fbpx
Wikipedia

Québécois people

May 16, 2023

For other meanings, see Québécois (disambiguation).

Quebecers or Quebeckers[1][2][3] (Québécois in French, and sometimes also in English) are people associated with Quebec. The term is most often used in reference to descendants of the French settlers in Quebec but it can also be used to describe people of any ethnicity who live in the province.

Self-identification as Québécois became dominant starting in the 1960s; prior to this, the francophone people of Quebec mostly identified themselves as French Canadians and as Canadiens before anglophones started identifying as Canadians as well.[4] A majority in the House of Commons of Canada in 2006 approved a motion tabled by Prime Minister Stephen Harper, which stated that the Québécois are a nation within a united Canada.[5] Harper later elaborated that the motion's definition of Québécois relies on personal decisions to self-identify as Québécois, and therefore is a personal choice.[6] However, Gilles Duceppe, the leader of the Bloc Québécois, a sovereigntist party which then held the majority of federal seats in Quebec, disputed this view, stating that the Bloc considered the term "Québécois" to include all inhabitants of Quebec and accusing the Conservatives of wishing to ascribe an ethnic meaning to it.[7]

Nomenclature

Québécois (pronounced [kebekwa] ( listen)); feminine: Québécoise (pronounced [kebekwaz] ( listen)), Quebecois (fem.: Quebecoise),[8] or Québecois (fem.: Québecoise)[9] is a word used primarily to refer to a French-speaking inhabitant of the Canadian province of Quebec. Sometimes, it is used more generally to refer to any inhabitant of Quebec.[10][11][12][13][14][15] It can refer to French spoken in Quebec. It may also be used, with an upper- or lower-case initial, as an adjective relating to Quebec, or to the French-Canadian culture of Quebec.[16] A resident or native of Quebec is often referred to in English as a Quebecer or Quebecker.[17] In French, Québécois or Québécoise usually refers to any native or resident of Quebec.[18][19] Its use became more prominent in the 1960s as French Canadians from Quebec increasingly self-identified as Québécois.[19]

English usage

English expressions employing the term may imply specific reference to francophones; such as "Québécois music", "a Québécois rocker" [20] or "Québécois literature"[21][citation needed].

Ethnic designation in French

Dictionaries

The dictionary Le Petit Robert, published in France, states that the adjective québécois, in addition to its territorial meaning, may refer specifically to francophone or French Canadian culture in Quebec.[22] The dictionary gives as examples cinéma québécois and littérature québécoise.

However, an ethnic or linguistic sense is absent from "Le Petit Larousse, also published in France,[23] as well as from French dictionaries published in Canada such as Le Dictionnaire québécois d'aujourd'hui[24][25] and Le Dictionnaire du français Plus, which indicate instead Québécois francophone "francophone Quebecer" in the linguistic sense.

The online dictionary Grand dictionnaire terminologique of the Office québécois de la langue française[26] mentions only a territorial meaning for Québécois.

Other opinion

Newspaper editor Lysiane Gagnon has referred to an ethnic sense of the word Québécois in both English and French.[27][28]

Etymology

The name Québec comes from an Algonquin word meaning 'narrow passage' or 'strait'.[29][30] The name originally referred to the area around Quebec City where the Saint Lawrence River narrows to a cliff-lined gap. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose this name in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the administrative seat for the French colony of Canada and New France. The Province of Quebec was first founded as a British colony in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of New France to Britain after the Seven Years' War. Quebec City remained the capital. In 1774, Guy Carleton obtained from the British Government the Quebec Act, which gave Canadiens most of the territory they held before 1763; the right of religion; and their right of language and culture. The British Government did this to in order to keep their loyalty, in the face of a growing menace of independence from the 13 original British colonies.

Québécois as an ethnicity

As shown by the 2016 Statistics Canada census, 58.3% of residents of Quebec identify their ethnicity as Canadian[a], 23.5% as French and 0.4% as Acadian.[31] Roughly 2.3% of residents, or 184,005 people, describe their ethnicity as Québécois.[32]

Number[33] Language Beliefs[34] Related Groups
184,005 French, English Roman Catholicism, Atheism, Agnosticism, Protestantism (Huguenot) Canadian, Canadien, French

Québécois identity

See also: Quebec nationalism
 
Fête Nationale du Québec (or Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day) Montreal

The term became more common in English as Québécois[35][36] largely replacing French Canadian as an expression of cultural and national identity among French Canadians living in Quebec during the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s. The predominant French Canadian nationalism and identity of previous generations was based on the protection of the French language, the Roman Catholic Church, and Church-run institutions across Canada and in parts of the United States. In contrast, the modern Québécois identity is secular and based on a social democratic ideal of an active Quebec government promoting the French language and French-speaking culture in the arts, education, and business within the Province of Quebec. Politically, this resulted in a push towards more autonomy for Quebec and an internal debate on Quebec independence and identity that continues to this day.[37] The emphasis on the French language and Quebec autonomy means that French-speakers across Canada now self-identify more specifically with provincial or regional identity-tags, such as acadienne, or franco-canadienne, franco-manitobaine, franco-ontarienne or fransaskoise.[38][39] Terms such as Franco-Ontarian and Franco-Manitoban are still predominant. Francophones and anglophones use many terms when discussing issues of francophone linguistic and cultural identity in English.[40][41]

Québécois nation

See also: Québécois nation motion and Quebec nationalism

The political shift towards a new Quebec nationalism in the 1960s led to Québécois increasingly referring to provincial institutions as being national. This was reflected in the change of the provincial Legislative Assembly to National Assembly in 1968. Nationalism reached an apex the 1970s and 1990s, with contentious constitutional debates resulting in close to half of all of French-speaking Québécois seeking recognition of nation status through tight referendums on Quebec sovereignty in 1980 and 1995. Having lost both referendums, the sovereigntist Parti Québécois government renewed the push for recognition as a nation through symbolic motions that gained the support of all parties in the National Assembly. They affirmed the right to determine the independent status of Quebec. They also renamed the area around Quebec City the Capitale-Nationale (national capital) region and renamed provincial parks Parcs Nationaux (national parks). In opposition in October 2003, the Parti Québécois tabled a motion that was unanimously adopted in the National Assembly affirming that the Quebec people formed a nation. Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe scheduled a similar motion in the House of Commons for November 23, 2006, that would have recognized "Quebecers as a nation". Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper tabled the Québécois nation motion the day before the Bloc Québécois resolution came to a vote. The English version changed the word Quebecer to Québécois and added "within a united Canada" at the end of the Bloc motion.

