fbpx
Wikipedia

Jay Pritzker Pavilion

January 01, 1970

Jay Pritzker Pavilion, also known as Pritzker Pavilion or Pritzker Music Pavilion, is a bandshell in Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It is located on the south side of Randolph Street and east of the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. The pavilion was named after Jay Pritzker, whose family is known for owning Hyatt Hotels. The building was designed by architect Frank Gehry, who accepted the design commission in April 1999; the pavilion was constructed between June 1999 and July 2004, opening officially on July 16, 2004.

Jay Pritzker Pavilion
The Pavilion in October 2022
AddressMillennium Park
201 E. Randolph Street
Chicago, Illinois
United States
Coordinates41°52′59″N 87°37′19″W / 41.88306°N 87.62194°W / 41.88306; -87.62194
Parking2218 (shared with Millennium Park)[2]
OwnerCity of Chicago
Capacity11,000 (4,000 fixed, 7,000 lawn)[1]
Current usePerforming arts
Construction
OpenedJuly 16, 2004
Years active2004–present
ArchitectFrank Gehry
Website
City of Chicago Millennium Park

Pritzker Pavilion serves as the centerpiece for Millennium Park and is the home of the Grant Park Symphony Orchestra and Chorus and the Grant Park Music Festival, the nation's only remaining free outdoor classical music series. It also hosts a wide range of music series and annual performing arts events. Performers ranging from mainstream rock bands to classical musicians and opera singers have appeared at the pavilion, which even hosts physical fitness activities such as yoga. All rehearsals at the pavilion are open to the public; trained guides are available for the music festival rehearsals, which are well-attended.

Millennium Park is part of the larger Grant Park. The pavilion, which has a capacity of 11,000, is Grant Park's small event outdoor performing arts venue, and complements Petrillo Music Shell, the park's older and larger bandshell. Pritzker Pavilion is built partially atop the Harris Theater for Music and Dance, the park's indoor performing arts venue, with which it shares a loading dock and backstage facilities. Initially the pavilion's lawn seats were free for all concerts, but this changed when Tori Amos performed the first rock concert there on August 31, 2005.

The construction of the pavilion created a legal controversy, given that there are historic limitations on the height of buildings in Grant Park. To avoid these legal restrictions, the city classifies the bandshell as a work of art rather than a building. With several design and assembly problems, the construction plans were revised over time, with features eliminated and others added as successful fundraising allowed the budget to grow. In the end, the performance venue was designed with a large fixed seating area, a Great Lawn, a trellis network to support the sound system and a signature Gehry stainless steel headdress. It features a sound system with an acoustic design that replicates an indoor concert hall sound experience. The pavilion and Millennium Park have received recognition by critics, particularly for their accessibility; an accessibility award ceremony held at the pavilion in 2005 described it as "one of the most accessible parks – not just in the United States but possibly the world".[3]

Design and development edit

 
The Great Lawn, trellis and pavilion with the adjoining Harris Theater, within Millennium Park

The Jay Pritzker Pavilion is a home for the Grant Park Music Festival, which began in 1935 in the original Petrillo Music Shell.[4] Lying between Lake Michigan to the east and the Loop to the west, Grant Park has been Chicago's front yard since the mid-19th century. Its northwest corner, north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute, east of Michigan Avenue, south of Randolph Street, and west of Columbus Drive, had been Illinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997, when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park.[5] In 2007, Millennium Park trailed only Navy Pier as a Chicago tourist attraction.[6]

 McDonald's Cycle CenterBP Pedestrian BridgeBP Pedestrian BridgeColumbus DriveExelon Pavilion NEExelon Pavilion NEExelon Pavilion SEExelon Pavilion SEExelon Pavilion NWExelon Pavilion NWExelon Pavilion SWExelon Pavilion SWHarris TheaterJay Pritzker PavilionLurie GardenNichols BridgewayNichols BridgewayChase Promenade NorthChase Promenade CentralChase Promenade SouthGrainger PlazaBoeing Gallery NorthBoeing Gallery SouthCloud GateWrigley SquareMcCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice RinkCrown FountainMichigan AvenueRandolph Street
Image map of Millennium Park; east is at the top. Each feature or label is linked.

When the city first determined that a new pavilion should be built, the commission was supposed to go to Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.[7] The original pavilion design was much more modest than the structure that was eventually built, with a smaller shell structure and speakers affixed to poles interspersed throughout the seating area. However, two factors led to the cancellation of the original plans. First, the project's scope changed as a result of additional funds raised by John H. Bryan, former CEO of the Sara Lee Corporation. The second factor was the intervention of the Pritzker family as potential donors. Unimpressed with the pavilion's original design, Cindy Pritzker "mandated that Frank Gehry be involved in its re-design".[8] Jay Pritzker, a prominent Chicago businessman, had died in January 1999; his family own several businesses, including Hyatt Hotels. Jay and Cindy Pritzker had founded the Pritzker Prize in architecture in 1979, and the Pritzker family's Hyatt Foundation continues to award it annually. Architect Frank Gehry had received the Pritzker Prize in 1989.[9][10][11]

In February 1999, the city announced it was negotiating with Gehry to design a proscenium arch and orchestra enclosure for a bandshell in the new park, as well as a pedestrian bridge over Columbus Drive (which became BP Pedestrian Bridge). The city sought donors to cover Gehry's work,[12][13] and the Chicago Tribune dubbed him "the hottest architect in the universe" for his acclaimed Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. The Tribune noted Gehry's designs would not include such Mayor Richard M. Daley trademarks as wrought iron and seasonal flower boxes.[14]

 
Grant Park Music Festival night view of Frank Gehry's Pritzker Pavilion

Millennium Park project manager Edward Uhlir said "Frank [Gehry] is just the cutting edge of the next century of architecture," and noted that no other architect was being sought.[12] Skidmore, Owings and Merrill architect Adrian Smith approached Gehry several times on behalf of the city,[15] which originally asked him about doing just a facade, but Gehry was uninterested. A few months later the city asked him to get involved in Millennium Park; Gehry felt he would prefer to design a building, but that he could not complete it in time for the Millennium, and that he would need a much larger budget than the city had envisioned.[16]

 
The pavilion and Chicago skyline in October 2012

The city wanted Gehry, the donors supported him, and he was interested in the project.[9] The key component in the modern themes strategy was Gehry's acceptance of the commission in April 1999.[12][15][17] That month, the city announced that the Pritzker family had donated $15 million to fund Gehry's bandshell and an additional nine donors committed a total of $10 million.[18][19] The day of this announcement, after it became clear that Cindy Pritzker would fund the project,[16] Gehry agreed to the design request.[20] In November, when his designs for both the pavilion and bridge were unveiled, Gehry already had the basic design for the bandshell, but said the bridge's design was very preliminary and not well-conceived because funding for it was not committed.[21] The BP Pedestrian Bridge is designed to serve as a buffer against street noise, helping the pavilion's acoustics.[22]

According to the Guggenheim Museum, the Jay Pritzker Pavilion "suggests musical qualities", much like Gehry's Experience Music Project in Seattle, Washington.[22] The Pritzker Pavilion follows a series of open-air projects by Gehry, such as the Merriweather Post Pavilion in Columbia, Maryland, the Concord Performing Arts Center in Concord, California, and numerous renovations to the Hollywood Bowl in Hollywood, California.[22]

Construction edit

 
The pavilion bandshell is designed to reflect sound for optimal acoustics.

