The protein encoded by this gene is a glutathione-independent prostaglandin D synthase that catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) to prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). PGD2 functions as a neuromodulator as well as a trophic factor in the central nervous system. PGD2 is also involved in smooth muscle contraction/relaxation and is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. This gene is preferentially expressed in brain. Studies with transgenic mice over-expressing this gene suggest that this gene may be also involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement sleep.[6] Furthermore, PTGDS and its product PGD2 are elevated in the bald-scalp areas of men with male pattern baldness (androgenetic alopecia).[7]
Clinical useedit
Prostaglandin D2 synthase is used clinically as a diagnostic marker for liquorrhea, that is, to check whether fluid leaking from the nose or ear contains cerebrospinal fluid.[8] This is important in the assessment of head trauma severity. In a medical context, the older term "beta-trace protein" is frequently used to refer to PTGDS.
^ abcGRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000107317 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ abcGRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000015090 – Ensembl, May 2017
^"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^"Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^Nagata A, Suzuki Y, Igarashi M, Eguchi N, Toh H, Urade Y, Hayaishi O (May 1991). "Human brain prostaglandin D synthase has been evolutionarily differentiated from lipophilic-ligand carrier proteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88 (9): 4020–4. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.4020N. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.9.4020. PMC51585. PMID 1902577.
^Garza LA, Liu Y, Yang Z, Alagesan B, Lawson JA, Norberg SM, Loy DE, Zhao T, Blatt HB, Stanton DC, Carrasco L, Ahluwalia G, Fischer SM, FitzGerald GA, Cotsarelis G (Mar 2012). "Prostaglandin D2 inhibits hair growth and is elevated in bald scalp of men with androgenetic alopecia". Science Translational Medicine. 4 (126): 126ra34. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003122. PMC3319975. PMID 22440736.
^Bachmann G, Petereit H, Djenabi U, Michel O (Mar 2002). "Predictive values of beta-trace protein (prostaglandin D synthase) by use of laser-nephelometry assay for the identification of cerebrospinal fluid". Neurosurgery. 50 (3): 571–6, discussion 576–7. doi:10.1227/00006123-200203000-00027. PMID 11841726.
Further readingedit
White DM, Mikol DD, Espinosa R, Weimer B, Le Beau MM, Stefansson K (Nov 1992). "Structure and chromosomal localization of the human gene for a brain form of prostaglandin D2 synthase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267 (32): 23202–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)50077-6. PMID 1385416.
Kuruvilla AP, Hochwald GM, Ghiso J, Castaño EM, Pizzolato M, Frangione B (Nov 1991). "Isolation and amino terminal sequence of beta-trace, a novel protein from human cerebrospinal fluid". Brain Research. 565 (2): 337–40. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)91666-O. PMID 1726844. S2CID 54405256.
Zahn M, Mäder M, Schmidt B, Bollensen E, Felgenhauer K (May 1993). "Purification and N-terminal sequence of beta-trace, a protein abundant in human cerebrospinal fluid". Neuroscience Letters. 154 (1–2): 93–5. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90179-O. PMID 7689714. S2CID 42018337.
Harrington MG, Aebersold R, Martin BM, Merril CR, Hood L (1993). "Identification of a brain-specific human cerebrospinal fluid glycoprotein, beta-trace protein". Applied and Theoretical Electrophoresis. 3 (5): 229–34. PMID 7692978.
Bastien L, Sawyer N, Grygorczyk R, Metters KM, Adam M (Apr 1994). "Cloning, functional expression, and characterization of the human prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2 subtype". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (16): 11873–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32654-6. PMID 8163486.
Funk CD, Furci L, FitzGerald GA, Grygorczyk R, Rochette C, Bayne MA, Abramovitz M, Adam M, Metters KM (Dec 1993). "Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the human prostaglandin E receptor EP1 subtype". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 268 (35): 26767–72. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)74379-8. PMID 8253813.
