Proctophyllodidae females are extremely similar among species and sometimes even hard to assign to a genus, while males vary much more. Two subfamilies are generally recognized, the Proctophyllodinae and the Pterodectinae. The main difference is that the female pregenital apodeme and epimerites IV are separated, while in the latter they are connected and form a distinct structure.
Feather mites (subclass Acarina, family Proctophyllodinae) are ectoparasites that live in between the barbs of feathers and are found on nearly every bird species currently described.[1] It was previously believed that these mites had a parasitic relationship with their hosts but it is now thought that most species are more commensal with their hosts.[2][3] Morphological studies have provided strong evidence for this with feather mite mouthparts being identified as unstructured for biting on solid material.[4] Instead it is suggested that they feed on oils and fats secreted from the uropygial gland as well as pollen, fungus and dead epidermis tissue that is trapped within it.[5]
MorphologyEdit
Feather mites are streamlined; strongly dorsoventrally flattened with short legs and well-developed ambulacra that act as a hold-fast organ.[6] Being of the order Astigmata, they have biting mouhtparts with a very small gnathosoma compared to body size.
TransmissionEdit
Morphological constraints suggest that adult mites are nearly immobile. Transmission of mites has been shown to occur largely between direct interactions between parents and offspring and possibly during gregarious interactions between flock individuals.[3][5] Observations of restricted species contamination on Falconiformes have supported this observation. Birds of prey have the greatest chance of cross contamination through interactions with their prey and yet have very stable acarofauna groups are found exclusively on those species.[6] The European cuckoo, a brood parasite, has also been found to have their own species of mite even though the parents and offspring never interact (but see Lindholm et al., 1998[7])
Selected generaEdit
Proctophyllodinae
Allodectes Gaud & Berla, 1963 – tentatively placed here
Pterodectes Robin, 1877 – possibly not monophyletic
Syntomodectes
Toxerodectes
Trochilodectes
Xynonodectes
ReferencesEdit
^Heather Proctor & Ian Owens (2000). "Mites and birds: diversity, parasitism and coevolution". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 15 (9): 358–364. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(00)01924-8. PMID 10931667.
^Guillermo Blanco; José L. Tella; Jaime Potti; Arturo Baz (2001). "Feather mites on birds: costs of parasitism or conditional outcomes?". Journal of Avian Biology. 32 (3): 271–274. doi:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2001.320310.x. hdl:10261/57455.
^ abPéter László Pap, Jácint Tökölyi & Tibor Szép (2005). "Host–symbiont relationship and abundance of feather mites in relation to age and body condition of the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica): an experimental study". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 83 (8): 1059–1066. doi:10.1139/z05-100.
^ abJacek Dabert & Serge V. Mironov (1999). "Origin and evolution of feather mites (Astigmata)". Experimental and Applied Acarology. 23 (6): 437–454. doi:10.1023/A:1006180705101. S2CID 4634563.
^Anna K. Lindholm, Gert J. Venter & Edward A. Ueckermann (1998). "Persistence of passerine ectoparasites on the diederik cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius". Journal of Zoology. 244 (1): 145–153. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00016.x.
^Sergei, Mironov; Georges, Wauthy (2008). "Afroproterothrix n. gen. of the feather mite subfamily Pterodectinae (Astigmata: Proctophyllodidae) from passerines (Aves: Passeriformes) in Africa". International Journal of Acarology. 36 (2): 175–182. doi:10.1080/01647950903524158. S2CID 84133901.
Tracy A. Heath, Shannon M. Hedtke & David M. Hillis (2008). "Taxon sampling and the accuracy of phylogenetic analyses". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 46 (3): 239–257. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.08016 (inactive 1 August 2023).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2023 (link)
Michael S. Rosenberg & Sudhir Kumar (2001). "Incomplete taxon sampling is not a problem for phylogenetic inference". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (19): 10751–10756. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810751R. doi:10.1073/pnas.191248498. PMC58547. PMID 11526218.
Fredrik Ronquist (1998). "Phylogenetic approaches in coevolution and biogeography". Zoologica Scripta. 26 (4): 313–322. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00421.x. S2CID 84157454.
Jacek Dabert, Miroslawa Dabert & Serge V. Mironov (2001). "Phylogeny of feather mite subfamily Avenzoariinae (Acari: Analgoidea: Avenzoariidae) inferred from combined analysis of molecular and morphological data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 20 (1): 124–135. doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.0948. PMID 11421653.