Jay Pritzker Pavilion cost $60 million, a quarter of which came from the Pritzker family donation.[23] It includes 4,000 fixed seats and a 95,000 sq ft (8,800 m2) Great Lawn that can accommodate an additional 7,000 people.[1] The pavilion was built above and behind the Harris Theater, which has the benefit that Millennium Park's indoor and outdoor performance venues share a loading dock, rehearsal rooms and other backstage facilities.[24]

The bandshell's brushed stainless steel headdress frames the 120 ft (37 m) proscenium theatre; the main stage can accommodate a full orchestra and chorus of 150 members. The bandshell is connected to a trellis of interlocking crisscrossing steel pipes that support the innovative sound system, which mimics indoor concert hall acoustics.[25] The pavilion has restrooms on both its east and west sides. It is one of two features in the park to include accessible restrooms; the other is McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink.[26] The majority of the park's 123 toilet fixtures (78 for women, 45 for men) are located in underground arcades to the east and west of the pavilion, with the ones on the east being heated for winter use.[27]

Millennium Park is built on top of a large underground parking garage. Construction started before the park's design was completed, and in January 2000, 17 additional caissons had to be added to the partially built garage to support the weight of Gehry's pavilion. In April the tops of all these caissons had to be rebuilt for changes in the pavilion's foundation.[28]

U.S. Equities Realty was responsible for negotiating contracts with Gehry and all contractors. Walsh Construction and its subcontractors were hired to execute three elements of Gehry's design: the structural steel supporting the stainless steel ribbons, the ribbons themselves and the trellis and associated sound system.[9]

 
Stage view of the pavilion's seats, trellis and Great Lawn, with Millennium Park and the Historic Michigan Boulevard District behind

The LeJeune Steel Company of Minneapolis was the subcontractor for the structural steel. The pavilion's concrete walls frame the orchestra shell space, which is 100 ft (30 m) wide, 50 ft (15 m) tall and has no support columns.[9] The pavilion's roof rests on a dozen north–south trusses supported by east–west truss girders.[29] The south side of the orchestra shell space is enclosed by the glass doors of the proscenium, which are about 50 ft (15 m) tall, 100 ft (30 m) wide and function like aircraft hangar doors made of glass.[30] They were the largest doors that Glass Solutions of Elmhurst, Illinois, ever produced; the thickness of the glass was a design problem for the steel supports.[30]

Zahner of Kansas City, Missouri, was the subcontractor for the pavilion's ribbons,[9] described as "stainless steel panels that appear to be peeling back from the central opening".[31] The proscenium's metal ribbons are composed of 697 panels that range from 6 to 300 sq ft (0.56–27.87 m2) and 1,600 to 20,000 lb (730–9,070 kg) with a thickness of about 14 in (36 cm).[32] They are made from aluminum with a stainless steel outer layer that has a uniform shade across all panels.[32][33] The structural steel for the ribbons had an abnormally low fit tolerance of 0.125 in (3.2 mm), rather than the standard 1 to 2 in (25 to 51 mm).[29] The proscenium was inspired by Gehry's 2001 flagship store for Issey Miyake in New York City, which has sculptured titanium that represents pleating.[34] During construction, about five cranes and 18 aerial lifts were on site. The apex of the center element is approximately 150 ft (46 m) high, which was near the limits of basic construction equipment at the time.[33]

 
View of the pavilion with the Harris Theater (left), BP Pedestrian Bridge (above) and Lurie Garden (right), as seen from Willis Tower.

Acme Structural of Springfield, Missouri, was the subcontractor for the trellis over the Great Lawn,[9] which resulted from the distributed sound system's requirement for speakers every 70 ft (21 m). One way to achieve this would have involved placing the speakers on pipes or columns, but the resulting forest of columns seemed discordant with the architecture.[30] Gehry preferred the trellis although it cost about $3 million more than speakers arranged on posts would have.[16] The trellis uses 22 criss-crossing arches in a lattice pattern,[35] and is noted for its parabolic grid.[7] The arches use pipes varying in diameter from 12–20 in (30–51 cm) depending upon the load requirements.[35] Arches longer than 300 ft (91 m) have four or five different radii, where radius describes the extent of pipe curvature.[35] The arch pipes connect to the structural steel of the pavilion structure without linking to the metal ribbons.[35] The trellis is 600 by 300 ft (183 by 91 m).[36]

The pavilion's construction was aided by the French CATIA software program and internet conferencing.[37] Early plans to incorporate a surrounding waterfall and stairway were abandoned.[38] In the end, budget limitations led to compromises with the original architectural plan that left many elements in their most straightforward form, such as exposed pipes and conduits, or rough concrete.[39]

Acoustics edit

 
Speakers close up

The Talaske Group of Oak Park, Illinois, was the subcontractor for Jay Pritzker Pavilion's LARES sound system,[9] which "generates the reflected and reverberant energy that surrounds and envelops the listener in an indoor performance venue".[8] The system, which effectively produces an even quality of sound throughout the entire venue, has received critical acclaim for its technological adaptations, such as signal processing in a variety of indoor and outdoor venues.[8][40] The Pritzker Pavilion is the first permanent outdoor installation of the LARES system in the United States.[8] The trellis has both acoustic and architectural functions; it allows for the precise placement of speakers for sound optimization without visual obstructions, while simultaneously providing a unifying visual canopy.[8]

The overall acoustic system is a distributed sound reinforcement system, which allows musicians on stage to hear each other clearly in a way that facilitates ensemble play. In addition, direct natural sound from the stage is reflected from architectural surfaces as well as being reinforced by two sound systems. The forward-facing reinforcement speakers time the relaying of sound so as to make it seem to have arrived directly from the stage with proper clarity and volume levels. Distributed speakers allow for lower sound volumes than would be necessary with centralized speakers, which would disturb neighboring residences and business.[8][41]

Instead of reinforcing the sound like a traditional public address system, the sound system on the trellis system seeks to replicate the acoustics of a concert hall and create a clearly defined concert space. Noise from city disturbances is masked by sound arriving directly from lateral sources. Downward facing speakers simulate sound reflection similar to indoor concert hall wall and ceiling effects.[8][41] Although Chicago Tribune music critic John von Rhein felt the inaugural concert's sound quality was "a work in progress" that varied with the listener's location in the pavilion,[42] critics Kevin Nance and Wayne Delacoma of the Chicago Sun-Times said that on the opening weekend it was clear that the acousticians, Talaske Group, and Gehry had solved many of the problems presenting classical music outdoors.[43] John von Rhein said in 2005, "the system has been fine-tuned over the past two summers and now delivers a warm, even approximation of concert-hall sound to listeners at even the farthest reaches of the lawn.[44] James Palermo, artistic and general director of the Grant Park Music Festival, felt that musicians were able to interact more effectively with the new sound system because they could hear each other better.[45]

Controversies edit

 
Tori Amos performing at the first pavilion event with a lawn seating fee on August 31, 2005