The "Québécois nation" was recognized by the House of Commons of Canada on November 27, 2006. The Prime Minister specified that the motion used the "cultural" and "sociological" as opposed to the "legal" sense of the word "nation". According to Harper, the motion was of a symbolic political nature, representing no constitutional change, no recognition of Quebec sovereignty, and no legal change in its political relations within the federation.[42] The Prime Minister has further elaborated, stating that the motion's definition of Québécois relies on personal decisions to self-identify as Québécois, and therefore is a personal choice.[43]

Despite near-universal support in the House of Commons, several important dissenters criticized the motion. Intergovernmental Affairs minister Michael Chong resigned from his position and abstained from voting, arguing that this motion was too ambiguous and had the potential of recognizing a destructive ethnic nationalism in Canada.[44] Liberals were the most divided on the issue and represented 15 of the 16 votes against the motion. Liberal MP Ken Dryden summarized the view of many of these dissenters, maintaining that it was a game of semantics that cheapened issues of national identity. A survey by Leger Marketing in November 2006 showed that Canadians were deeply divided on this issue. When asked if Québécois are a nation, only 53 per cent of Canadians agreed, 47 per cent disagreed, with 33 per cent strongly disagreeing; 78 per cent of French-speaking Canadians agreed that Québécois are a nation, compared with 38 per cent of English-speaking Canadians. As well, 78 per cent of 1,000 Québécois polled thought that Québécois should be recognized as a nation.[45]

Québécois in census and ethnographic studies

The Québécois self-identify as an ethnic group in both the English and French versions of the Canadian census and in demographic studies of ethnicity in Canada.

In the 2016 census, 74,575 chose Québécois as one of multiple responses with 119,985 choosing it as a single response (194,555 as a combined response).[46]

In the 2001 Census of Canada, 98,670 Canadians, or just over 1% of the population of Quebec identified "Québécois" as their ethnicity, ranking "Québécois" as the 37th most common response.[47] These results were based on a question on residents in each household in Canada: "To which ethnic or cultural group(s) did this person's ancestors belong?", along with a list of sample choices[48] ("Québécois" did not appear among the various sample choices).[49] The ethnicity "Canadien" or Canadian, did appear as an example on the questionnaire, and was selected by 4.9 million people or 68.2% of the Quebec population.[50]

In the more detailed Ethnic Diversity Survey, Québécois was the most common ethnic identity in Quebec, reported by 37% of Quebec's population aged 15 years and older, either as their only identity or alongside other identities.[51][52] The survey, based on interviews, asked the following questions: "1) I would now like to ask you about your ethnic ancestry, heritage or background. What were the ethnic or cultural origins of your ancestors? 2) In addition to "Canadian", what were the other ethnic or cultural origins of your ancestors on first coming to North America?"[53] This survey did not list possible choices of ancestry and permitted multiple answers.[54] In census ethnic surveys, French-speaking Canadians identify their ethnicity most often as French, Canadien, Québécois, or French Canadian, with the latter three referred to by Jantzen (2005) as "French New World" ancestries because they originate in Canada.[55] Jantzen (2005) distinguishes the English Canadian, meaning "someone whose family has been in Canada for multiple generations", and the French Canadien, used to refer to descendants of the original settlers of New France in the 17th and 18th centuries.[56]

Those reporting "French New World" ancestries overwhelmingly had ancestors that went back at least 4 generations in Canada: specifically, 90% of Québécois traced their ancestry back this far.[57] Fourth generation Canadiens and Québécois showed considerable attachment to their ethno-cultural group, with 70% and 61% respectively reporting a strong sense of belonging.[58]

The generational profile and strength of identity of French New World ancestries contrast with those of British or Canadian ancestries, which represent the largest ethnic identities in Canada.[59] Although deeply rooted Canadians express a deep attachment to their ethnic identity, most English-speaking Canadians of British ancestry generally cannot trace their ancestry as far back in Canada as French-speakers.[60] As a result, their identification with their ethnicity is weaker tending to have a more broad based cultural identification: for example, only 50% of third generation "Canadians" strongly identify as such, bringing down the overall average.[61] The survey report notes that 80% of Canadians whose families had been in Canada for three or more generations reported "Canadian and provincial or regional ethnic identities". These identities include "Québécois" (37% of Quebec population), "Acadian" (6% of Atlantic provinces) and "Newfoundlander" (38% of Newfoundland and Labrador).[62]

Special terms using 'Québécois'

French expressions employing "Québécois" often appear in both French and English.

  • Parti Québécois: Provincial-level political party that supports Quebec independence from Canada
  • Bloc Québécois: Federal-level political party that supports Quebec independence from Canada
  • Québécois de souche ("old-stock Quebecker"): Quebecer who can trace their ancestry back to the regime of New France
  • Québécois pure laine: "true blue" or "dyed-in-the-wool" Quebecker
  • Québécois francophone: "francophone Quebecer"
  • Québécois anglophone: "anglophone Quebecer"
  • néo-Québécois ("new Quebecers"): immigrant Quebecers
  • Le Québec aux Québécois ("Quebec for Québécois", or "Quebec for Quebecers"): slogan sometimes chanted at Quebec nationalist rallies or protests. This slogan can be controversial, as it might be interpreted both as a call for a Quebec controlled by Québécois pure laine, with possible xenophobic connotations, or as a call for a Quebec controlled by the inhabitants of the province of Quebec, and free from outside interference.[63][64]