Abramovitz M, Boie Y, Nguyen T, Rushmore TH, Bayne MA, Metters KM, Slipetz DM, Grygorczyk R (Jan 1994). "Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the human prostanoid FP receptor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (4): 2632–6. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41991-0. PMID 8300593.
Hoffmann A, Conradt HS, Gross G, Nimtz M, Lottspeich F, Wurster U (Aug 1993). "Purification and chemical characterization of beta-trace protein from human cerebrospinal fluid: its identification as prostaglandin D synthase". Journal of Neurochemistry. 61 (2): 451–6. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb02145.x. PMID 8336134. S2CID 34300607.
Leone MG, Saso L, Del Vecchio A, Mo MY, Silvestrini B, Cheng CY (Aug 1993). "Micropurification of two human cerebrospinal fluid proteins by high performance electrophoresis chromatography". Journal of Neurochemistry. 61 (2): 533–40. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb02156.x. PMID 8336140. S2CID 29843974.
Giacomelli S, Leone MG, Grima J, Silvestrini B, Cheng CY (Feb 1996). "Astrocytes synthesize and secrete prostaglandin D synthetase in vitro". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 1310 (3): 269–76. doi:10.1016/0167-4889(95)00182-4. PMID 8599604.
Blödorn B, Mäder M, Urade Y, Hayaishi O, Felgenhauer K, Brück W (May 1996). "Choroid plexus: the major site of mRNA expression for the beta-trace protein (prostaglandin D synthase) in human brain". Neuroscience Letters. 209 (2): 117–20. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(96)12614-8. PMID 8761996. S2CID 34159760.
Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (Sep 1996). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery". Genome Research. 6 (9): 791–806. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548.
Yamashima T, Sakuda K, Tohma Y, Yamashita J, Oda H, Irikura D, Eguchi N, Beuckmann CT, Kanaoka Y, Urade Y, Hayaishi O (Apr 1997). "Prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) in human arachnoid and meningioma cells: roles as a cell marker or in cerebrospinal fluid absorption, tumorigenesis, and calcification process". The Journal of Neuroscience. 17 (7): 2376–82. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-07-02376.1997. PMC6573504. PMID 9065498.
White DM, Takeda T, DeGroot LJ, Stefansson K, Arnason BG (May 1997). "Beta-trace gene expression is regulated by a core promoter and a distal thyroid hormone response element". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (22): 14387–93. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.22.14387. PMID 9162076.
Eguchi Y, Eguchi N, Oda H, Seiki K, Kijima Y, Matsu-ura Y, Urade Y, Hayaishi O (Dec 1997). "Expression of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) in human heart and its accumulation in the coronary circulation of angina patients". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (26): 14689–94. Bibcode:1997PNAS...9414689E. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.26.14689. PMC25094. PMID 9405674.
Tokugawa Y, Kunishige I, Kubota Y, Shimoya K, Nobunaga T, Kimura T, Saji F, Murata Y, Eguchi N, Oda H, Urade Y, Hayaishi O (Feb 1998). "Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase in human male reproductive organs and seminal plasma". Biology of Reproduction. 58 (2): 600–7. doi:10.1095/biolreprod58.2.600. PMID 9475419.
Saso L, Leone MG, Sorrentino C, Giacomelli S, Silvestrini B, Grima J, Li JC, Samy E, Mruk D, Cheng CY (Nov 1998). "Quantification of prostaglandin D synthetase in cerebrospinal fluid: a potential marker for brain tumor". Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International. 46 (4): 643–56. doi:10.1080/15216549800204172. PMID 9844724. S2CID 29770550.
Blödorn B, Brück W, Tumani H, Michel U, Rieckmann P, Althans N, Mäder M (Sep 1999). "Expression of the beta-trace protein in human pachymeninx as revealed by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry". Journal of Neuroscience Research. 57 (5): 730–4. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19990901)57:5<730::AID-JNR14>3.0.CO;2-7. PMID 10462696. S2CID 23555031.
Pinzar E, Kanaoka Y, Inui T, Eguchi N, Urade Y, Hayaishi O (Apr 2000). "Prostaglandin D synthase gene is involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement sleep". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (9): 4903–7. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.4903P. doi:10.1073/pnas.090093997. PMC18330. PMID 10781097.