Protected by legislation that has been affirmed by four previous Illinois Supreme Court rulings, Grant Park has been "forever open, clear and free" since 1836,[46][47][48] which was a year before the city of Chicago was incorporated.[49] In 1839, United States Secretary of War Joel Roberts Poinsett declared the land between Randolph Street and Madison Street east of Michigan Avenue "Public Ground forever to remain vacant of buildings.[49] Aaron Montgomery Ward, who is known both as the inventor of mail order and the protector of Grant Park, twice sued the city of Chicago to force it to remove buildings and structures from Grant Park and to keep it from building new ones.[50][51] As a result, the city has what are termed the Montgomery Ward height restrictions on buildings and structures in Grant Park. However, Crown Fountain and the 130 ft (40 m) Pritzker Pavilion were exempt from the height restrictions because they were classified as works of art and not buildings or structures.[52] According to The Economist, the pavilion is described as a work of art to dodge the protections established by Ward, who "rules over Grant Park from the grave".[53]

The naming of Jay Pritzker Pavilion was a cause for protests. The new pavilion was built as a replacement for Grant Park's decades-old Petrillo Music Shell, which had a long history of hosting free music events and was named after James C. Petrillo, a labor union leader who started free concerts in Grant Park. When the original bandshell was replaced and relocated a bit further north in Grant Park in 1978, the new structure retained the Petrillo name. In the early 2000s decade, the Petrillo family said naming the new music shell in Millennium Park after Jay Pritzker ignored Petrillo's legacy, and threatened legal action.[54]

As of 2009, the Petrillo Music Shell was still in use, though Chicago Tribune arts critic Howard Reich described it as "dilapidated" and "dismal".[55]

Controversies during construction involved escalating costs and delays; both the pavilion and park opened four years later than originally planned and cost millions of dollars more than expected.[28][43]

 
Enjoying Beethoven's 9th Symphony in the pavilion and beyond (Nichols Bridgeway view)

Once the pavilion was built, the initial plan was that the lawn seating would be free for all events. An early brochure for the Grant Park Music Festival said "You never need a ticket to attend a concert! The lawn and the general seating section are always admission free."[56] However, when parking revenue fell short of estimates during the first year, the city charged $10 for lawn seating at the August 31, 2005, concert by Tori Amos.[56] Amos, a classically trained musician who chose only piano and organ accompaniment for her concert, earned positive reviews as the inaugural rock and roll performer in a venue that regularly hosts classical music.[57][58] The city justified the charge by contending that since the Pavilion is an open-air venue, there were many places in Millennium Park, such as the Cloud Gate, Crown Fountain and Lurie Gardens, where one could have enjoyed the sounds or the atmosphere of the park without having to pay.[56][59][60]

In addition to charging for lawn seating, the event promoters prohibited concertgoers from bringing beverages, including bottled water, to the lawn; drinks instead had to be purchased onsite.[59] The city later stated that confiscation of unopened beverage bottles was a mistake and that "Bottled water is always allowed at the free concerts we host at the park, and will be allowed at any future events as well."[61] An estimated 300 attendees set up blankets beyond the trellis system, where they could enjoy their own beverages while listening to the concert.[58] The official Chicago policy is that alcohol is permitted throughout Jay Pritzker Pavilion during public performances, but cans and glass bottles are not permitted on the Great Lawn.[26] During the concert, the Gehry-designed BP Pedestrian Bridge that connects Millennium Park with Daley Bicentennial Plaza was closed until 7:00 a.m. the next day.[62]

Events edit

 
Andrew Bird performed at the pavilion in September 2008.

Jay Pritzker Pavilion competes with Ravinia Park as a Chicago area outdoor music venue.[63][64] The pavilion hosts free music events such as Chicago Gospel Music Festival from spring to fall. In June, July and August, the Grammy-nominated Grant Park Orchestra and Chorus performs free classical concerts at the Grant Park Music Festival.[65] The festival, a Chicago tradition since 1931, remains the nation's only free, outdoor classical music series.[66][67] Although the Music Festival shares pavilion space with several other program series and annual performances, its concerts most Wednesday, Friday and Saturday evenings throughout the heart of the summer are the core of the pavilion's offerings.[17] Travel guide Frommer's lists the park, pavilion, and these free concerts as some of the best free things to do in Chicago.[68] In summer the pavilion also hosts a series of jazz concerts,[69] and the Great Lawn hosts yoga and pilates workouts on Saturday mornings.[70]

The Pritzker Prize presentation ceremony, which moves to an architecturally significant location each year, was held in the Pritzker Pavilion in April 2005.[71] Among the annual performers at the pavilion are Steppenwolf Theatre, Lyric Opera of Chicago and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO).[17] At the end of the Grant Park Music Festival season in August, the Festival's Grant Park Orchestra and Carlos Kalmar presented Pulitzer Prize-winning composer John Adams' On the Transmigration of Souls, which was written at the request of the New York Philharmonic to honor the victims of the September 11 attacks.[72] On Sunday September 11, 2005, United States Senator Barack Obama (who was later elected President of the United States) served as guest narrator for a 9/11 tribute concert by the CSO. The focal work of the concert was Aaron Copland's "Lincoln Portrait" and the concert was led by former CSO resident conductor William Eddins.[73][74]

Hosted events
 
The Decemberists played a free concert with the Grant Park Orchestra on July 18, 2007.
 
Chicago Children's Choir backstage at Jay Pritzker Pavilion

Although it was built as a replacement for Grant Park's outdoor concert facilities, larger annual events such as the Chicago Blues and Chicago Jazz Festivals and Taste of Chicago are too large for Jay Pritzker Pavilion and continue to be held in and around Petrillo Music Shell.[75][76] The pavilion has hosted smaller festivals, such as the Chicago Gospel Music Festival, since 2005.[77][78] Public opinion has been in favor of moving some of the smaller Blues and Jazz festival events to the pavilion, with its better, more modern acoustics.[79] By 2009, as the city grappled with a budget deficit, it considered realigning parts of the larger festivals and made definite plans to move some of the smaller ones to the more modern venue.[80]

On July 18, 2007, the Grant Park Music Festival partnered with the Metro Chicago to produce a free Wednesday-night show celebrating Metro's 25th anniversary and featuring indie band The Decemberists with the Grant Park Orchestra.[81][82] The show featured new orchestral arrangements of The Decemberists' songs by Sean O'Loughlin, who also conducted in lieu of Kalmar.[81][82] While the concert was free,[82] the front seating sections were reserved for season membership holders; fans of the band got the remaining seats or sat on the lawn. This led Decemberists' frontman Colin Meloy to encourage the crowd to breach the barriers between the seats and Great Lawn to get closer to the stage for the band's encore performance, which was without the orchestra. Estimated attendance was 11,000 to 15,000, the largest for any free concert at the pavilion to date.[82][83][84]

Other events include a concert by Wilco on September 12, 2007, the "Poland for Chicago" show with Polish President Lech Kaczyński on September 25, 2007, and a global warming awareness festival which culminated in a performance entitled Arctic at the pavilion in November 2007.[85][86][87] Most events at the pavilion remain free; the only public event at the pavilion in the summer of 2008 that charged admission was a concert by Rogue Wave and Death Cab for Cutie on June 3.[88][89] The pavilion has hosted several one-day events that were noted in international publications, including the United States debut of A Throw of Dice, a 1929 Indian silent movie about two kings with a common love interest, on July 30, 2008. At the debut, Nitin Sawhney and the Grant Park Orchestra accompanied the movie with a live performance.[90] Oprah Winfrey filmed the September 8, 2008, season-opening Oprah Winfrey Show on September 3, 2008, at the pavilion with more than 150 Olympic medalists, including Michael Phelps, Nastia Liukin, Dara Torres, Kobe Bryant, Misty May-Treanor and Kerri Walsh, in an effort to rally support for the Chicago 2016 Olympic bid.[91]