See also

References

  1. ^ English-language questionnaires listed this ethnicity as Canadian, while French-language questionnaires used Canadien.
  1. ^ "Quebec's voters will decide tuition conflict; Education Minister Michelle Courchesne (with video)".
  2. ^ Andy Radia (1 August 2012). "It's official: Quebecers are going to the polls September 4". from the original on 2014-10-01. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
  3. ^ "With Canada's four medals all won by Quebeckers, Parti Quebecois leader says province could shine as independent country". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. 2012-07-31. from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
  4. ^ Berberoglu, Berch (1995). The National Question: Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Self-Determination in the Twentieth Century. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 208. ISBN 1-56639-342-6.
  5. ^ Michael M. Brescia, John C. Super. North America: an introduction. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 2009. Pp. 72.
  6. ^ . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2006-12-19. Archived from the original on 2007-01-26. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
  7. ^ Richard Fidler A “Québécois Nation”? Harper Fuels an Important Debate 2012-09-11 at the Wayback Machine, The B u l l e t, Socialist Project • E-Bulletin No. 40 December 18, 2006
  8. ^ . TERMIUM Writing Tips. Public Works and Government Services Canada. 2012-02-03. Archived from the original on 2012-05-26. Retrieved 2012-04-20. A French-speaking Quebecker is often referred to as a Québécois (masculine) or Québécoise (feminine) written with two accented é's, although some editorial styles prefer none.
  9. ^ The form Québecois (fem.: Québecoise) – with one acute accent é – is valid in French, and appears in English publications (e.g., Canadian Oxford Dictionary (ISBN 0-19-541816-6; p. 1265)). Yet, in the entry "Quebecker, Quebecer, Québécois(e), Franco-, French Canadian" in the Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage. (ISBN 0-19-541619-8; Fee, Margery & McAlpine, Janice; Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997; p. 405-6): "... note that Québécois(e) requires either two accents or none. Often anglophone writers omit the second accent in Québécois, probably because Québec has only one accent and because in English Québécois is usually pronounced KAY beck wah, not KAY BAY kwah." As well, "[s]ometimes English writers use Québécois, without a final e, to refer to a woman; in French, this e would be required."
  10. ^ "Québécois". Canadian Oxford Dictionary. "a francophone inhabitant of Quebec"
  11. ^ In entry "Quebecker, Quebecer, Québécois(e), Franco-, French Canadian". In Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage. (ISBN 0-19-541619-8) Fee, Margery & McAlpine, Janice. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997; p. 405-6: "The French words Québécois and Québécoise (feminine) are also frequently used in English, but generally only to refer to the French-speaking residents of Quebec."
  12. ^ Editing Canadian English, 2nd ed. (ISBN 1-55199-045-8) Cragg, Catherine, ed., et al.; Editors Association of Canada. Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross, 2000; p. 230 (item 12.125): "A Quebecker (preferable to "Quebecer") is a person of or from Quebec province; a Québécois(e) is a French Canadian of or from Quebec province (see: French Canadians). As an adjective in English material, usually capped, as in Québécois cooking."
  13. ^ "Quebecois. (n.d.). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition". Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2008-12-21. A inhabitant of Quebec, especially a French-speaking one.
  14. ^ ""Quebecois." Main entry. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition". 2003. from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-03-16. inhabitant of Quebec; specifically: a French-speaking inhabitant of Quebec
  15. ^ "Québécois". Gage Canadian Dictionary. Toronto, Canada: Canada Publishing Corporation. 1983. "a Quebecer, especially a Francophone."
  16. ^ "quebecois. (adj.). WordNet 3.0". Princeton University. 2006. from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2008-12-21. adjective 1. of or relating to Quebec (especially to the French speaking inhabitants or their culture)
  17. ^ "Termium Plus®". from the original on 2017-09-30. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
  18. ^ "Québécois". Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux Canada. 2012-02-03. from the original on 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2021-09-05. Personne née dans la province de Québec ou qui y habite.
  19. ^ a b Robert, Paul (1984). Petit Robert. Dictionaire de la langue française. Montreal: Les Dictionnaires Roberts-Canada S.C.C. ISBN 2-85036-066-X. "Specialt. (répandu v. 1965). Du groupe ethnique et linguistique canadien français composant la majorité de la population du Québec. Littérature québécoise; cinéma québécoise."
  20. ^ "Québécois music isn't marginalized—it's English Canadians who are missing out - Macleans.ca". from the original on 2021-09-05. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
  21. ^ Perron, Paul (2003). Narratology and Text: Subjectivity and Identity in New France and Québécois Literature. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. xvii + 338. ISBN 0-8020-3688-0.
  22. ^ Robert, Paul (1984). Petit Robert. Dictionnaire de la langue française. Montreal: Les Dictionnaires Roberts-Canada S.C.C. ISBN 2-85036-066-X. "Specialt. (répandu v. 1965). Du groupe ethnique et linguistique canadien français composant la majorité de la population du Québec. Littérature québécoise; cinéma québécois."
  23. ^ Le Petit Larousse (1989)
  24. ^ Entry for québécois in Dictionnaire québécois d'aujourd'hui. The entry is a column long.
  25. ^ Guillot, Marie-Cecile. "Le Dictionnaire queb´ ecois d'aujourd'hui ´ : Enquete sur les registres" (PDF). Canadian Association of Applied Linguistics. (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-05. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
  26. ^ Entry for Québécois at the Grand dictionnaire terminologique.
  27. ^ Gagnon, Lysiane (2006-11-13). . Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
  28. ^ Gagnon, Lysiane (2006-11-26). . La Presse. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-04-04.
  29. ^ "Quebec's provincial symbols: Origin of the name". Natural Resources Canada. 2017-08-15. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
  30. ^ "Quebéc (Ville)". Gouvernement du Québec - Commission de toponymie. 2012. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
  31. ^ "2016 Census Ethnic Origin" 2021-09-15 at the Wayback Machine (consulted October 2021)
  32. ^ Matthew Lange (2017). Killing Others: A Natural History of Ethnic Violence. Cornell University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-5017-0776-6. from the original on 2021-10-29. Retrieved 2021-03-07.
  33. ^ https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm 2021-02-04 at the Wayback Machine?
  34. ^ "National Household Survey: Data tables" 2021-10-29 at the Wayback Machine (August 10, 2019)
  35. ^ "Study Guide Canada and Québec Language & Culture" (PDF). Arts Midwest Worldfest. 2010–2011. (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-05. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
  36. ^ Seidle, F. Leslie (1994). Seeking a New Canadian Partnership: Asymmetrical and Confederal Options Volumen 45 de Institute for Research on Public Policy Series. IRPP. pp. 72. ISBN 9780886451639.
  37. ^ Bélanger, Claude (2000-08-27). . Quebec Nationalism. Marianopolis College. Archived from the original on 2007-04-11. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
  38. ^ Churchill, Stacy (2003). "Linguistic and Cultural Identities in Canada" (PDF). Language Education, Canadian Civic Identity, and the Identity of Canadians. Council of Europe, Language Policy Division. pp. 8–11. (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2021-09-05. French speakers usually refer to their own identities with adjectives such as québécoise, acadienne, or franco-canadienne, or by some term referring to a provincial linguistic minority such as francomanitobaine, franco-ontarienne or fransaskoise.
  39. ^ Denis, Angèle (2001). "Corridors: Language as Trap and Meeting Ground". In Adrienne Shadd; Carl E. James (eds.). Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity and Language. Toronto: Between the Lines. pp. 133–146. ISBN 1-896357-36-9. from the original on 2021-10-29. Retrieved 2021-09-05. The latent nationalism that is the corollary of folklorization is also visible in the persistence of Canadians in designating Québécois, Acadiens, and Fransaskois as French Canadian. Most Québécois speak French.
  40. ^ Bédard, Guy (2001). "Québécitude: An Ambiguous Identity". In Adrienne Shadd; Carl E. James (eds.). Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity and Language. Toronto: Between the Lines. pp. 28–32. ISBN 1-896357-36-9. from the original on 2021-10-29. Retrieved 2021-09-05. In short, apart from the historical and cultural specificities, the process by which the Québécois identity was born was not much different from the formation of other community identities around the world.
  41. ^ Ship, Susan J. (2001). "Jewish, Canadian or Québécois: Notes on a Diasporic Identity". In Adrienne Shadd; Carl E. James (eds.). Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity and Language. Toronto: Between the Lines. pp. 20–27. ISBN 1-896357-36-9. from the original on 2021-10-29. Retrieved 2021-09-05. ... the Anglo-American culture of Canada; the French Québécois culture of Quebec; and the distinct cosmopolitan multiculture of Montreal.
  42. ^ "House passes motion recognizing Québécois as nation". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2006-11-27. from the original on 2006-11-29. Retrieved 2006-12-21.
  43. ^ "Who's a Québécois? Harper isn't sure". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2006-12-19. from the original on 2007-01-26. Retrieved 2006-12-21.
  44. ^ Jim Brown (2006-11-28). "Harper Pays price for victory on Québécois nation motion". Canadian press (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
  45. ^ Hubert Bauch (2006-11-11). . CanWest News Service; Montreal Gazette. Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
  46. ^ "Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables - Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (Total), Canada, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data". 2017-10-25. from the original on 2021-07-06. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
  47. ^ "Ethno-Cultural Portrait of Canada, Table 1". from the original on 2019-02-16. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
  48. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-09.
  49. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-09. To which ethnic or cultural group(s) did this person's ancestors belong? For example, Canadian, French, English, Chinese, Italian, German, Scottish, Irish, Cree, Micmac, Metis, Inuit (Eskimo), East Indian, Ukrainian, Dutch, polish, Portuguese, Filipino, Jewish, Greek, Jamaican, Vietnamese, Lebanese, Chilean, Somali, etc.
  50. ^ "Ethno-Cultural Portrait of Canada, Table 1". from the original on 2015-09-04. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
  51. ^ (PDF). Statistics Canada. 2003. ISBN 0-662-35031-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2008-04-25. For example, in Quebec, Québécois was the most common ethnic identity and was reported by 37% of Quebec's population aged 15 years and older, either as their only identity or alongside other identities.
  52. ^ . The Daily. Statistics Canada. 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-03-17. Retrieved 2008-03-17. For example, 37% of Quebec's population aged 15 years and older reported Québécois, either as their only ethnic identity or alongside other identities.
  53. ^ Statistics Canada (April 2002). "Ethnic Diversity Survey: Questionnaire" (PDF). Department of Canadian Heritage. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-02-12. Retrieved 2008-04-25. p. 4-5
  54. ^ Jantzen, Lorna (2005). "The Advantages of analyzing ethnic attitudes across generations — Results from the Ethnic Diversity Survey" (PDF). Department of Canadian Heritage. p. 103. (PDF) from the original on 2013-04-20. Retrieved 2008-12-26. Respondents were not provided examples of ancestries and they were permitted to report multiple responses.
  55. ^ Jantzen (2005) Footnote 9: "These will be called "French New World" ancestries since the majority of respondents in these ethnic categories are Francophones."
  56. ^ Jantzen (2005) Footnote 5: "Note that Canadian and Canadien have been separated since the two terms mean different things. In English, it usually means someone whose family has been in Canada for multiple generations. In French it is referring to "Les Habitant", settlers of New France during the 17th and 18th Century, who earned their living primarily from agricultural labour."
  57. ^ Jantzen (2005): "The reporting of French New World ancestries (Canadien, Québécois, and French-Canadian) is concentrated in the 4th+ generations; 79% of French- Canadian, 88% of Canadien and 90% of Québécois are in the 4th+generations category."
  58. ^ Jantzen (2005): "According to Table 3, the 4th+ generations are highest because of a strong sense of belonging to their ethnic or cultural group among those respondents reporting the New World ancestries of Canadien and Québécois."
  59. ^ Jantzen (2005): For respondents of French and New World ancestries the pattern is different. Where generational data is available, it is possible to see that not all respondents reporting these ancestries report a high sense of belonging to their ethnic or cultural group. The high proportions are focused among those respondents that are in the 4th+ generations, and unlike with the British Isles example, the difference between the 2nd and 3rd generations to the 4th+ generation is more pronounced. Since these ancestries are concentrated in the 4th+ generations, their high proportions of sense of belonging to ethnic or cultural group push up the 4th+ generational results."
  60. ^ Jantzen (2005): "As shown on Graph 3, over 30% of respondents reporting Canadian, British Isles or French ancestries are distributed across all four generational categories."
  61. ^ Jantzen (2005): Table 3: Percentage of Selected Ancestries Reporting that Respondents have a Strong* Sense of Belonging to the Ethnic and Cultural Groups, by Generational Status, 2002 EDS"
  62. ^ See p. 14 of the report 2007-01-04 at the Wayback Machine
  63. ^ Claude Bélanger (2000-08-23). "The Quiet Revolution". Marionapolis College. from the original on 2008-02-02. Retrieved 2008-01-31. There was no doubt that the Québécois, governed for so long by "Negro-Kings" [to use the interesting expression of André Laurendeau] in the interest of foreign powers, economical and political, had to become masters of their destiny, had to be "Maîtres chez-nous". Scads of Parti Québécois supporters were later to echo these sentiments in chanting loudly during political rallies: "Le Québec aux Québécois".
  64. ^ Bédard, Guy (2001). "Québécitude: An Ambiguous Identity". In Adrienne Shadd; Carl E. James (eds.). Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity and Language. Toronto: Between the Lines. p. 30. ISBN 1-896357-36-9. from the original on 2021-10-29. Retrieved 2021-09-05. The increasing uneasiness that I feel each time I hear nationalists say Le Québec aux Québécois illustrates this in another way. In adhering to this battle cry, indépendentistes are necessarily forced to admit that there are certain individuals whose status as residents of Quebec is not enough to qualify them as Québécois.

