Product-service system

Product-service systems (PSS) are business models that provide for cohesive delivery of products and services. PSS models are emerging as a means to enable collaborative consumption of both products and services, with the aim of pro-environmental outcomes.^[1]

Description

Product service systems, put simply, are when a firm offers a mix of both products and services, in comparison to the traditional focus on products. As defined by (van Halen, te Riele, Goedkoop)^[2] "a marketable set of products and services capable of jointly fulfilling a user's needs", PSS can be realized by smart products.

The initial move to PSS was largely motivated by the need on the part of traditional manufacturing firms to cope with changing market forces and the recognition that services in combination with products could provide higher profits than products alone.^[3] Faced with shrinking markets and increased commoditization of their products, these firms saw service provision as a new path towards profits and growth.^[4]

While not all product service systems result in the reduction of material consumption, they are more widely being recognized as an important part of a firm's environmental strategy.^{[citation needed][timeframe?]} In fact, some researchers have redefined PSS as necessarily including improved environmental improvement. For example, Mont defines PSS as "a system of products, services, supporting networks, and infrastructure that is designed to be competitive, satisfy customers' needs, and have a lower environmental impact than traditional business models."^[5] Mont elaborates on her definition as follows: A PSS is a pre-designed system of products, services, supporting infrastructures, and necessary networks that is a so-called dematerialized solution to consumer preferences and needs. It has also been defined as a "self-learning" system, one of whose goals is continual improvement.^[6]

This view of PSS is similar to other concepts commonly seen in the environmental management literature, such as "dematerialization"^[7] and "servicizing".^[8]

PSS has been used to create value for customers beyond selling products as functions. Typically, there are four approaches to PSS design.^{[citation needed][specify]}

• Function-based PSS: add new functions to increase product value in the competing market. For example, General Motors added OnStar in 1992 to product emergency services for customers. It integrated GPS with vehicle sensory system for telematics-based on-demand services.
• Value-added PSS: companies added new features to increase value of a product to expand its value to customers and users. For example, Otis Elevator added Remote Elevator Maintenance (REM) system to its fleet system to monitor their elevators to reduce failures. GE Healthcare (formerly GE Medical Systems) developed InSite to remotely monitor its medical equipment in order to reduce service costs and increase users' benefits.^{[weasel words]}
• Evidence-based Service: companies use big data analytics to provide the actual saving and further develop a service contract for customer to pay for part of the savings.

There are many methodologies on PSS design. Dominant Innovation system uses an Innovation Matrix to identify gaps from customer's fear, not needs based on scenario-based path finding. A new value-chain ecosystem can be further developed to link these gaps between two invisible spaces.^[9] For example, John Deere developed Agric Service business based on the customers' worries on soil related issues. It integrates sensors with GPS to develop cognitive site map about soil content to optimize crop yields. Several peer-reviewed scientific articles have reviewed and give an overview of the PSS design research field.^{[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]}

In recent years,^[timeframe?] PSS has been further integrated with big data analytics for accelerated innovation. Other technologies such as prognostics, health management and cyber-physical systems have further created service innovation technologies for PSS. For example, Alstom has been developing Train Tracer technologies^{[clarification needed]} since 2006 and is implementing Health Hub system^{[clarification needed]} for its transport fleets.

Product Servitization

"Product Servitization" is a transaction through which value is provided by a combination of products and services in which the satisfaction of customer needs is achieved either by selling the function of the product rather than the product itself, by increasing the service component of a product offer, or by selling the output generated by the product.^[18] The concept is based on the idea that what customers want from products is not necessarily ownership, but rather the function that the product provides or the service the product can deliver.^[19] This means that the provider of "servicizing solutions" may get paid by the unit-of-service (or product function) delivered, as opposed to the (more traditional) unit-of-products sold. See service economy for more on product servitization.