 
Chicago Winter Dance participants

Concerts performed by the Grant Park Orchestra and directed by Kalmar were part of a June 19, 2009, citywide Burnham Plan centennial celebration that included the unveiling of the Burnham Pavilion elsewhere in the park.[92][93] The concert featured the world premiere of Michael Torke's work for symphony and chorus entitled Plans, paired with Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3.[94] Also, the pavilion serves as host to the annual Chicago Winter Dance Festival. During the festival there is a month of free dance instructions behind the glass doors of the pavilion stage and free skating instruction at the McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink.[95]

[96][97]

Among the highlights of the 2010 calendar is the screening of the BBC's nature documentary Planet Earth Live on July 21, with live Grant Park Symphony Orchestra accompaniment featuring the score by five-time Academy Award-nominated composer George Fenton, who serves as conductor.[98][99][100]

Among the artists who performed with the festival at the pavilion in the 2000s decade are sopranos Karina Gauvin and Erin Wall, tenor Vittorio Grigolo, pianist Stephen Hough, violinists Rachel Barton Pine, James Ehnes, Roby Lakatos, Christian Tetzlaff, and Pinchas Zukerman, and vocalists Otis Clay, Mariza, and Maria del Mar Bonet.[101] All rehearsals at the pavilion are open to the public and well-attended.[102] The festival is represented by a staff of trained guides, called docents, that field questions and provide educational talks during the rehearsals.[103]

Besides these public functions, the pavilion is available, as is the entire park, as a venue for private events year-round. The stage's glass and steel doors enable it to provide indoor space protected from the elements when necessary.[104] In addition, the pavilion has a Choral Rehearsal Room that can be rented.[105]

 
Panoramic shot of the Jay Pritzker Pavilion, showing the stage area to the garden seating area.

Reception edit

 
 
While most critics have praised the pavilion (top, at night), others have criticized its exposed beams and angular shapes (bottom).

Critics have said that Jay Pritzker Pavilion is the highlight of Millennium Park. Fodor's travel guide described it as the park's "showstopper" and "stunning", praising its stainless steel and sound system, as well as the variety of events it hosts.[76] Time called the pavilion "dynamic" and recommended it as one of two must-see attractions in the park,[106] while one New York Times writer found herself standing "agog" at what appeared to her to be a "celestial gateway to another universe" and a frame for the sky.[107] Lonely Planet travel guide called the pavilion the anchor of the park,[108] and the 2004 Year in Review issue of Time described it as the park's crown jewel.[109] USA Today described the bandshell as a landmark and the centerpiece of Millennium Park.[110][111] Another critic described the pavilion as the "most spectacular structure to go up in early-twenty-first-century Chicago".[7]

According to the Financial Times, the bandshell's acoustics are unparalleled compared to any contemporary outdoor venue.[112] Critics say that musicians have lauded the onstage acoustics.[7] Another Financial Times critic noted that Gehry revisited some of his past design motifs, such as his use of stainless steel, and explored new ones such as the trellis and sound system.[113] This sentiment was echoed by others.[7] During the opening concert von Rhein noted that the sound is not of uniform quality throughout the venue and opined that the optimal sonics are toward the back of the seated area and front of the lawn.[42] However, he subsequently noted in 2005 "the system has been fine-tuned over the past two summers and now delivers a warm, even approximation of concert-hall sound to listeners at even the farthest reaches of the lawn.[44]

 
From Michigan Avenue

Despite the praise it has received, the pavilion has its blemishes: the supporting north side of the structure along Randolph Street has attracted criticism for not being pleasing to the eye, and some observers found the exposed supporting proscenium braces offensive.[114] Critic Fred Bernstein of The New York Times felt that the smooth rounded trellis and sharp-edged bandshell were geometrically discordant.[115] A review in the Chicago Tribune criticized the "ugly concrete structure" surrounding the mixing console in the midst of the fixed seats as the pavilion's "biggest design miscalculation", and called for it be moved.[42] Although modern practice is to locate the sound console in with the audience,[116][117] Gehry said at a symposium after the park's opening that he wanted "to scrap the big box of a sound booth that sprang up like a weed in the center of the pavilion's seating".[118] The director of Millennium Park was honored for his contribution to creating "one of the most accessible parks – not just in the United States but possibly the world" in a 2005 accessibility award ceremony held at the pavilion.[3] The pavilion's stage is reached by gently sloped ramps instead of stairs, as part of the park's overall accessibility design.[3] The decision to save money and not slope the Great Lawn as much as originally planned was not universally popular.[28] However, Gehry said that the actual slope of the lawn was more accommodating to people with disabilities and better able to accommodate activities than the original plan.[119]

 
Panoramic view of the Great Lawn, trellis, and bandshell at Jay Pritzker Pavilion in May 2009. Among the buildings pictured in the background are (left to right) The Heritage, Smurfit-Stone Building, Trump International Hotel and Tower, One Prudential Plaza, Two Prudential Plaza, Aon Center, Aqua, Blue Cross Blue Shield Tower, 340 on the Park, The Buckingham, 400 East Randolph, and Harbor Point.

Position in Chicago's skyline edit

 311 South WackerWillis TowerChicago Board of Trade Building111 South WackerAT&T Corporate CenterKluczynski Federal Building333 South WabashChase TowerThree First National PlazaMid-Continental PlazaRichard J. Daley CenterChicago Title and Trust Center77 West WackerPittsfield BuildingLeo Burnett BuildingThe Heritage at Millennium ParkCrain Communications BuildingIBM PlazaOne Prudential PlazaTwo Prudential PlazaAon CenterBlue Cross and Blue Shield Tower340 on the ParkPark TowerOlympia Centre900 North Michigan875 North Michigan AvenueWater Tower PlaceHarbor PointThe ParkshoreNorth Pier ApartmentsLake Point TowerJay Pritzker PavilionBuckingham FountainLake MichiganLake MichiganLake Michigan

