal bi‐ʾl‐asṭurlāb al‐kurī (On the use of the spherical astrolabe; Leiden University Library MS Or. 51.2: Handlist, p. 12)
- Kitāb fī al‐ʿamal bi‐ʾl‐kura dhāt al‐kursī (On the use of the mounted celestial sphere). It is identical to Kitāb fī al‐ʿamal bi‐ʾl-kura al‐nujūmiyya mentioned above.
- The Introduction to Geometry. Translation and Commentary by Jan P. Hogendijk in Suhayl, vol. 8 [2]
Influence
He was named (as Kusta Ben Luka) by the poet William Butler Yeats as a source for the ideas in the poet's philosophical treatise, A Vision.
See also
Notes
- ^ Nancy G. Siraisi, Medicine and the Italian Universities, 1250-1600 (Brill Academic Publishers, 2001), p 134.
- ^ Worrell, W. H. (1944). "Qusta Ibn Luqa on the Use of the Celestial Globe". Isis. 35 (4): 285–293. doi:10.1086/358720. JSTOR 330840. S2CID 143503145.
- ^ "Qusta ibn Luqa al-Balabakki".
- ^ J. A Burns, article on ‘The Faculty of Arts’ in The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, [NY: Robert Appleton, 1907], 758.
- ^ Lūqā, Qusṭā ibn; Bos, Gerrit (1992). Qusṭā Ibn Lūqā's Medical Regime for the Pilgrims to Mecca: The Risālā Fī Tadbīr Safar Al-ḥajj. BRILL. ISBN 9789004095410. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ^ Mahlooji, Kamran; Abdoli, Mahsima; Tekiner, Halil; Zargaran, Arman (2021-03-23). "A new evidence on pulmonary circulation discovery: A text of Ibn Luqa (860-912 AD)". European Heart Journal. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab039. ISSN 1522-9645. PMID 33755117.
- ^ see Ibn al-Nadim, Fihrist, ed. Fugel, p. 234.
- ^ Sydney H. Griffith, The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam, Jews, Christians, and Muslims from the Ancient to the Modern World (Princeton University Press, 2008), p. 86; Samir Khalil Samir and Paul Nwyia, Une correspondance islamo-chrétienne entre ibn al-Munaggim, Hunaym ibn Ishaq et Qusta ibn Luqa, Patrologia Orientalis, 40:4, no. 185 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1981).
References
- Kheirandish, Elaheh (2007). "Qusṭā ibn Lūqā al‐Baʿlabakkī". In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. pp. 948–9. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. (PDF version)
- Les Arabes et les Arméniens à l'époque médiévale
- Harvey, L. Ruth (2008) [1970-80]. "Qusṭā Ibn Lūqā Al-BaʿLabakkī". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com.