Further reading

 
Look up Quebecois, Quebecoise, Quebecer, or Quebecker in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Look up Québécois, Québécoise, Québecois, or Québecoise in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Look up québécois, québécoise, québecois, or québecoise in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • "Quebecers or Québécois?". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007. from the original on 2008-02-17. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
  • "Québécois". Trésor de la langue française au Québec. Département de Langues, linguistique et traduction, Faculté des Lettres, Université Laval. from the original on 2008-09-21. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
  • "Quebecker". Trésor de la langue française au Québec. Département de Langues, linguistique et traduction, Faculté des Lettres, Université Laval. from the original on 2008-09-21. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
  • Blattberg, Charles. "I am English Canadian". Tolerance.ca. Retrieved 2007-04-03.[permanent dead link]
  • Coudé-Lord, Michelle (1994-04-30). . vol. 18, no 4 (in French). Journal de Montréal. pp. 24–25. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
  • Dubuc, Pierre (2002). . SPQ Libre! (Syndicalistes et progressistes pour un Québec libre). Archived from the original on 2007-03-21. Retrieved 2007-04-08.
  • Dufour, Christian (2003). (PDF). London Journal of Canadian Studies. London Conference for Canadian Studies. 18. ISSN 0267-2200. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-25. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  • Grey, Julius (2006). "The Effect of Recognizing the Québécois Nation". AmeriQuests. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. 3. doi:10.15695/amqst.v3i1.99. ISSN 1553-4316.
  • Helly, Denise; Van Schendel, Nicolas (2001). Appartenir au Québec : Citoyenneté, nation et société civile : Enquête à Montréal, 1995. Les Presses de l'Université Laval. ISBN 2-89224-326-2.
  • Jantzen, Lorna (2005). "The Advantages of analyzing ethnic attitudes across generations — Results from the Ethnic Diversity Survey". Department of Canadian Heritage. Retrieved 2008-03-17. Graph 1: Top Fifteen Reported Ancestries, 2002 EDS[dead link]
  • Noel, Jacques (2007-03-31). "Québécois francophones de vieille souche". Le Devoir. from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
  • Parenteau, François (2006-11-30). . Archived from the original on 2007-10-11.
  • Teboul, Victor (2007). "L'identité québécoise est-elle inclusive?". The Tolerance Webzine (in French). Retrieved 2021-09-05.
  • Young, David (1999). "Céline Dion, the ADISQ Controversy, and the Anglophone Press in Canada". Canadian Journal of Communication. Public Knowledge Project. 24 (4): 1–22. doi:10.22230/cjc.1999v24n4a1124. ISSN 1499-6642.