Types

One type of product servitization solution is based on transactions where payment is made—not for the "product"—but for the "product-service package" (part of PSS) which has been sold to the customer. This servicized purchase extends the buying transaction from a one-time sale (product acquisition), to a long-term service relationship (such as in the case of a long-term maintenance-free service contract).^[20]

Another type of servicizing may be a strategy for providing access to services for people who cannot afford to buy products outright. For example, in the case where auto ownership is economically unfeasible, creative servicizing offers at least three possible solutions: one in which transportation can be achieved simultaneously (as in car-pooling); one in which transportation can be achieved sequentially (as in car-sharing);^[20] and one in which transportation can be achieved eventually (rent-to-own).

Types

There are various issues in the nomenclature of the discussion of PSS, not least that services are products, and need material products in order to support delivery, however, it has been a major focus of research for several years. The research has focussed on a PSS as system comprising tangibles (the products) and intangibles (the services) in combination for fulfilling specific customer needs. The research has shown that manufacturing firms are more amenable to producing "results", rather than solely products as specific artefacts, and that consumers are more amenable to consuming such results. This research has identified three classes of PSS:^[21]

• Product Oriented PSS: This is a PSS where ownership of the tangible product is transferred to the consumer, but additional services, such as maintenance contracts, are provided.
• Use Oriented PSS: This is a PSS where ownership of the tangible product is retained by the service provider, who sells the functions of the product, via modified distribution and payment systems, such as sharing, pooling, and leasing.
• Result Oriented PSS: This is a PSS where products are replaced by services, such as, for example, voicemail replacing answering machines.

This typology has been criticized for failing to capture the complexity of PSS examples found in practice.^[22][23] Aas et al.^[22] for example proposed a typology with eight categories relevant in the digital era, whereas Van Ostaeyen et al.^[23] proposed an alternative that categorizes PSS types according to two distinguishing features: the performance orientation of the dominant revenue mechanism and the degree of integration between product and service elements. According to the first distinguishing feature, a PSS can be designated as input-based (IB), availability-based (AB), usage-based (UB) or performance-based (PB). The performance-based type can be further subdivided into three subtypes:

• Solution oriented (PB-SO) PSS: (e.g. selling a promised level of heat transfer efficiency instead of selling radiators)
• Effect oriented (PB-EO) PSS: (e.g. selling a promised temperature level in a building instead of selling radiators)
• Demand-fulfillment oriented (PB-DO) PSS: (e.g. selling a promised level of thermal comfort for building occupants instead of selling radiators)

According to the second distinguishing feature, a PSS can be designated as segregated, semi-integrated, and integrated, depending on to what extent the product and service elements (e.g. maintenance service, spare parts) are combined into a single offering.

Examples

The following existing offerings illustrate the PSS concept:^[24]

• Xerox' pay-per-copy model for selling office equipment
• Atlas Copco's Contract Air service, whereby air compressors are sold per m³ of compressed air delivered
• Philips' pay-per-lux model for selling lighting equipment, whereby customers pay for a promised level of illuminance in a building
• Michelin's fleet management solution whereby truck sold per kilometer driven

Impact

Several authors assert that product service systems will improve eco-efficiency by what is termed "factor 4", i.e. an improvement by a factor of 4 times or more, by enabling new and radical ways of transforming what they call the "product-service mix" that satisfy consumer demands while also improving the effects upon the environment.^[21]

van Halen et al. state that the knowledge of PSS enables both governments to formulate policy with respect to sustainable production and consumption patterns, and companies to discover directions for business growth, innovation, diversification, and renewal.^[25]

Tietze and Hansen discuss the impact of PSS on firms' innovation behavior identifying three determinants. First, product ownership is not transferred to the customers, but remains with the PSS operating firm. Second, the purpose of a product is different if it is used within PSS solutions than compared to the purpose of products in classical transaction based business models. When offering PSS, products are used as a means for offering a service. Third, the profit function of PSS operating firms differs substantially from profit functions of firms that develop, manufacture and sell their products.^[26]

From a manufacturer's perspective, the business potential of a PSS is determined by an interplay of four mechanisms: cost reduction, increased customer value, changes to the company's competitive environment and an expansion of the customer base.^[27]