See also edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b . City of Chicago. Archived from the original on August 14, 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
  2. ^ Kamin, Blair (July 18, 2004). "A no place transformed into a grand space – What was once a gritty, blighted site is now home to a glistening, cultural spectacle that delivers joy to its visitors". Chicago Tribune. from the original on May 3, 2012. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
  3. ^ a b c Deyer, Joshua (July 2005). . PN. Paralyzed Veterans of America. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2007.
  4. ^ Macaluso, p. 8
  5. ^ Gilfoyle, Timothy J. (August 6, 2006). "Millennium Park". The New York Times. from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
  6. ^ "Crain's List Largest Tourist Attractions (Sightseeing): Ranked by 2007 attendance". Crain's Chicago Business. Crain Communications Inc. June 23, 2008. p. 22.
  7. ^ a b c d e Pridmore and Larson, pp. 272–3
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Delacoma, Wayne. . LARES Associates. Archived from the original on September 19, 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Sharoff, p. 18
  10. ^ . The Pritzker Architecture Prize (official site). The Hyatt Foundation. Archived from the original on January 10, 2010. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
  11. ^ Pilkington, Ed (April 14, 2009). "Swiss architect untouched by fad or fashion wins prized Pritzker award". The Guardian. London. from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved December 15, 2009.
  12. ^ a b c Bey, Lee (February 18, 1999). "Building for future – Modern architect sought for park". Chicago Sun-Times. NewsBank. from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  13. ^ "The City". Daily Herald. NewsBank. February 18, 1999. from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  14. ^ Warren, Ellen; Teresa Wiltz (February 17, 1999). "City Has Designs On Ace Architect For Its Band Shell". Chicago Tribune. NewsBank. from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  15. ^ a b Kamin, Blair (April 18, 1999). "A World-Class Designer Turns His Eye To Architecture's First City". Chicago Tribune. NewsBank. from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  16. ^ a b c Isenberg, pp. 229–231
  17. ^ a b c Macaluso, p. 182
  18. ^ "Millennium Park Gets Millions". Chicago Tribune. NewsBank. April 27, 1999. from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  19. ^ Spielman, Fran (April 28, 1999). "Room for Grant Park to grow". Chicago Sun-Times. NewsBank. from the original on December 20, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  20. ^ De LaFuente, Della (April 28, 1999). "Architect on board to help build bridge to 21st century". Chicago Sun-Times. NewsBank. from the original on December 20, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  21. ^ Kamin, Blair (November 4, 1999). "Architect's Band Shell Design Filled With Heavy-Metal Twists". Chicago Tribune. NewsBank. from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  22. ^ a b c . guggenheim.org. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
  23. ^ "The List". Chicago Magazine. from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
  24. ^ Kamin, Blair (July 18, 2004). "Joan W. and Irving B. Harris Theater for Music and Dance – ** – 205 E. Randolph Drive – Hammond Beeby Rupert Ainge, Chicago". Chicago Tribune. NewsBank. from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  25. ^ . City of Chicago. Archived from the original on August 26, 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
  26. ^ a b . City of Chicago. Archived from the original on June 22, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
  27. ^ Kamin, Blair (July 18, 2004). "Creature comforts – (star)(star)(1/2 star) – Located throughout the park – Various designers". Chicago Tribune. p. 10, Arts & Entertainment section. from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
  28. ^ a b c Martin, Andrew; Laurie Cohen (August 5, 2001). "Millennium Park flounders as deadlines, budget blown – Poor plans, constant changes slow progress, drive up price – and city taxpayers may have to help make up difference". Chicago Tribune. NewsBank. from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2008.
  29. ^ a b Sharoff, p. 23
  30. ^ a b c Sharoff, p. 32
  31. ^ Kowalski and Kim, p. 86.
  32. ^ a b Sharoff, p. 29
  33. ^ a b Sharoff, p. 30
  34. ^ Isenberg, p. 146
  35. ^ a b c d Sharoff, p. 37
  36. ^ Kamin, Blair. "Jay Pritzker Pavilion". Architectural Record. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
  37. ^ Sharoff, p. 27
  38. ^ Song, Lisa (January 7, 2000). "City Tweaks Millennium Park Design". Chicago Tribune. NewsBank. from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  39. ^ Sharoff, p. 24
  40. ^ . mixfoundation.org. Archived from the original on August 20, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
  41. ^ a b (PDF). london.gov.uk. Talaske. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
  42. ^ a b c von Rhein, John; Alan G. Artner (July 18, 2004). "Pavilion's sound a work in progress: Quality changes with the seat". Chicago Tribune. from the original on February 14, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
  43. ^ a b Nance, Kevin; Wynne Delacoma (July 18, 2004). "The New Millennium". Chicago Sun-Times. NewsBank. from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
  44. ^ a b von Rhein, John (August 21, 2005). "Can Ravinia compete with Millennium Park?". tribunedigital-chicagotribune. from the original on August 9, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  45. ^ Reich, Howard (May 28, 2006). "How Millennium Park created a unique nexus of culture". tribunedigital-chicagotribune. from the original on August 9, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  46. ^ Spielman, Fran (June 12, 2008). "Mayor gets what he wants – Council OKs move 33–16 despite opposition". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2009.
  47. ^ "The taking of Grant Park". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. June 8, 2008. from the original on May 22, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
  48. ^ Spielman, Fran; Art Golab (May 16, 2008). "13–2 vote for museum – Decision on Grant Park sets up Council battle". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
  49. ^ a b Macaluso, pp. 12–13
  50. ^ Grinnell, Max (2005). "Grant Park". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. from the original on May 18, 2008. Retrieved July 28, 2008.
  51. ^ Macaluso, pp. 23–25
  52. ^ Gilfoyle, p. 181
  53. ^ "In a fight over Grant Park, Chicago's mayor faces a small revolt" (subscription required). The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. October 4, 2007. from the original on March 6, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
  54. ^ Herrmann, Andrew; Fran Spielman (October 30, 2003). "'Pritzker' shell angers Petrillo kin – Granddaughter may fight naming, OKd after $15 mil. gift". Chicago Sun-Times. NewsBank. from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  55. ^ Reich, Howard (November 1, 2009). "Creative thinking could save Chicago's music festivals". Chicago Tribune. NewsBank. from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
  56. ^ a b c Herrmann, Andrew (September 1, 2005). "Howls over charge for Millennium Park concert // Watchdog contends lawn seats supposed to be free". Chicago Sun-Times. NewsBank. from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
  57. ^ Orloff, Brian (September 2, 2005). "Amos creates musical magic as Pritzker's first rock act". Chicago Sun-Times. NewsBank. from the original on November 26, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
  58. ^ a b Elder, Robert K. (September 2, 2005). "Church of Tori holds a revival in heart of city". Chicago Tribune. NewsBank. from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
  59. ^ a b . Chicagoist. Gothamist LLC. September 1, 2005. Archived from the original on June 8, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
  60. ^ Downing, Andy (August 26, 2005). "Can Tori Amos pass the Millennium Park test?". Chicago Tribune. NewsBank. from the original on November 26, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
  61. ^ Roeper, Richard (September 21, 2005). "Bottled water hardly worth all the fuss we make of it". Chicago Sun-Times. NewsBank. from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
  62. ^ Wasielewski, Carl (September 9, 2005). "A bad deal all around". Chicago Sun-Times. NewsBank. from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
