Quadrupedalism is a form of locomotion where four limbs are used to bear weight and move around. An animal or machine that usually maintains a four-legged posture and moves using all four limbs is said to be a quadruped (from Latinquattuor for "four", and pes, pedis for "foot"). Quadruped animals are found among both vertebrates and invertebrates.
Although the words ‘quadruped’ and ‘tetrapod’ are both derived from terms meaning ‘four-footed’, they have distinct meanings. A tetrapod is any member of the taxonomic unit Tetrapoda (which is defined by descent from a specific four-limbed ancestor), whereas a quadruped actually uses four limbs for locomotion. Not all tetrapods are quadrupeds and not all entities that could be described as ‘quadrupedal’ are tetrapods. This last meaning includes certain artificial objects; almost all quadruped organisms are tetrapods (with the exception of some raptorialarthropods adapted for four-footed locomotion, such as the Mantodea).
The distinction between quadrupeds and tetrapods is important in evolutionary biology, particularly in the context of tetrapods whose limbs have adapted to other roles (e.g., hands in the case of humans, wings in the case of birds and bats, and fins in the case of whales). All of these animals are tetrapods, but none is a quadruped. Even snakes, whose limbs have become vestigial or lost entirely, are, nevertheless, tetrapods.
Quadrupedalism is sometimes referred to as being "on all fours", and is observed in crawling, especially by infants.[1]
In the 20th century quadrupedal movement was popularized as a form of physical exercise by Georges Hebert.[2]Kenichi Ito is a Japanese man famous for speed running on four limbs.[3]
In July 2005, in rural Turkey, scientists discovered five Turkish siblings who had learned to walk naturally on their hands and feet. Unlike chimpanzees, which ambulate on their knuckles, the Ulas Family walked on their palms, allowing them to preserve the dexterity of their fingers.[4][5][6]
A related concept to quadrupedalism is pronogrady, or having a horizontal posture of the trunk. Although nearly all quadrupedal animals are pronograde, bipedal animals also have that posture, including many living birds and extinct dinosaurs.[9]
^Mondschein, Emily R., Karen E. Adolph, and Catherine S. Tamis-LeMonda. "Gender bias in mothers' expectations about infant crawling." Journal of experimental child psychology 77.4 (2000): 304-316.
^Rathbone, Keith (8 February 2022). Sport and physical culture in Occupied France: Authoritarianism, agency, and everyday life. Manchester University Press. p. 73. ISBN978-1-5261-5327-2.
^Swatman, Rachel (12 November 2015). "Video: Watch Japan's Kenichi Ito scamper to GWR Day success with fastest 100 m running on all fours". Guinness World Records. Tokyo. from the original on 16 November 2015.
^"Family Walks on All Fours, May Offer Evolution Insight, Experts Say". National Geographic. 8 March 2006. from the original on 24 May 2016.
^"Science May Finally Explain Why This Family Walks On All Fours". Huffingtonposts. 17 July 2014. from the original on 9 May 2016.
^Türkmen S, Demirhan O, Hoffmann K, et al. (May 2006). "Cerebellar hypoplasia and quadrupedal locomotion in humans as a recessive trait mapping to chromosome 17p". J. Med. Genet. 43 (5): 461–4. doi:10.1136/jmg.2005.040030. PMC2564522. PMID 16371500.
^. Boston Dynamics. Archived from the original on 2011-04-23. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
^. JPL Robotics. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
^Andrada, Emanuel; Rode, Christian; Sutedja, Yefta; Nyakatura, John A.; Blickhan, Reinhard (2014-12-22). "Trunk orientation causes asymmetries in leg function in small bird terrestrial locomotion". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1797): 20141405. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1405. PMC4240980. PMID 25377449.
^Gebo, Daniel L. (2013). "Primate Locomotion". Nature Education Knowledge. 4 (8): 1.