May 16, 2023
québécois, people, other, meanings, québécois, disambiguation, quebecers, quebeckers, québécois, french, sometimes, also, english, people, associated, with, quebec, term, most, often, used, reference, descendants, french, settlers, quebec, also, used, describe. For other meanings see Quebecois disambiguation Quebecers or Quebeckers 1 2 3 Quebecois in French and sometimes also in English are people associated with Quebec The term is most often used in reference to descendants of the French settlers in Quebec but it can also be used to describe people of any ethnicity who live in the province Self identification as Quebecois became dominant starting in the 1960s prior to this the francophone people of Quebec mostly identified themselves as French Canadians and as Canadiens before anglophones started identifying as Canadians as well 4 A majority in the House of Commons of Canada in 2006 approved a motion tabled by Prime Minister Stephen Harper which stated that the Quebecois are a nation within a united Canada 5 Harper later elaborated that the motion s definition of Quebecois relies on personal decisions to self identify as Quebecois and therefore is a personal choice 6 However Gilles Duceppe the leader of the Bloc Quebecois a sovereigntist party which then held the majority of federal seats in Quebec disputed this view stating that the Bloc considered the term Quebecois to include all inhabitants of Quebec and accusing the Conservatives of wishing to ascribe an ethnic meaning to it 7 Contents 1 Nomenclature 1 1 English usage 1 2 Ethnic designation in French 1 2 1 Dictionaries 1 2 2 Other opinion 2 Etymology 3 Quebecois as an ethnicity 4 Quebecois identity 5 Quebecois nation 6 Quebecois in census and ethnographic studies 7 Special terms using Quebecois 8 See also 9 References 10 Further readingNomenclature EditQuebecois pronounced kebekwa listen feminine Quebecoise pronounced kebekwaz listen Quebecois fem Quebecoise 8 or Quebecois fem Quebecoise 9 is a word used primarily to refer to a French speaking inhabitant of the Canadian province of Quebec Sometimes it is used more generally to refer to any inhabitant of Quebec 10 11 12 13 14 15 It can refer to French spoken in Quebec It may also be used with an upper or lower case initial as an adjective relating to Quebec or to the French Canadian culture of Quebec 16 A resident or native of Quebec is often referred to in English as a Quebecer or Quebecker 17 In French Quebecois or Quebecoise usually refers to any native or resident of Quebec 18 19 Its use became more prominent in the 1960s as French Canadians from Quebec increasingly self identified as Quebecois 19 English usage Edit English expressions employing the term may imply specific reference to francophones such as Quebecois music a Quebecois rocker 20 or Quebecois literature 21 citation needed Ethnic designation in French Edit Dictionaries Edit The dictionary Le Petit Robert published in France states that the adjective quebecois in addition to its territorial meaning may refer specifically to francophone or French Canadian culture in Quebec 22 The dictionary gives as examples cinema quebecois and litterature quebecoise However an ethnic or linguistic sense is absent from Le Petit Larousse also published in France 23 as well as from French dictionaries published in Canada such as Le Dictionnaire quebecois d aujourd hui 24 25 and Le Dictionnaire du francais Plus which indicate instead Quebecois francophone francophone Quebecer in the linguistic sense The online dictionary Grand dictionnaire terminologique of the Office quebecois de la langue francaise 26 mentions only a territorial meaning for Quebecois Other opinion Edit Newspaper editor Lysiane Gagnon has referred to an ethnic sense of the word Quebecois in both English and French 27 28 Etymology Edit Province of Quebec 1774 The name Quebec comes from an Algonquin word meaning narrow passage or strait 29 30 The name originally referred to the area around Quebec City where the Saint Lawrence River narrows to a cliff lined gap French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose this name in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the administrative seat for the French colony of Canada and New France The Province of Quebec was first founded as a British colony in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of New France to Britain after the Seven Years War Quebec City remained the capital In 1774 Guy Carleton obtained from the British Government the Quebec Act which gave Canadiens most of the territory they held before 1763 the right of religion and their right of language and culture The British Government did this to in order to keep their loyalty in the face of a growing menace of independence from the 13 original British colonies Quebecois as an ethnicity EditAs shown by the 2016 Statistics Canada census 58 3 of residents of Quebec identify their ethnicity as Canadian a 23 5 as French and 0 4 as Acadian 31 Roughly 2 3 of residents or 184 005 people describe their ethnicity as Quebecois 32 Number 33 Language Beliefs 34 Related Groups184 005 French English Roman Catholicism Atheism Agnosticism Protestantism Huguenot Canadian Canadien FrenchQuebecois identity EditSee also Quebec nationalism Fete Nationale du Quebec or Saint Jean Baptiste Day Montreal The term became more common in English as Quebecois 35 36 largely replacing French Canadian as an expression of cultural and national identity among French Canadians living in Quebec during the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s The predominant French Canadian nationalism and identity of previous generations was based on the protection of the French language the Roman Catholic Church and Church run institutions across Canada and in parts of the United States In contrast the modern Quebecois identity is secular and based on a social democratic ideal of an active Quebec government promoting the French language and French speaking culture in the arts education and business within the Province of Quebec Politically this resulted in a push towards more autonomy for Quebec and an internal debate on Quebec independence and identity that continues to this day 37 The emphasis on the French language and Quebec autonomy means that French speakers across Canada now self identify more specifically with provincial or regional identity tags such as acadienne or franco canadienne franco manitobaine franco ontarienne or fransaskoise 38 39 Terms such as Franco Ontarian and Franco Manitoban are still predominant Francophones and anglophones use many terms when discussing issues of francophone linguistic and cultural identity in English 40 41 Quebecois nation EditSee also Quebecois nation motion and Quebec nationalism This section may contain material unrelated or insufficiently related to the topic of the article Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page May 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message Parliament Building in Quebec City The political shift towards a new Quebec nationalism in the 1960s led to Quebecois increasingly referring to provincial institutions as being national This was reflected in the change of the provincial Legislative Assembly to National Assembly in 1968 Nationalism reached an apex the 1970s and 1990s with contentious constitutional debates resulting in close to half of all of French speaking Quebecois seeking recognition of nation status through tight referendums on Quebec sovereignty in 1980 and 1995 Having lost both referendums the sovereigntist Parti Quebecois government renewed the push for recognition as a nation through symbolic motions that gained the support of all parties in the National Assembly They affirmed the right to determine the independent status of Quebec They also renamed the area around Quebec City the Capitale Nationale national capital region and renamed provincial parks Parcs Nationaux national parks In opposition in October 2003 the Parti Quebecois tabled a motion that was unanimously adopted in the National Assembly affirming that the Quebec