  63. ^ von Rhein, John (March 31, 2005). "Grant Park takes bold steps – 2005 season to put Pritzker to the test". Chicago Tribune. NewsBank. from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
  64. ^ von Rhein, John (August 21, 2005). "Can Ravinia compete with Millennium Park?". Chicago Tribune. NewsBank. from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
  65. ^ Frommer's Irreverent Guide to Chicago (sixth edition), 2007, p. 123, Wiley Publishing, Hoboken, NJ, ISBN 0-470-04079-3.
  66. ^ Tiebert, Laura, Frommer's Chicago with Kids (3rd edition), 2007, Wiley Publishing, Inc., ISBN 978-0-470-12481-9, p.263.
  67. ^ . City of Chicago. Archived from the original on August 23, 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
  68. ^ "Best Free Things to Do". Frommer's. Wiley Publishing, Inc. from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
  69. ^ . City of Chicago. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
  70. ^ . City of Chicago. Archived from the original on July 6, 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
  71. ^ Queiroga, Rodrigo M. "Brazilian architect wins the 2006 Pritzker Prize". citymayors.com. from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2007.
  72. ^ Macaluso, p. 215
  73. ^ Delacoma, Wynne (September 13, 2005). "Musical moment of reflection is welcome respite". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 54. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  74. ^ von Rhein, John (September 12, 2005). "Lyric, CSO 'Blockbuster' a smash hit". Chicago Tribune. p. 1 Tempo section. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  75. ^ Guarino, Mark (July 9, 2004). "Pritzker hitting the right notes with local music – organizations". Daily Herald. p. 36. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
  76. ^ a b . Fodor's Travel. Archived from the original on March 21, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2008. Note: This incorrectly lists the Jay Pritzker Pavilion as hosting the Chicago Blues and Chicago Jazz Festivals.
  77. ^ Mink, Randy (May 15, 2005). "Taste of Chicago kicks off festival season". The Flint Journal. p. G04. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
  78. ^ Hoekstra, Dave (June 2, 2006). "Winans adds luster to eclectic Gospel fest". Chicago Sun-Times. p. NV46. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
  79. ^ Reich, Howard (May 28, 2006). "How Millennium Park created a unique nexus of culture". Chicago Tribune. p. 1, Arts & Entertainment section. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
  80. ^ Reich, Howard (November 1, 2009). "Creative thinking could save Chicago's music festivals". Chicago Tribune. p. 1, Arts & Entertainment section. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
  81. ^ a b Pizek, Jeff (July 19, 2007). "A musical merger for the Millennium Orchestra, Decemberists – draw all ages". Daily Herald. p. 18. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
  82. ^ a b c d DeRogatis, Jim (July 19, 2007). "Orchestra adds little to Decemberists' show – But give stellar Pritzker Pavilion kudos for giving rock act a chance". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 36. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
  83. ^ . Chicagoist. July 19, 2007. Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved June 9, 2008.
  84. ^ Kot, Greg (July 20, 2007). "Decemberists can strike without the band". Chicago Tribune. p. 1, Tempo section. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
  85. ^ Cox, Ted (September 13, 2007). "Wilco just perfect at Millennium Park concert". Daily Herald Inc. from the original on September 16, 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
  86. ^ "Lech Kaczyński in Chicago". Presidency of Poland. September 25, 2007. from the original on August 23, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
  87. ^ Weitzman, Hal (November 13, 2007). "Arctic: Soundscape" (subscription required). The Financial Times. The Financial Times Ltd. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
  88. ^ Kot, Greg (June 5, 2008). "Death Cab rolls on". Chicago Tribune. from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2008.
  89. ^ "2008 Summer Calendar – The Sky's The Limit – All the music, dancing, wonderment and corn on the cob your heart desires are in our comprehensive guide to hot-weather fun. So get out there!". Chicago Tribune. June 1, 2008. p. 35, Magazine section. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
  90. ^ "Datebook: Chicago, San Francisco and Singapore". The New York Times. July 27, 2008. from the original on February 15, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
  91. ^ Herrmann, Andrew (August 30, 2008). . Chicago Sun-Times. Digital Chicago, Inc. Archived from the original on September 3, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
  92. ^ "John von Rhein recommends – Classical corner". Chicago Tribune. June 19, 2009. from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
  93. ^ von Rhein, John (June 19, 2009). "Burnham's Plan inspires a king-sized choral opus". Chicago Tribune. from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
  94. ^ . The Burnham Plan Centennial. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
  95. ^ . ABC Chicago. February 7, 2010. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
  96. ^ . City of Chicago. Archived from the original on May 1, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  97. ^ Rowe, Joyce; Karen Vaughan (December 11, 2009). (PDF) (Press release). Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
  98. ^ "BBC brings Planet Earth Live to U.S. with emmy-winning composer George Fenton". BBC. January 3, 2010. from the original on March 24, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  99. ^ "Planet Earth Live". Grant Park Music Festival. from the original on February 24, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  100. ^ von Rhein, John (February 17, 2010). . Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 3, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  101. ^ Macaluso, p. 206
  102. ^ Macaluso, p. 203
  103. ^ Macaluso, p. 216
  104. ^ . City of Chicago. Archived from the original on May 29, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
  105. ^ . City of Chicago. Archived from the original on May 29, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
  106. ^ Roston, Eric (October 11, 2004). . Time. Time Inc. Archived from the original on September 9, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
  107. ^ Raver, Anne (July 15, 2004). . The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
  108. ^ "Millennium Park". Lonely Planet Publications. Archived from the original on September 6, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
  109. ^ Lacayo, Richard (December 18, 2004). . Time. Time Inc. Archived from the original on May 10, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
  110. ^ Howlett, Debbie (July 15, 2004). "Donors' cash turns city green; Private contributions make Millennium Park a reality in Chicago". USA Today. from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
  111. ^ Howlett, Debbie (July 15, 2004). "A band shell on steroids". USA Today. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
  112. ^ Daniel, Caroline; Jeremy Grant (September 10, 2005). "Classical city soars above Capone clichés". The Financial Times. The Financial Times Ltd. Archived from the original on September 7, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
  113. ^ Daniel, Caroline (July 20, 2004). "How a steel bean gave Chicago fresh pride". The Financial Times. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
  114. ^ Becker, Lynn. "Frank Gehry, Millennium Park and the development of the Techno-Baroque". Repeat. Lynn Becker. from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
  115. ^ Bernstein, Fred A. (July 18, 2004). "Art/Architecture; Big Shoulders, Big Donors, Big Art". The New York Times. from the original on June 8, 2008. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
  116. ^ Holloway, John (2002). Illustrated theatre production guide. Burlington, Massachusetts: Focal Press, Elsevier Science. p. 8. ISBN 0-240-80493-7. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
  117. ^ Leonard, John A. (2001). Theatre sound. New York, New York: Theatre Arts Books/Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 0-87830-116-X. from the original on April 10, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
  118. ^ Isaacs, Deanna (July 29, 2004). "The Six Million Dollar Birdcage: The Pritzker Pavilion may be pretty, but it can't replace the Petrillo Music Shell". Chicago Reader. from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
  119. ^ Gilfoyle, p. 168.