quadrupedalism, confused, with, tetrapod, form, locomotion, where, four, limbs, used, bear, weight, move, around, animal, machine, that, usually, maintains, four, legged, posture, moves, using, four, limbs, said, quadruped, from, latin, quattuor, four, pedis, . Not to be confused with tetrapod Quadrupedalism is a form of locomotion where four limbs are used to bear weight and move around An animal or machine that usually maintains a four legged posture and moves using all four limbs is said to be a quadruped from Latin quattuor for four and pes pedis for foot Quadruped animals are found among both vertebrates and invertebrates The zebra is a quadruped Contents 1 Quadrupeds vs tetrapods 2 In infants and for exercise 3 Other human quadrupedalism 4 Quadrupedal robots 5 Pronograde posture 6 References 7 External linksQuadrupeds vs tetrapods EditAlthough the words quadruped and tetrapod are both derived from terms meaning four footed they have distinct meanings A tetrapod is any member of the taxonomic unit Tetrapoda which is defined by descent from a specific four limbed ancestor whereas a quadruped actually uses four limbs for locomotion Not all tetrapods are quadrupeds and not all entities that could be described as quadrupedal are tetrapods This last meaning includes certain artificial objects almost all quadruped organisms are tetrapods with the exception of some raptorial arthropods adapted for four footed locomotion such as the Mantodea The distinction between quadrupeds and tetrapods is important in evolutionary biology particularly in the context of tetrapods whose limbs have adapted to other roles e g hands in the case of humans wings in the case of birds and bats and fins in the case of whales All of these animals are tetrapods but none is a quadruped Even snakes whose limbs have become vestigial or lost entirely are nevertheless tetrapods In infants and for exercise EditMain article Crawling human Quadrupedalism is sometimes referred to as being on all fours and is observed in crawling especially by infants 1 In the 20th century quadrupedal movement was popularized as a form of physical exercise by Georges Hebert 2 Kenichi Ito is a Japanese man famous for speed running on four limbs 3 Other human quadrupedalism EditMain article Ulas family source source source source source source Quadrupedalism in a Kurdish family In July 2005 in rural Turkey scientists discovered five Turkish siblings who had learned to walk naturally on their hands and feet Unlike chimpanzees which ambulate on their knuckles the Ulas Family walked on their palms allowing them to preserve the dexterity of their fingers 4 5 6 Quadrupedal robots EditBigDog is a dynamically stable quadruped robot created in 2005 by Boston Dynamics with Foster Miller the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Harvard University Concord Field Station 7 Also by NASA JPL in collaboration with University of California Santa Barbara Robotics Lab is RoboSimian with emphasis on stability and deliberation It has been demonstrated at the DARPA Robotics Challenge 8 Pronograde posture EditA related concept to quadrupedalism is pronogrady or having a horizontal posture of the trunk Although nearly all quadrupedal animals are pronograde bipedal animals also have that posture including many living birds and extinct dinosaurs 9 Nonhuman apes with orthograde vertical backs may walk quadrupedally in what is called knuckle walking 10 References Edit Mondschein Emily R Karen E Adolph and Catherine S Tamis LeMonda Gender bias in mothers expectations about infant crawling Journal of experimental child psychology 77 4 2000 304 316 Rathbone Keith 8 February 2022 Sport and physical culture in Occupied France Authoritarianism agency and everyday life Manchester University Press p 73 ISBN 978 1 5261 5327 2 Swatman Rachel 12 November 2015 Video Watch Japan s Kenichi Ito scamper to GWR Day success with fastest 100 m running on all fours Guinness World Records Tokyo Archived from the original on 16 November 2015 Family Walks on All Fours May Offer Evolution Insight Experts Say National Geographic 8 March 2006 Archived from the original on 24 May 2016 Science May Finally Explain Why This Family Walks On All Fours Huffingtonposts 17 July 2014 Archived from the original on 9 May 2016 Turkmen S Demirhan O Hoffmann K et al May 2006 Cerebellar hypoplasia and quadrupedal locomotion in humans as a recessive trait mapping to chromosome 17p J Med Genet 43 5 461 4 doi 10 1136 jmg 2005 040030 PMC 2564522 PMID 16371500 BigDog The Most Advanced Rough Terrain Robot on Earth Boston Dynamics Archived from the original on 2011 04 23 Retrieved 2011 04 06 DARPA Robotics Challenge RoboSimian Track A JPL Robotics Archived from the original on 2016 03 07 Retrieved 2016 03 07 Andrada Emanuel Rode Christian Sutedja Yefta Nyakatura John A Blickhan Reinhard 2014 12 22 Trunk orientation causes asymmetries in leg function in small bird terrestrial locomotion Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 281 1797 20141405 doi 10 1098 rspb 2014 1405 PMC 4240980 PMID 25377449 Gebo Daniel L 2013 Primate Locomotion Nature Education Knowledge 4 8 1 External links EditFamily may provide evolution clue BBC News Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Quadrupedalism amp oldid 1118703789, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