people formed a nation Bloc Quebecois leader Gilles Duceppe scheduled a similar motion in the House of Commons for November 23 2006 that would have recognized Quebecers as a nation Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper tabled the Quebecois nation motion the day before the Bloc Quebecois resolution came to a vote The English version changed the word Quebecer to Quebecois and added within a united Canada at the end of the Bloc motion The Quebecois nation was recognized by the House of Commons of Canada on November 27 2006 The Prime Minister specified that the motion used the cultural and sociological as opposed to the legal sense of the word nation According to Harper the motion was of a symbolic political nature representing no constitutional change no recognition of Quebec sovereignty and no legal change in its political relations within the federation 42 The Prime Minister has further elaborated stating that the motion s definition of Quebecois relies on personal decisions to self identify as Quebecois and therefore is a personal choice 43 Despite near universal support in the House of Commons several important dissenters criticized the motion Intergovernmental Affairs minister Michael Chong resigned from his position and abstained from voting arguing that this motion was too ambiguous and had the potential of recognizing a destructive ethnic nationalism in Canada 44 Liberals were the most divided on the issue and represented 15 of the 16 votes against the motion Liberal MP Ken Dryden summarized the view of many of these dissenters maintaining that it was a game of semantics that cheapened issues of national identity A survey by Leger Marketing in November 2006 showed that Canadians were deeply divided on this issue When asked if Quebecois are a nation only 53 per cent of Canadians agreed 47 per cent disagreed with 33 per cent strongly disagreeing 78 per cent of French speaking Canadians agreed that Quebecois are a nation compared with 38 per cent of English speaking Canadians As well 78 per cent of 1 000 Quebecois polled thought that Quebecois should be recognized as a nation 45 Quebecois in census and ethnographic studies EditThe Quebecois self identify as an ethnic group in both the English and French versions of the Canadian census and in demographic studies of ethnicity in Canada In the 2016 census 74 575 chose Quebecois as one of multiple responses with 119 985 choosing it as a single response 194 555 as a combined response 46 In the 2001 Census of Canada 98 670 Canadians or just over 1 of the population of Quebec identified Quebecois as their ethnicity ranking Quebecois as the 37th most common response 47 These results were based on a question on residents in each household in Canada To which ethnic or cultural group s did this person s ancestors belong along with a list of sample choices 48 Quebecois did not appear among the various sample choices 49 The ethnicity Canadien or Canadian did appear as an example on the questionnaire and was selected by 4 9 million people or 68 2 of the Quebec population 50 In the more detailed Ethnic Diversity Survey Quebecois was the most common ethnic identity in Quebec reported by 37 of Quebec s population aged 15 years and older either as their only identity or alongside other identities 51 52 The survey based on interviews asked the following questions 1 I would now like to ask you about your ethnic ancestry heritage or background What were the ethnic or cultural origins of your ancestors 2 In addition to Canadian what were the other ethnic or cultural origins of your ancestors on first coming to North America 53 This survey did not list possible choices of ancestry and permitted multiple answers 54 In census ethnic surveys French speaking Canadians identify their ethnicity most often as French Canadien Quebecois or French Canadian with the latter three referred to by Jantzen 2005 as French New World ancestries because they originate in Canada 55 Jantzen 2005 distinguishes the English Canadian meaning someone whose family has been in Canada for multiple generations and the French Canadien used to refer to descendants of the original settlers of New France in the 17th and 18th centuries 56 Those reporting French New World ancestries overwhelmingly had ancestors that went back at least 4 generations in Canada specifically 90 of Quebecois traced their ancestry back this far 57 Fourth generation Canadiens and Quebecois showed considerable attachment to their ethno cultural group with 70 and 61 respectively reporting a strong sense of belonging 58 The generational profile and strength of identity of French New World ancestries contrast with those of British or Canadian ancestries which represent the largest ethnic identities in Canada 59 Although deeply rooted Canadians express a deep attachment to their ethnic identity most English speaking Canadians of British ancestry generally cannot trace their ancestry as far back in Canada as French speakers 60 As a result their identification with their ethnicity is weaker tending to have a more broad based cultural identification for example only 50 of third generation Canadians strongly identify as such bringing down the overall average 61 The survey report notes that 80 of Canadians whose families had been in Canada for three or more generations reported Canadian and provincial or regional ethnic identities These identities include Quebecois 37 of Quebec population Acadian 6 of Atlantic provinces and Newfoundlander 38 of Newfoundland and Labrador 62 Special terms using Quebecois EditFrench expressions employing Quebecois often appear in both French and English Parti Quebecois Provincial level political party that supports Quebec independence from Canada Bloc Quebecois Federal level political party that supports Quebec independence from Canada Quebecois de souche old stock Quebecker Quebecer who can trace their ancestry back to the regime of New France Quebecois pure laine true blue or dyed in the wool Quebecker Quebecois francophone francophone Quebecer Quebecois anglophone anglophone Quebecer neo Quebecois new Quebecers immigrant Quebecers Le Quebec aux Quebecois Quebec for Quebecois or Quebec for Quebecers slogan sometimes chanted at Quebec nationalist rallies or protests This slogan can be controversial as it might be interpreted both as a call for a Quebec controlled by Quebecois pure laine with possible xenophobic connotations or as a call for a Quebec controlled by the inhabitants of the province of Quebec and free from outside interference 63 64 See also Edit Canada portalLanguage demographics of Quebec Culture of Quebec Cuisine of Quebec Symbols of Quebec English speaking Quebecers Quebecer disambiguation Quebec disambiguation References Edit English language questionnaires listed this ethnicity as Canadian while French language questionnaires used Canadien Quebec s voters will decide tuition conflict Education Minister Michelle Courchesne with video Andy Radia 1 August 2012 It s official Quebecers are going to the polls September 4 Archived from the original on 2014 10 01 Retrieved 2014 06 18 With Canada s four medals all won by Quebeckers Parti Quebecois leader says province could shine as independent country The Globe and Mail Toronto 2012 07 31 Archived from the original on 2016 03 07 Retrieved 2017 09 10 Berberoglu Berch 1995 The National Question Nationalism Ethnic Conflict and Self Determination in the Twentieth Century Philadelphia Temple University Press p 208 ISBN 1 56639 342 6 Michael M Brescia John C Super North America an introduction Toronto Ontario Canada University of Toronto Press 2009 Pp 72 Who s a Quebecois Harper isn t sure Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2006 12 19 Archived from the original on 2007 01 26 Retrieved 2014 06 18 Richard Fidler A Quebecois Nation Harper Fuels an Important Debate Archived 2012 09 11 at the Wayback Machine The B u l l e t Socialist Project E Bulletin No 40 December 18 2006 Quebecker Quebecer Quebecois TERMIUM Writing Tips Public Works and Government Services Canada 2012 02 03 Archived