References cited edit

  • Gilfoyle, Timothy J. (2006). Millennium Park: Creating a Chicago Landmark. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-29349-3.
  • Isenberg, Barbara (2009). Conversations With Frank Gehry. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26800-6.
  • Kowalski, Carissa; Tonia Kim (2005). Galindo, Michelle (ed.). Chicago: Architecture & Design. teNeues Publishing Group. ISBN 3-8327-9025-X.
  • Macaluso, Tony, Julia S. Bachrach, and Neal Samors (2009). Sounds of Chicago's Lakefront: A Celebration Of The Grant Park Music Festival. Chicago's Book Press. ISBN 978-0-9797892-6-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Pridmore, Jay; George A. Larson (2005). Chicago Architecture and Design. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8109-5892-0.
  • Sharoff, Robert (2004). Better than Perfect: The Making of Chicago's Millennium Park. Walsh Construction Company.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jay Pritzker Pavilion.
  • City of Chicago Millennium Park
  • Millennium Park map July 11, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  • City of Chicago Loop Community Map
  • archives at Chicago Tribune

January 01, 1970
pritzker, pavilion, also, known, pritzker, pavilion, pritzker, music, pavilion, bandshell, millennium, park, loop, community, area, chicago, cook, county, illinois, united, states, located, south, side, randolph, street, east, chicago, landmark, historic, mich. Jay Pritzker Pavilion also known as Pritzker Pavilion or Pritzker Music Pavilion is a bandshell in Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago in Cook County Illinois United States It is located on the south side of Randolph Street and east of the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District The pavilion was named after Jay Pritzker whose family is known for owning Hyatt Hotels The building was designed by architect Frank Gehry who accepted the design commission in April 1999 the pavilion was constructed between June 1999 and July 2004 opening officially on July 16 2004 Jay Pritzker PavilionThe Pavilion in October 2022AddressMillennium Park201 E Randolph StreetChicago IllinoisUnited StatesCoordinates41 52 59 N 87 37 19 W 41 88306 N 87 62194 W 41 88306 87 62194Parking2218 shared with Millennium Park 2 OwnerCity of ChicagoCapacity11 000 4 000 fixed 7 000 lawn 1 Current usePerforming artsConstructionOpenedJuly 16 2004Years active2004 presentArchitectFrank GehryWebsiteCity of Chicago Millennium Park Pritzker Pavilion serves as the centerpiece for Millennium Park and is the home of the Grant Park Symphony Orchestra and Chorus and the Grant Park Music Festival the nation s only remaining free outdoor classical music series It also hosts a wide range of music series and annual performing arts events Performers ranging from mainstream rock bands to classical musicians and opera singers have appeared at the pavilion which even hosts physical fitness activities such as yoga All rehearsals at the pavilion are open to the public trained guides are available for the music festival rehearsals which are well attended Millennium Park is part of the larger Grant Park The pavilion which has a capacity of 11 000 is Grant Park s small event outdoor performing arts venue and complements Petrillo Music Shell the park s older and larger bandshell Pritzker Pavilion is built partially atop the Harris Theater for Music and Dance the park s indoor performing arts venue with which it shares a loading dock and backstage facilities Initially the pavilion s lawn seats were free for all concerts but this changed when Tori Amos performed the first rock concert there on August 31 2005 The construction of the pavilion created a legal controversy given that there are historic limitations on the height of buildings in Grant Park To avoid these legal restrictions the city classifies the bandshell as a work of art rather than a building With several design and assembly problems the construction plans were revised over time with features eliminated and others added as successful fundraising allowed the budget to grow In the end the performance venue was designed with a large fixed seating area a Great Lawn a trellis network to support the sound system and a signature Gehry stainless steel headdress It features a sound system with an acoustic design that replicates an indoor concert hall sound experience The pavilion and Millennium Park have received recognition by critics particularly for their accessibility an accessibility award ceremony held at the pavilion in 2005 described it as one of the most accessible parks not just in the United States but possibly the world 3 Contents 1 Design and development 2 Construction 2 1 Acoustics 3 Controversies 4 Events 5 Reception 6 Position in Chicago s skyline 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Notes 8 2 References cited 9 External linksDesign and development edit nbsp The Great Lawn trellis and pavilion with the adjoining Harris Theater within Millennium Park The Jay Pritzker Pavilion is a home for the Grant Park Music Festival which began in 1935 in the original Petrillo Music Shell 4 Lying between Lake Michigan to the east and the Loop to the west Grant Park has been Chicago s front yard since the mid 19th century Its northwest corner north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute east of Michigan Avenue south of Randolph Street and west of Columbus Drive had been Illinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997 when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park 5 In 2007 Millennium Park trailed only Navy Pier as a Chicago tourist attraction 6 nbsp Image map of Millennium Park east is at the top Each feature or label is linked When the city first determined that a new pavilion should be built the commission was supposed to go to Skidmore Owings and Merrill 7 The original pavilion design was much more modest than the structure that was eventually built with a smaller shell structure and speakers affixed to poles interspersed throughout the seating area However two factors led to the cancellation of the original plans First the project s scope changed as a result of additional funds raised by John H Bryan former CEO of the Sara Lee Corporation The second factor was the intervention of the Pritzker family as potential donors Unimpressed with the pavilion s original design Cindy Pritzker mandated that Frank Gehry be involved in its re design 8 Jay Pritzker a prominent Chicago businessman had died in January 1999 his family own several businesses including Hyatt Hotels Jay and Cindy Pritzker had founded the Pritzker Prize in architecture in 1979 and the Pritzker family s Hyatt Foundation continues to award it annually Architect Frank Gehry had received the Pritzker Prize in 1989 9 10 11 In February 1999 the city announced it was negotiating with Gehry to design a proscenium arch and orchestra enclosure for a bandshell in the new park as well as a pedestrian bridge over Columbus Drive which became BP Pedestrian Bridge The city sought donors to cover Gehry s work 12 13 and the Chicago Tribune dubbed him the hottest architect in the universe for his acclaimed Guggenheim Museum Bilbao The Tribune noted Gehry s designs would not include such Mayor Richard M Daley trademarks as wrought iron and seasonal flower boxes 14 nbsp Grant Park Music Festival night view of Frank Gehry s Pritzker Pavilion Millennium Park project manager Edward Uhlir said Frank Gehry is just the cutting edge of the next century of architecture and noted that no other architect was being sought 12 Skidmore Owings and Merrill architect Adrian Smith approached Gehry several times on behalf of the city 15 which originally asked him about doing just a facade but Gehry was uninterested A few months later the city asked him to get involved in Millennium Park Gehry felt he would prefer to design a building but that he could not complete it in time for the Millennium and that he would need a much larger budget than the city had envisioned 16 nbsp The pavilion and Chicago skyline in October 2012 The city wanted Gehry the donors supported him and he was interested in the project 9 The key component in the modern themes strategy was Gehry s acceptance of the commission in April 1999 12 15 17 That month the city announced that the Pritzker family had donated 15 million to fund Gehry s bandshell and an additional nine donors committed a total of 10 million 18 19 The day of this announcement after it became clear that Cindy Pritzker would fund the project 16 Gehry agreed to the design request 20 In November when his designs for both the pavilion and bridge were unveiled Gehry already had the basic design for the bandshell but said the bridge s design was very preliminary and not well conceived because funding for it was not committed 21 The BP Pedestrian Bridge is designed to serve as a buffer against street noise helping the pavilion s acoustics 22 According to the Guggenheim Museum the Jay Pritzker Pavilion suggests musical qualities much like Gehry s Experience Music Project in Seattle Washington 22 The Pritzker Pavilion follows a series of open air projects by Gehry such as the Merriweather Post Pavilion in Columbia Maryland the Concord Performing Arts Center in Concord California and numerous renovations to the Hollywood Bowl in Hollywood California 22 Construction edit nbsp The pavilion bandshell is designed to reflect sound for optimal acoustics Jay Pritzker Pavilion cost 60 million a quarter of which came from the Pritzker family donation 23 It includes 4 000 fixed