October 15, 2023
proctophyllodidae, family, acarina, mite, order, astigmata, they, contain, many, feather, mites, alloptidae, trouessartiidae, were, earlier, times, included, here, subfamilies, amerodectes, zonotrichiae, female, malescientific, classificationdomain, eukaryotak. The Proctophyllodidae are a family of the Acarina mite order Astigmata They contain many feather mites The Alloptidae and Trouessartiidae were in earlier times included here as subfamilies ProctophyllodidaeAmerodectes zonotrichiae female and maleScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaSubphylum ChelicerataClass ArachnidaOrder SarcoptiformesSuborder AstigmataParvorder PsoroptidiaSuperfamily AnalgoideaFamily ProctophyllodidaeTrouessart amp Megnin 1884SubfamiliesProctophyllodinae PterodectinaeProctophyllodidae females are extremely similar among species and sometimes even hard to assign to a genus while males vary much more Two subfamilies are generally recognized the Proctophyllodinae and the Pterodectinae The main difference is that the female pregenital apodeme and epimerites IV are separated while in the latter they are connected and form a distinct structure Contents 1 General 2 Morphology 3 Transmission 4 Selected genera 5 References 6 Further readingGeneral EditFeather mites subclass Acarina family Proctophyllodinae are ectoparasites that live in between the barbs of feathers and are found on nearly every bird species currently described 1 It was previously believed that these mites had a parasitic relationship with their hosts but it is now thought that most species are more commensal with their hosts 2 3 Morphological studies have provided strong evidence for this with feather mite mouthparts being identified as unstructured for biting on solid material 4 Instead it is suggested that they feed on oils and fats secreted from the uropygial gland as well as pollen fungus and dead epidermis tissue that is trapped within it 5 Morphology EditFeather mites are streamlined strongly dorsoventrally flattened with short legs and well developed ambulacra that act as a hold fast organ 6 Being of the order Astigmata they have biting mouhtparts with a very small gnathosoma compared to body size Transmission EditMorphological constraints suggest that adult mites are nearly immobile Transmission of mites has been shown to occur largely between direct interactions between parents and offspring and possibly during gregarious interactions between flock individuals 3 5 Observations of restricted species contamination on Falconiformes have supported this observation Birds of prey have the greatest chance of cross contamination through interactions with their prey and yet have very stable acarofauna groups are found exclusively on those species 6 The European cuckoo a brood parasite has also been found to have their own species of mite even though the parents and offspring never interact but see Lindholm et al 1998 7 Selected genera EditProctophyllodinae Allodectes Gaud amp Berla 1963 tentatively placed here Anisophyllodes Atyeo 1967 Bradyphyllodes Atyeo and Gaud 1970 Diproctophyllodes Atyeo and Gaud 1968 Favettea Trouessart 1915 Hemipterodectes Berla 1959 Joubertophyllodes Atyeo amp Gaud 1971 Monojoubertia Radford 1950 Nycteridocaulus Atyeo 1966 Philepittalges Atyeo 1966 Proctophyllodes Robin 1868 Ptyctophyllodes Atyeo 1967 Tanyphyllodes Atyeo 1966 Pterodectinae Afroproterothrix Mironov amp Wauthy 2010 8 Amerodectes Valim amp Hernandes 2010 Anisodiscus Gaud amp Mouchet 1957 Dolichodectes Megalodectes Montesauria Oudemans 1905 Neodectes Pedanodectes Proterothrix Gaud 1968 Pterodectes Robin 1877 possibly not monophyletic Syntomodectes Toxerodectes Trochilodectes XynonodectesReferences Edit Heather Proctor amp Ian Owens 2000 Mites and birds diversity parasitism and coevolution Trends in Ecology amp Evolution 15 9 358 364 doi 10 1016 S0169 5347 00 01924 8 PMID 10931667 Guillermo Blanco Jose L Tella Jaime Potti Arturo Baz 2001 Feather mites on birds costs of parasitism or conditional outcomes Journal of Avian Biology 32 3 271 274 doi 10 1111 j 0908 8857 2001 320310 x hdl 10261 57455 a b Peter Laszlo Pap Jacint Tokolyi amp Tibor Szep 2005 Host symbiont relationship and abundance of feather mites in relation to age and body condition of the barn swallow Hirundo rustica an experimental study Canadian Journal of Zoology 83 8 1059 1066 doi 10 1139 z05 100 G W Krantz ed 1971 Manual of Acarology Oregon State University Press a b Heather Proctor 2003 Feather mites Acari Astigmata ecology behavior and evolution Annual Review of Entomology 48 185 209 doi 10 1146 annurev ento 48 091801 112725 PMID 12208818 a b Jacek Dabert amp Serge V Mironov 1999 Origin and evolution of feather mites Astigmata Experimental and Applied Acarology 23 6 437 454 doi 10 1023 A 1006180705101 S2CID 4634563 Anna K Lindholm Gert J Venter amp Edward A Ueckermann 1998 Persistence of passerine ectoparasites on the diederik cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius Journal of Zoology 244 1 145 153 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7998 1998 tb00016 x Sergei Mironov Georges Wauthy 2008 Afroproterothrix n gen of the feather mite subfamily Pterodectinae Astigmata Proctophyllodidae from passerines Aves Passeriformes in Africa International Journal of Acarology 36 2 175 182 doi 10 1080 01647950903524158 S2CID 84133901 Further reading Edit nbsp Arthropods portalTracy A Heath Shannon M Hedtke amp David M Hillis 2008 Taxon sampling and the accuracy of phylogenetic analyses Journal of Systematics and Evolution 46 3 239 257 doi 10 3724 SP J 1002 2008 08016 inactive 1 August 2023 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint DOI inactive as of August 2023 link Michael S Rosenberg amp Sudhir Kumar 2001 Incomplete taxon sampling is not a problem for phylogenetic inference Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 19 10751 10756 Bibcode 2001PNAS 9810751R doi 10 1073 pnas 191248498 PMC 58547 PMID 11526218 Fredrik Ronquist 1998 Phylogenetic approaches in coevolution and biogeography Zoologica Scripta 26 4 313 322 doi 10 1111 j 1463 6409 1997 tb00421 x S2CID 84157454 Jacek Dabert Miroslawa Dabert amp Serge V Mironov 2001 Phylogeny of feather mite subfamily Avenzoariinae Acari Analgoidea Avenzoariidae inferred from combined analysis of molecular and morphological data Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 20 1 124 135 doi 10 1006 mpev 2001 0948 PMID 11421653 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Proctophyllodidae amp oldid 1168166437, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