from the original on 2012 05 26 Retrieved 2012 04 20 A French speaking Quebecker is often referred to as a Quebecois masculine or Quebecoise feminine written with two accented e s although some editorial styles prefer none The form Quebecois fem Quebecoise with one acute accent e is valid in French and appears in English publications e g Canadian Oxford Dictionary ISBN 0 19 541816 6 p 1265 Yet in the entry Quebecker Quebecer Quebecois e Franco French Canadian in the Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage ISBN 0 19 541619 8 Fee Margery amp McAlpine Janice Toronto Oxford University Press 1997 p 405 6 note that Quebecois e requires either two accents or none Often anglophone writers omit the second accent in Quebecois probably because Quebec has only one accent and because in English Quebecois is usually pronounced KAY beck wah not KAY BAY kwah As well s ometimes English writers use Quebecois without a final e to refer to a woman in French this e would be required Quebecois Canadian Oxford Dictionary a francophone inhabitant of Quebec In entry Quebecker Quebecer Quebecois e Franco French Canadian In Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage ISBN 0 19 541619 8 Fee Margery amp McAlpine Janice Toronto Oxford University Press 1997 p 405 6 The French words Quebecois and Quebecoise feminine are also frequently used in English but generally only to refer to the French speaking residents of Quebec Editing Canadian English 2nd ed ISBN 1 55199 045 8 Cragg Catherine ed et al Editors Association of Canada Toronto Macfarlane Walter amp Ross 2000 p 230 item 12 125 A Quebecker preferable to Quebecer is a person of or from Quebec province a Quebecois e is a French Canadian of or from Quebec province see French Canadians As an adjective in English material usually capped as in Quebecois cooking Quebecois n d The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Fourth Edition Houghton Mifflin Company 2000 Archived from the original on 2008 12 19 Retrieved 2008 12 21 A inhabitant of Quebec especially a French speaking one Quebecois Main entry Merriam Webster s Collegiate Dictionary Eleventh Edition 2003 Archived from the original on 2007 09 29 Retrieved 2007 03 16 inhabitant of Quebec specifically a French speaking inhabitant of Quebec Quebecois Gage Canadian Dictionary Toronto Canada Canada Publishing Corporation 1983 a Quebecer especially a Francophone quebecois adj WordNet 3 0 Princeton University 2006 Archived from the original on 2008 12 19 Retrieved 2008 12 21 adjective 1 of or relating to Quebec especially to the French speaking inhabitants or their culture Termium Plus Archived from the original on 2017 09 30 Retrieved 2021 09 05 Quebecois Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux Canada 2012 02 03 Archived from the original on 2020 07 28 Retrieved 2021 09 05 Personne nee dans la province de Quebec ou qui y habite a b Robert Paul 1984 Petit Robert Dictionaire de la langue francaise Montreal Les Dictionnaires Roberts Canada S C C ISBN 2 85036 066 X Specialt repandu v 1965 Du groupe ethnique et linguistique canadien francais composant la majorite de la population du Quebec Litterature quebecoise cinema quebecoise Quebecois music isn t marginalized it s English Canadians who are missing out Macleans ca Archived from the original on 2021 09 05 Retrieved 2021 09 05 Perron Paul 2003 Narratology and Text Subjectivity and Identity in New France and Quebecois Literature Toronto University of Toronto Press xvii 338 ISBN 0 8020 3688 0 Robert Paul 1984 Petit Robert Dictionnaire de la langue francaise Montreal Les Dictionnaires Roberts Canada S C C ISBN 2 85036 066 X Specialt repandu v 1965 Du groupe ethnique et linguistique canadien francais composant la majorite de la population du Quebec Litterature quebecoise cinema quebecois Le Petit Larousse 1989 Entry for quebecois in Dictionnaire quebecois d aujourd hui The entry is a column long Guillot Marie Cecile Le Dictionnaire queb ecois d aujourd hui Enquete sur les registres PDF Canadian Association of Applied Linguistics Archived PDF from the original on 2021 09 05 Retrieved 2021 09 05 Entry for Quebecois at the Grand dictionnaire terminologique Gagnon Lysiane 2006 11 13 There s no Quebec nation Globe and Mail Archived from the original on 2008 07 25 Retrieved 2007 04 03 Gagnon Lysiane 2006 11 26 La nation Quelle nation La Presse Archived from the original on 2007 09 29 Retrieved 2007 04 04 Quebec s provincial symbols Origin of the name Natural Resources Canada 2017 08 15 Retrieved 2023 04 05 Quebec Ville Gouvernement du Quebec Commission de toponymie 2012 Retrieved 2023 04 05 2016 Census Ethnic Origin Archived 2021 09 15 at the Wayback Machine consulted October 2021 Matthew Lange 2017 Killing Others A Natural History of Ethnic Violence Cornell University Press p 18 ISBN 978 1 5017 0776 6 Archived from the original on 2021 10 29 Retrieved 2021 03 07 https www12 statcan gc ca census recensement 2016 dp pd prof details page cfm Archived 2021 02 04 at the Wayback Machine National Household Survey Data tables Archived 2021 10 29 at the Wayback Machine August 10 2019 Study Guide Canada and Quebec Language amp Culture PDF Arts Midwest Worldfest 2010 2011 Archived PDF from the original on 2018 08 05 Retrieved 2021 09 05 Seidle F Leslie 1994 Seeking a New Canadian Partnership Asymmetrical and Confederal Options Volumen 45 de Institute for Research on Public Policy Series IRPP pp 72 ISBN 9780886451639 Belanger Claude 2000 08 27 The social democratic nationalism 1945 to today Quebec Nationalism Marianopolis College Archived from the original on 2007 04 11 Retrieved 2007 04 05 Churchill Stacy 2003 Linguistic and Cultural Identities in Canada PDF Language Education Canadian Civic Identity and the Identity of Canadians Council of Europe Language Policy Division pp 8 11 Archived PDF from the original on 2017 08 09 Retrieved 2021 09 05 French speakers usually refer to their own identities with adjectives such as quebecoise acadienne or franco canadienne or by some term referring to a provincial linguistic minority such as francomanitobaine franco ontarienne or fransaskoise Denis Angele 2001 Corridors Language as Trap and Meeting Ground In Adrienne Shadd Carl E James eds Talking about Identity Encounters in Race Ethnicity and Language Toronto Between the Lines pp 133 146 ISBN 1 896357 36 9 Archived from the original on 2021 10 29 Retrieved 2021 09 05 The latent nationalism that is the corollary of folklorization is also visible in the persistence of Canadians in designating Quebecois Acadiens and Fransaskois as French Canadian Most Quebecois speak French Bedard Guy 2001 Quebecitude An Ambiguous Identity In Adrienne Shadd Carl E James eds Talking about Identity Encounters in Race Ethnicity and Language Toronto Between the Lines pp 28 32 ISBN 1 896357 36 9 Archived from the original on 2021 10 29 Retrieved 2021 09 05 In short apart from the historical and cultural specificities the process by which the Quebecois identity was born was not much different from the formation of other community identities around the world Ship Susan J 2001 Jewish Canadian or Quebecois Notes on a Diasporic Identity In Adrienne Shadd Carl E James eds Talking about Identity Encounters in Race Ethnicity and Language Toronto Between the Lines pp 20 27 ISBN 1 896357 36 9 Archived from the original on 2021 10 29 Retrieved 2021 09 05 the Anglo American culture of Canada the French Quebecois culture of Quebec and the distinct cosmopolitan multiculture of Montreal House passes motion recognizing Quebecois as nation Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2006 11 27 Archived from the original on 2006 11 29 Retrieved 2006 12 21 Who s a Quebecois Harper isn t sure Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2006 12 19 Archived from the original on 2007 01 26 Retrieved 2006 12 21 Jim Brown 2006 11 28 Harper Pays price for victory on Quebecois nation motion Canadian press Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 9 October 2012 Retrieved 2007 09 23 Hubert Bauch 2006 11 11 Quebec nation debate divides French English poll