See also

• Extended producer responsibility
• Life cycle thinking
• Performance-based contracting
• Product stewardship
• Sharing economy
• as a service

References

1. Piscicelli, L.; Cooper, T.; Fisher, T. (2015). "The role of values in collaborative consumption: insights from a product-service system for lending and borrowing in the UK" (PDF). Journal of Cleaner Production. 97: 21–29. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.07.032.
2. Cees Van Halen; Carlo Vezzoli; Robert Wimmer (2005). Methodology for Product Service System Innovation. Assen: Uitgeverij Van Gorcum. p. 21. ISBN 978-90-232-4143-0.
3. M. Sawhney, S. Balasubramanian, and V. Krishnan, "Creating Growth with Services," MIT Sloan Management Review (Winter 2004): 34-43.
4. K. Bates, H. Bates, and R. Johnston, "Linking Service to Profit: The Business Case for Service Excellence," International Journal of Service Industry Management 14, no. 2 (2003): 173-184; and R. Olivia and R. Kallenberg, "Managing the Transition from Products to Services," 160-172.
5. "Sustainable Services Systems (3S): Transition towards sustainability?" 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine; Towards Sustainable Product Design, 6th International Conference, October 2001, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Centre for Sustainable Design. 2001-11-09.
6. Bill Cope & Diana Kalantzis (2001). Print and Electronic Text Convergence. Common Ground. pp. 19, 26. ISBN 978-1-86335-071-6.
7. Eva Heiskanen (2000). Dematerialisation: the potential of service-orientation and Information Technology; Eva Heiskanen, Mikko Jalas, and Anna Kärnä (2000). "The Dematerialisation Potential of Services and IT: Futures Studies Methods Perspectives". Quest for the Futures Seminar Presentation, Helsinki School of Economics, Organisation & Management, June 2000; Eva Heiskanen and Mikko Jalas (2000). Dematerialization Through Services — A Review and Evaluation of the Debate^{[permanent dead link]}; Finnish Ministry of Environment. pp. 436.
8. Rothenberg, Sandra, Sustainability Through Servicizing, Sloan Management Review, January, 2007; White, A., M. Stoughton, and L. Feng, "Servicizing: The Quiet Transition to Extended Product Responsibility." Tellus Institute for Resource and Environmental Strategies, 1. [Submitted to The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste, May 1999].
9. . www.dominantinnovation.com. Archived from the original on 2013-12-18. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
10. Brissaud, Daniel; Sakao, Tomohiko; Riel, Andreas; Erkoyuncu, John Ahmet (2022-01-01). "Designing value-driven solutions: The evolution of industrial product-service systems". CIRP Annals. 71 (2): 553–575. doi:10.1016/j.cirp.2022.05.006. ISSN 0007-8506. S2CID 251338844.
11. Zhou, Caibo; Song, Wenyan (2021-06-01). "Digitalization as a way forward: A bibliometric analysis of 20 Years of servitization research". Journal of Cleaner Production. 300: 126943. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126943. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 233516871.
12. Annarelli, Alessandro; Battistella, Cinzia; Costantino, Francesco; Di Gravio, Giulio; Nonino, Fabio; Patriarca, Riccardo (2021-01-01). "New trends in product service system and servitization research: A conceptual structure emerging from three decades of literature". CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology. 32: 424–436. doi:10.1016/j.cirpj.2021.01.010. ISSN 1755-5817. S2CID 234279952.