External linksedit
Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P41222 (Human Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase) at the PDBe-KB.
Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: O09114 (Mouse Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase) at the PDBe-KB.
This article on a gene on human chromosome 9 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
prostaglandin, synthase, prostaglandin, isomerase, ptgds, enzyme, that, humans, encoded, ptgds, gene, ptgdsavailable, structurespdbortholog, search, pdbe, rcsblist, codes4os8, 2wwp, 3o19, 3o22, 3o2y, 4imn, 4imo, 4orr, 4ors, 4oru, 4orw, 4orx, 4ory, 4os0, 4os3id. Prostaglandin H2 D isomerase PTGDS is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTGDS gene 5 6 PTGDSAvailable structuresPDBOrtholog search PDBe RCSBList of PDB id codes4OS8 2WWP 3O19 3O22 3O2Y 4IMN 4IMO 4ORR 4ORS 4ORU 4ORW 4ORX 4ORY 4OS0 4OS3IdentifiersAliasesPTGDS L PGDS LPGDS PDS PGD2 PGDS PGDS2 prostaglandin D2 synthaseExternal IDsOMIM 176803 MGI 99261 HomoloGene 737 GeneCards PTGDSGene location Human Chr Chromosome 9 human 1 Band9q34 3Start136 975 092 bp 1 End136 981 742 bp 1 Gene location Mouse Chr Chromosome 2 mouse 2 Band2 A3 2 17 28 cMStart25 356 721 bp 2 End25 360 058 bp 2 RNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse ortholog Top expressed insubstantia nigraputamentemporal lobeamygdalacaudate nucleushippocampus propernucleus accumbensleft ventricleBrodmann area 9superior frontal gyrusTop expressed inolfactory tuberclemedian eminencearcuate nucleusmammillary bodyirisoptic nervepontine nucleiretinal pigment epitheliumstria vascularisciliary bodyMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular functiontransporter activity isomerase activity fatty acid binding prostaglandin D synthase activity protein binding small molecule binding retinoid bindingCellular componentcytoplasm Golgi apparatus rough endoplasmic reticulum nuclear membrane endoplasmic reticulum membrane membrane extracellular region endoplasmic reticulum perinuclear region of cytoplasm extracellular exosome nucleus extracellular spaceBiological processprostaglandin metabolic process lipid metabolism cyclooxygenase pathway fatty acid metabolic process fatty acid biosynthetic process prostaglandin biosynthetic process regulation of circadian sleep wake cycle sleep transportSources Amigo QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez573019215EnsemblENSG00000107317ENSMUSG00000015090UniProtP41222Q5SQ11O09114RefSeq mRNA NM 000954NM 008963RefSeq protein NP 000945NP 032989Location UCSC Chr 9 136 98 136 98 MbChr 2 25 36 25 36 MbPubMed search 3 4 WikidataView Edit HumanView Edit Mouse Contents 1 Function 2 Clinical use 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksFunction editThe protein encoded by this gene is a glutathione independent prostaglandin D synthase that catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin H2 PGH2 to prostaglandin D2 PGD2 PGD2 functions as a neuromodulator as well as a trophic factor in the central nervous system PGD2 is also involved in smooth muscle contraction relaxation and is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation This gene is preferentially expressed in brain Studies with transgenic mice over expressing this gene suggest that this gene may be also involved in the regulation of non rapid eye movement sleep 6 Furthermore PTGDS and its product PGD2 are elevated in the bald scalp areas of men with male pattern baldness androgenetic alopecia 7 Clinical use editProstaglandin D2 synthase is used clinically as a diagnostic marker for liquorrhea that is to check whether fluid leaking from the nose or ear contains cerebrospinal fluid 8 This is important in the assessment of head trauma