CanWest News Service Montreal Gazette Archived from the original on 2012 11 02 Retrieved 2007 09 23 Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables Ethnic Origin both sexes age Total Canada 2016 Census 25 Sample data 2017 10 25 Archived from the original on 2021 07 06 Retrieved 2021 09 05 Ethno Cultural Portrait of Canada Table 1 Archived from the original on 2019 02 16 Retrieved 2021 09 05 Census questionnaire long form PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2008 04 09 Census questionnaire long form PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2008 04 09 To which ethnic or cultural group s did this person s ancestors belong For example Canadian French English Chinese Italian German Scottish Irish Cree Micmac Metis Inuit Eskimo East Indian Ukrainian Dutch polish Portuguese Filipino Jewish Greek Jamaican Vietnamese Lebanese Chilean Somali etc Ethno Cultural Portrait of Canada Table 1 Archived from the original on 2015 09 04 Retrieved 2021 09 05 Ethnic Diversity Survey portrait of a multicultural society PDF Statistics Canada 2003 ISBN 0 662 35031 6 Archived from the original PDF on 2008 05 28 Retrieved 2008 04 25 For example in Quebec Quebecois was the most common ethnic identity and was reported by 37 of Quebec s population aged 15 years and older either as their only identity or alongside other identities Ethnic Diversity Survey The Daily Statistics Canada 2003 Archived from the original on 2008 03 17 Retrieved 2008 03 17 For example 37 of Quebec s population aged 15 years and older reported Quebecois either as their only ethnic identity or alongside other identities Statistics Canada April 2002 Ethnic Diversity Survey Questionnaire PDF Department of Canadian Heritage Archived from the original PDF on 2010 02 12 Retrieved 2008 04 25 p 4 5 Jantzen Lorna 2005 The Advantages of analyzing ethnic attitudes across generations Results from the Ethnic Diversity Survey PDF Department of Canadian Heritage p 103 Archived PDF from the original on 2013 04 20 Retrieved 2008 12 26 Respondents were not provided examples of ancestries and they were permitted to report multiple responses Jantzen 2005 Footnote 9 These will be called French New World ancestries since the majority of respondents in these ethnic categories are Francophones Jantzen 2005 Footnote 5 Note that Canadian and Canadien have been separated since the two terms mean different things In English it usually means someone whose family has been in Canada for multiple generations In French it is referring to Les Habitant settlers of New France during the 17th and 18th Century who earned their living primarily from agricultural labour Jantzen 2005 The reporting of French New World ancestries Canadien Quebecois and French Canadian is concentrated in the 4th generations 79 of French Canadian 88 of Canadien and 90 of Quebecois are in the 4th generations category Jantzen 2005 According to Table 3 the 4th generations are highest because of a strong sense of belonging to their ethnic or cultural group among those respondents reporting the New World ancestries of Canadien and Quebecois Jantzen 2005 For respondents of French and New World ancestries the pattern is different Where generational data is available it is possible to see that not all respondents reporting these ancestries report a high sense of belonging to their ethnic or cultural group The high proportions are focused among those respondents that are in the 4th generations and unlike with the British Isles example the difference between the 2nd and 3rd generations to the 4th generation is more pronounced Since these ancestries are concentrated in the 4th generations their high proportions of sense of belonging to ethnic or cultural group push up the 4th generational results Jantzen 2005 As shown on Graph 3 over 30 of respondents reporting Canadian British Isles or French ancestries are distributed across all four generational categories Jantzen 2005 Table 3 Percentage of Selected Ancestries Reporting that Respondents have a Strong Sense of Belonging to the Ethnic and Cultural Groups by Generational Status 2002 EDS See p 14 of the report Archived 2007 01 04 at the Wayback Machine Claude Belanger 2000 08 23 The Quiet Revolution Marionapolis College Archived from the original on 2008 02 02 Retrieved 2008 01 31 There was no doubt that the Quebecois governed for so long by Negro Kings to use the interesting expression of Andre Laurendeau in the interest of foreign powers economical and political had to become masters of their destiny had to be Maitres chez nous Scads of Parti Quebecois supporters were later to echo these sentiments in chanting loudly during political rallies Le Quebec aux Quebecois Bedard Guy 2001 Quebecitude An Ambiguous Identity In Adrienne Shadd Carl E James eds Talking about Identity Encounters in Race Ethnicity and Language Toronto Between the Lines p 30 ISBN 1 896357 36 9 Archived from the original on 2021 10 29 Retrieved 2021 09 05 The increasing uneasiness that I feel each time I hear nationalists say Le Quebec aux Quebecois illustrates this in another way In adhering to this battle cry independentistes are necessarily forced to admit that there are certain individuals whose status as residents of Quebec is not enough to qualify them as Quebecois Further reading Edit Look up Quebecois Quebecoise Quebecer or Quebecker in Wiktionary the free dictionary Look up Quebecois Quebecoise Quebecois or Quebecoise in Wiktionary the free dictionary Look up quebecois quebecoise quebecois or quebecoise in Wiktionary the free dictionary Quebecers or Quebecois Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc 2007 Archived from the original on 2008 02 17 Retrieved 2008 02 01 Quebecois Tresor de la langue francaise au Quebec Departement de Langues linguistique et traduction Faculte des Lettres Universite Laval Archived from the original on 2008 09 21 Retrieved 2008 02 01 Quebecker Tresor de la langue francaise au Quebec Departement de Langues linguistique et traduction Faculte des Lettres Universite Laval Archived from the original on 2008 09 21 Retrieved 2008 02 01 Blattberg Charles I am English Canadian Tolerance ca Retrieved 2007 04 03 permanent dead link Coude Lord Michelle 1994 04 30 Une tache noire dans la neige blanche vol 18 no 4 in French Journal de Montreal pp 24 25 Archived from the original on 2007 09 28 Retrieved 2007 04 14 Dubuc Pierre 2002 Sans nous qui est Quebecois SPQ Libre Syndicalistes et progressistes pour un Quebec libre Archived from the original on 2007 03 21 Retrieved 2007 04 08 Dufour Christian 2003 Trudeau s Legacy A New Canadian Nationalism based on the Denial of the Quebecois Heart of Canada PDF London Journal of Canadian Studies London Conference for Canadian Studies 18 ISSN 0267 2200 Archived from the original PDF on 2007 09 25 Retrieved 2007 08 13 Grey Julius 2006 The Effect of Recognizing the Quebecois Nation AmeriQuests Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 3 doi 10 15695 amqst v3i1 99 ISSN 1553 4316 Helly Denise Van Schendel Nicolas 2001 Appartenir au Quebec Citoyennete nation et societe civile Enquete a Montreal 1995 Les Presses de l Universite Laval ISBN 2 89224 326 2 Jantzen Lorna 2005 The Advantages of analyzing ethnic attitudes across generations Results from the Ethnic Diversity Survey Department of Canadian Heritage Retrieved 2008 03 17 Graph 1 Top Fifteen Reported Ancestries 2002 EDS dead link Noel Jacques 2007 03 31 Quebecois francophones de vieille souche Le Devoir Archived from the original on 2007 09 29 Retrieved 2007 04 15 Parenteau Francois 2006 11 30 LA NATION schtroumpf Archived from the original on 2007 10 11 Teboul Victor 2007 L identite quebecoise est elle inclusive The Tolerance Webzine in French Retrieved 2021 09 05 Young David 1999 Celine Dion the ADISQ Controversy and the Anglophone Press in Canada Canadian Journal of Communication Public Knowledge Project 24 4 1 22 doi 10 22230 cjc 1999v24n4a1124 ISSN 1499 6642 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Quebecois people amp oldid 1153544885, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.