13. Batlles-delaFuente, Ana; Belmonte-Ureña, Luis Jesús; Plaza-Úbeda, José Antonio; Abad-Segura, Emilio (January 2021). "Sustainable Business Model in the Product-Service System: Analysis of Global Research and Associated EU Legislation". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (19): 10123. doi:10.3390/ijerph181910123. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 8508610. PMID 34639425.
14. Qu, Min; Yu, Suihuai; Chen, Dengkai; Chu, Jianjie; Tian, Baozhen (2016-04-01). "State-of-the-art of design, evaluation, and operation methodologies in product service systems". Computers in Industry. 77: 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.compind.2015.12.004. ISSN 0166-3615.
15. Tukker, Arnold (2015-06-15). "Product services for a resource-efficient and circular economy – a review". Journal of Cleaner Production. Special Volume: Why have ‘Sustainable Product-Service Systems’ not been widely implemented?. 97: 76–91. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.049. ISSN 0959-6526.
16. Boehm, Matthias; Thomas, Oliver (2013-07-15). "Looking beyond the rim of one's teacup: a multidisciplinary literature review of Product-Service Systems in Information Systems, Business Management, and Engineering & Design". Journal of Cleaner Production. 51: 245–260. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.01.019. ISSN 0959-6526.
17. Sakao, Tomohiko; Neramballi, Abhijna (January 2020). "A Product/Service System Design Schema: Application to Big Data Analytics". Sustainability. 12 (8): 3484. doi:10.3390/su12083484. ISSN 2071-1050.
18. Toffel, Mike. "Contracting for Servicizing". Harvard Business School. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
19. Stahel, W. (1994). The Utilisation-Focused Service Economy: Resource Efficiency and Product-Life Extension. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. pp. 178–190.
20. Stahel, W. (2010). The Performance Economy. London: Palgrave-MacMillan.
21. M Cook (2004). "Understanding the potential opportunities provided by service-orientated concepts to improve resource productivity". In Tracy Bhamra; Bernard Hon (eds.). Design and Manufacture for Sustainable Development 2004. John Wiley and Sons. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-86058-470-1.
22. Aas, Tor Helge; Breunig, Karl Joachim; Hellström, Magnus; Hydle, Katja (2020). "Service-oriented business models in manufacturing in the digital era: Toward a new taxonomy". International Journal of Innovation Management. 24 (8). doi:10.1142/S1363919620400022. hdl:11250/2738539. S2CID 229514494.
23. Van Ostaeyen, Joris; et al. (2013). "A refined typology of Product-Service Systems based on Functional Hierarchy Modeling". Journal of Cleaner Production. 51: 261–276. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.01.036.
24. Van Ostaeyen, Joris (2014). Analysis of the Business Potential of Product-Service Systems for Investment Goods. PhD thesis, KU Leuven. p. 2. ISBN 978-94-6018-805-3.
25. Cees Van Halen, Carlo Vezzoli, Robert Wimmer (2005). Methodology for Product Service System Innovation. Assen: Uitgeverij Van Gorcum. pp. 21. ISBN 90-232-4143-6.
26. Tietze and Hansen (2013). To Own or to Use – How Product Service Systems facilitate Eco-Innovation Behavior. Academy of Management Meeting, Orlando, Florida.
27. Van Ostaeyen, Joris (2014). Analysis of the Business Potential of Product-Service Systems for Investment Goods. PhD thesis, KU Leuven. p. 39. ISBN 978-94-6018-805-3.