severity In a medical context the older term beta trace protein is frequently used to refer to PTGDS See also editHematopoietic prostaglandin D synthaseReferences edit a b c GRCh38 Ensembl release 89 ENSG00000107317 Ensembl May 2017 a b c GRCm38 Ensembl release 89 ENSMUSG00000015090 Ensembl May 2017 Human PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine Mouse PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine Nagata A Suzuki Y Igarashi M Eguchi N Toh H Urade Y Hayaishi O May 1991 Human brain prostaglandin D synthase has been evolutionarily differentiated from lipophilic ligand carrier proteins Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88 9 4020 4 Bibcode 1991PNAS 88 4020N doi 10 1073 pnas 88 9 4020 PMC 51585 PMID 1902577 a b Entrez Gene PTGDS prostaglandin D2 synthase 21kDa brain Garza LA Liu Y Yang Z Alagesan B Lawson JA Norberg SM Loy DE Zhao T Blatt HB Stanton DC Carrasco L Ahluwalia G Fischer SM FitzGerald GA Cotsarelis G Mar 2012 Prostaglandin D2 inhibits hair growth and is elevated in bald scalp of men with androgenetic alopecia Science Translational Medicine 4 126 126ra34 doi 10 1126 scitranslmed 3003122 PMC 3319975 PMID 22440736 Bachmann G Petereit H Djenabi U Michel O Mar 2002 Predictive values of beta trace protein prostaglandin D synthase by use of laser nephelometry assay for the identification of cerebrospinal fluid Neurosurgery 50 3 571 6 discussion 576 7 doi 10 1227 00006123 200203000 00027 PMID 11841726 Further reading editWhite DM Mikol DD Espinosa R Weimer B Le Beau MM Stefansson K Nov 1992 Structure and chromosomal localization of the human gene for a brain form of prostaglandin D2 synthase The Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 32 23202 8 doi 10 1016 S0021 9258 18 50077 6 PMID 1385416 Kuruvilla AP Hochwald GM Ghiso J Castano EM Pizzolato M Frangione B Nov 1991 Isolation and amino terminal sequence of beta trace a novel protein from human cerebrospinal fluid Brain Research 565 2 337 40 doi 10 1016 0006 8993 91 91666 O PMID 1726844 S2CID 54405256 Zahn M Mader M Schmidt B Bollensen E Felgenhauer K May 1993 Purification and N terminal sequence of beta trace a protein abundant in human cerebrospinal fluid Neuroscience Letters 154 1 2 93 5 doi 10 1016 0304 3940 93 90179 O PMID 7689714 S2CID 42018337 Harrington MG Aebersold R Martin BM Merril CR Hood L 1993 Identification of a brain specific human cerebrospinal fluid glycoprotein beta trace protein Applied and Theoretical Electrophoresis 3 5 229 34 PMID 7692978 Bastien L Sawyer N Grygorczyk R Metters KM Adam M Apr 1994 Cloning functional expression and characterization of the human prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2 subtype The Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 16 11873 7 doi 10 1016 S0021 9258 17 32654 6 PMID 8163486 Funk CD Furci L FitzGerald GA Grygorczyk R Rochette C Bayne MA Abramovitz M Adam M Metters KM Dec 1993 Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the human prostaglandin E receptor EP1 subtype The Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 35 26767 72 doi 10 1016 S0021 9258 19 74379 8 PMID 8253813 Abramovitz M Boie Y Nguyen T Rushmore TH Bayne MA Metters KM Slipetz DM Grygorczyk R Jan 1994 Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the human prostanoid FP receptor The Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 4 2632 6 doi 10 1016 S0021 9258 17 41991 0 PMID 8300593 Hoffmann A Conradt HS Gross G Nimtz M Lottspeich F Wurster U Aug 1993 Purification and chemical characterization of beta trace protein from human cerebrospinal fluid its identification as prostaglandin D synthase Journal of Neurochemistry 61 2 451 6 doi 10 1111 j 1471 4159 1993 tb02145 x PMID 8336134 S2CID 34300607 Leone MG Saso