Further reading

Books and papers

• Sakao, T.; Lindahl, M., eds. (2009). Introduction to Product/Service-System Design. London. Springer. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-1848829084.
• Oksana Mont (2004). (PDF). IIIEE Dissertations 2004:1. Lund University. ISBN 978-91-88902-33-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-02-21. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
• Oksana Mont (2002). . Journal of Cleaner Production. 10 (3): 237–245. doi:10.1016/S0959-6526(01)00039-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-08. Retrieved 2016-04-23.
• Rodrigo Pascual & Milton Roman (August 2019). "Reducing mining footprint by matching haul fleet demand and route-oriented tire types". Journal of Cleaner Production. 227: 645–651. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.069. S2CID 159382215.
• Oksana Mont & T. Lindhqvist (December 2003). "The role of public policy in advancement of product service systems". Journal of Cleaner Production. 11 (8): 905–914. doi:10.1016/S0959-6526(02)00152-X.
• Arnold Tukker & Ursula Tischner (2006). "Product-services as a research field: past, present and future. Reflections from a decade of research". Journal of Cleaner Production. 14 (17): 1552–1556. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.01.022.
• Oksana Mont (December 2003). "Editorial for the special issue of the Journal of Cleaner Production on Product Service Systems". Journal of Cleaner Production. 11 (8): 815–817. doi:10.1016/S0959-6526(02)00163-4.
• Nicola Morelli (2006). "Developing new product service systems (PSS): methodologies and operational tools". Journal of Cleaner Production. 14 (17): 1495–1501. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.01.023.
• Cees van Halen; Harry te Riele & Mark Goedkoop. "PSS Reports". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) – a set of reports commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment
• Ezio Manzini & Carlo Vezzoli (2002). "Product Service System and Sustainability" (PDF). Paris: United Nations Environment Programme. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• L. Penin & C. Vezzoli (2005). "Designing Sustainable Product-Service System for All". Milano: United Nations Environment Programme. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• C. Vezzoli & E. Manzini. "Design for Sustainable Consumption, in Perspective on Radical Changes to Sustainable Consumption and Production". SCORE workshop, 2006, Copenhagen.
• A. Tukker; U. Tischner, eds. (2006). New Business for Old Europe: product-service development competitiveness and sustainability. Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing.
• Rothenberg, Sandra (January 2007). "Sustainability Through Servicizing". Sloan Management Review.
• Arnold Tukker (2004-07-13). Frances Hines; Otilia Marin (eds.). "Eight types of product-service system: eight ways to sustainability? Experiences from SusProNet". Business Strategy and the Environment. 13 (4): 246–260. doi:10.1002/bse.414.
• Hockerts, K. (1999). "Eco-efficient service innovation: increasing business – ecological efficiency of products and services". In Charter, M. (ed.). Greener Marketing: a global perspective on greener marketing practice. Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing. pp. 95–108.
• P. Hopkinson; P. James (2000). "Typology of Eco-efficient services". Bradford: University of Bradford. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Oksana Mont (2000). . Stockholm: Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. AFR-Report 288. Archived from the original on 2002-10-06. Retrieved 2008-01-15. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Oosterhuis, F.; Rubik, F.; Scholl, G. (1996). "Product Policy in Europe: new environmental perspectives". London: Kluwer. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Rocchi, S. (1997). "Towards a new product-services mix. Masters thesis: International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics". Lund: Lund University. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Schrader, U. (1996). "Consumption without ownership—a realistic way towards a more sustainable consumption?". 5th International Research conference of the Greening of Industry Network; Heidelberg, Germany.
• Helma Luiten; Marjolijn Knot & T. Van der Horst (2001). "Sustainable Product – Service-Systems: The Kathalys Method". 2nd International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing (EcoDesign'01). EcoDesign. p. 190. doi:10.1109/.2001.992344.
• Roy, Robin (2000). "Sustainable Product-service Systems". Futures. 32 (3–4): 289–299. doi:10.1016/S0016-3287(99)00098-1.
• Van Ostaeyen, Joris; Van Horenbeek, A.; Pintelon, L.; Duflou, J.R. (2013). "A refined typology of Product-Service Systems based on Functional Hierarchy Modeling". Journal of Cleaner Production. 51: 261–276. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.01.036.
• Tietze, Frank; T. Schiederig; C. Herstatt (2013). "Firms transition to greenproduct service system innovators: Casesfrom the mobility sector". International Journal of Technology Management. 63: 51. doi:10.1504/IJTM.2013.055579.

On dematerialization

• Eva Heiskanen (2000). "Dematerialisation: the potential of service-orientation and Information Technology". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Eva Heiskanen; Mikko Jalas & Anna Kärnä (June 2000). "The Dematerialisation Potential of Services and IT: Futures Studies Methods Perspectives". Quest for the Futures Seminar Presentation, Helsinki School of Economics, Organisation & Management.
• Eva Heiskanen & Mikko Jalas (2000). "Dematerialization Through Services—A Review and Evaluation of the Debate" (PDF). Finnish Ministry of Environment: 436. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)^{[permanent dead link]}