L Del Vecchio A Mo MY Silvestrini B Cheng CY Aug 1993 Micropurification of two human cerebrospinal fluid proteins by high performance electrophoresis chromatography Journal of Neurochemistry 61 2 533 40 doi 10 1111 j 1471 4159 1993 tb02156 x PMID 8336140 S2CID 29843974 Giacomelli S Leone MG Grima J Silvestrini B Cheng CY Feb 1996 Astrocytes synthesize and secrete prostaglandin D synthetase in vitro Biochimica et Biophysica Acta BBA Molecular Cell Research 1310 3 269 76 doi 10 1016 0167 4889 95 00182 4 PMID 8599604 Blodorn B Mader M Urade Y Hayaishi O Felgenhauer K Bruck W May 1996 Choroid plexus the major site of mRNA expression for the beta trace protein prostaglandin D synthase in human brain Neuroscience Letters 209 2 117 20 doi 10 1016 0304 3940 96 12614 8 PMID 8761996 S2CID 34159760 Bonaldo MF Lennon G Soares MB Sep 1996 Normalization and subtraction two approaches to facilitate gene discovery Genome Research 6 9 791 806 doi 10 1101 gr 6 9 791 PMID 8889548 Yamashima T Sakuda K Tohma Y Yamashita J Oda H Irikura D Eguchi N Beuckmann CT Kanaoka Y Urade Y Hayaishi O Apr 1997 Prostaglandin D synthase beta trace in human arachnoid and meningioma cells roles as a cell marker or in cerebrospinal fluid absorption tumorigenesis and calcification process The Journal of Neuroscience 17 7 2376 82 doi 10 1523 JNEUROSCI 17 07 02376 1997 PMC 6573504 PMID 9065498 White DM Takeda T DeGroot LJ Stefansson K Arnason BG May 1997 Beta trace gene expression is regulated by a core promoter and a distal thyroid hormone response element The Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 22 14387 93 doi 10 1074 jbc 272 22 14387 PMID 9162076 Eguchi Y Eguchi N Oda H Seiki K Kijima Y Matsu ura Y Urade Y Hayaishi O Dec 1997 Expression of lipocalin type prostaglandin D synthase beta trace in human heart and its accumulation in the coronary circulation of angina patients Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 26 14689 94 Bibcode 1997PNAS 9414689E doi 10 1073 pnas 94 26 14689 PMC 25094 PMID 9405674 Tokugawa Y Kunishige I Kubota Y Shimoya K Nobunaga T Kimura T Saji F Murata Y Eguchi N Oda H Urade Y Hayaishi O Feb 1998 Lipocalin type prostaglandin D synthase in human male reproductive organs and seminal plasma Biology of Reproduction 58 2 600 7 doi 10 1095 biolreprod58 2 600 PMID 9475419 Saso L Leone MG Sorrentino C Giacomelli S Silvestrini B Grima J Li JC Samy E Mruk D Cheng CY Nov 1998 Quantification of prostaglandin D synthetase in cerebrospinal fluid a potential marker for brain tumor Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International 46 4 643 56 doi 10 1080 15216549800204172 PMID 9844724 S2CID 29770550 Blodorn B Bruck W Tumani H Michel U Rieckmann P Althans N Mader M Sep 1999 Expression of the beta trace protein in human pachymeninx as revealed by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry Journal of Neuroscience Research 57 5 730 4 doi 10 1002 SICI 1097 4547 19990901 57 5 lt 730 AID JNR14 gt 3 0 CO 2 7 PMID 10462696 S2CID 23555031 Pinzar E Kanaoka Y Inui T Eguchi N Urade Y Hayaishi O Apr 2000 Prostaglandin D synthase gene is involved in the regulation of non rapid eye movement sleep Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97 9 4903 7 Bibcode 2000PNAS 97 4903P doi 10 1073 pnas 090093997 PMC 18330 PMID 10781097 External links editOverview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt P41222 Human Prostaglandin H2 D isomerase at the PDBe KB Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt O09114 Mouse Prostaglandin H2 D isomerase at the PDBe KB nbsp This article on a gene on human chromosome 9 is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Prostaglandin D2 synthase amp oldid 1136438593, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