seats and a 95 000 sq ft 8 800 m2 Great Lawn that can accommodate an additional 7 000 people 1 The pavilion was built above and behind the Harris Theater which has the benefit that Millennium Park s indoor and outdoor performance venues share a loading dock rehearsal rooms and other backstage facilities 24 The bandshell s brushed stainless steel headdress frames the 120 ft 37 m proscenium theatre the main stage can accommodate a full orchestra and chorus of 150 members The bandshell is connected to a trellis of interlocking crisscrossing steel pipes that support the innovative sound system which mimics indoor concert hall acoustics 25 The pavilion has restrooms on both its east and west sides It is one of two features in the park to include accessible restrooms the other is McCormick Tribune Plaza amp Ice Rink 26 The majority of the park s 123 toilet fixtures 78 for women 45 for men are located in underground arcades to the east and west of the pavilion with the ones on the east being heated for winter use 27 Millennium Park is built on top of a large underground parking garage Construction started before the park s design was completed and in January 2000 17 additional caissons had to be added to the partially built garage to support the weight of Gehry s pavilion In April the tops of all these caissons had to be rebuilt for changes in the pavilion s foundation 28 U S Equities Realty was responsible for negotiating contracts with Gehry and all contractors Walsh Construction and its subcontractors were hired to execute three elements of Gehry s design the structural steel supporting the stainless steel ribbons the ribbons themselves and the trellis and associated sound system 9 nbsp Stage view of the pavilion s seats trellis and Great Lawn with Millennium Park and the Historic Michigan Boulevard District behind The LeJeune Steel Company of Minneapolis was the subcontractor for the structural steel The pavilion s concrete walls frame the orchestra shell space which is 100 ft 30 m wide 50 ft 15 m tall and has no support columns 9 The pavilion s roof rests on a dozen north south trusses supported by east west truss girders 29 The south side of the orchestra shell space is enclosed by the glass doors of the proscenium which are about 50 ft 15 m tall 100 ft 30 m wide and function like aircraft hangar doors made of glass 30 They were the largest doors that Glass Solutions of Elmhurst Illinois ever produced the thickness of the glass was a design problem for the steel supports 30 Zahner of Kansas City Missouri was the subcontractor for the pavilion s ribbons 9 described as stainless steel panels that appear to be peeling back from the central opening 31 The proscenium s metal ribbons are composed of 697 panels that range from 6 to 300 sq ft 0 56 27 87 m2 and 1 600 to 20 000 lb 730 9 070 kg with a thickness of about 14 in 36 cm 32 They are made from aluminum with a stainless steel outer layer that has a uniform shade across all panels 32 33 The structural steel for the ribbons had an abnormally low fit tolerance of 0 125 in 3 2 mm rather than the standard 1 to 2 in 25 to 51 mm 29 The proscenium was inspired by Gehry s 2001 flagship store for Issey Miyake in New York City which has sculptured titanium that represents pleating 34 During construction about five cranes and 18 aerial lifts were on site The apex of the center element is approximately 150 ft 46 m high which was near the limits of basic construction equipment at the time 33 nbsp View of the pavilion with the Harris Theater left BP Pedestrian Bridge above and Lurie Garden right as seen from Willis Tower Acme Structural of Springfield Missouri was the subcontractor for the trellis over the Great Lawn 9 which resulted from the distributed sound system s requirement for speakers every 70 ft 21 m One way to achieve this would have involved placing the speakers on pipes or columns but the resulting forest of columns seemed discordant with the architecture 30 Gehry preferred the trellis although it cost about 3 million more than speakers arranged on posts would have 16 The trellis uses 22 criss crossing arches in a lattice pattern 35 and is noted for its parabolic grid 7 The arches use pipes varying in diameter from 12 20 in 30 51 cm depending upon the load requirements 35 Arches longer than 300 ft 91 m have four or five different radii where radius describes the extent of pipe curvature 35 The arch pipes connect to the structural steel of the pavilion structure without linking to the metal ribbons 35 The trellis is 600 by 300 ft 183 by 91 m 36 The pavilion s construction was aided by the French CATIA software program and internet conferencing 37 Early plans to incorporate a surrounding waterfall and stairway were abandoned 38 In the end budget limitations led to compromises with the original architectural plan that left many elements in their most straightforward form such as exposed pipes and conduits or rough concrete 39 Acoustics edit nbsp Speakers close up The Talaske Group of Oak Park Illinois was the subcontractor for Jay Pritzker Pavilion s LARES sound system 9 which generates the reflected and reverberant energy that surrounds and envelops the listener in an indoor performance venue 8 The system which effectively produces an even quality of sound throughout the entire venue has received critical acclaim for its technological adaptations such as signal processing in a variety of indoor and outdoor venues 8 40 The Pritzker Pavilion is the first permanent outdoor installation of the LARES system in the United States 8 The trellis has both acoustic and architectural functions it allows for the precise placement of speakers for sound optimization without visual obstructions while simultaneously providing a unifying visual canopy 8 The overall acoustic system is a distributed sound reinforcement system which allows musicians on stage to hear each other clearly in a way that facilitates ensemble play In addition direct natural sound from the stage is reflected from architectural surfaces as well as being reinforced by two sound systems The forward facing reinforcement speakers time the relaying of sound so as to make it seem to have arrived directly from the stage with proper clarity and volume levels Distributed speakers allow for lower sound volumes than would be necessary with centralized speakers which would disturb neighboring residences and business 8 41 Instead of reinforcing the sound like a traditional public address system the sound system on the trellis system seeks to replicate the acoustics of a concert hall and create a clearly defined concert space Noise from city disturbances is masked by sound arriving directly from lateral sources Downward facing speakers simulate sound reflection similar to indoor concert hall wall and ceiling effects 8 41 Although Chicago Tribune music critic John von Rhein felt the inaugural concert s sound quality was a work in progress that varied with the listener s location in the pavilion 42 critics Kevin Nance and Wayne Delacoma of the Chicago Sun Times said that on the opening weekend it was clear that the acousticians Talaske Group and Gehry had solved many of the problems presenting classical music outdoors 43 John von Rhein said in 2005 the system has been fine tuned over the past two summers and now delivers a warm even approximation of concert hall sound to listeners at even the farthest reaches of the lawn 44 James Palermo artistic and general director of the Grant Park Music Festival felt that musicians were able to interact more effectively with the new sound system because they could hear each other better 45 Controversies edit nbsp Tori Amos performing at the first pavilion event with a lawn seating fee on August 31 2005 Protected by legislation that has been affirmed by four previous Illinois Supreme Court rulings Grant Park has been forever open clear and free since 1836 46 47 48 which was a year before the city of Chicago was incorporated 49 In 1839 United States Secretary of War Joel Roberts Poinsett declared the land between Randolph Street and Madison Street east of Michigan Avenue Public Ground forever to remain vacant of buildings 49 Aaron Montgomery Ward who is known both as the inventor of mail order and the protector of Grant Park twice sued the city of Chicago to force it to remove buildings and structures from Grant Park and to keep it from building new ones 50 51 As a result the city has what are termed the Montgomery Ward height restrictions on buildings and structures in Grant Park However Crown Fountain and the 130 ft 40 m Pritzker Pavilion were exempt from the height restrictions because they were classified as works of art and not buildings or structures 52 According to The Economist the pavilion is described as a work of art to dodge the protections established by Ward who rules over Grant Park from the grave 53 The naming of Jay Pritzker Pavilion was a cause for protests The new pavilion was built as a replacement for Grant Park s decades old Petrillo Music Shell which had a long history of hosting free music events and was named after James C Petrillo a labor union leader who started free concerts in Grant Park When the original bandshell was replaced and relocated a bit further north in Grant Park in 1978 the new structure retained the Petrillo name In the early 2000s decade the Petrillo family said naming the new music shell in Millennium Park after Jay Pritzker ignored Petrillo s legacy and threatened legal action 54 As of 2009 the Petrillo Music Shell was still in use though Chicago Tribune arts critic Howard Reich described it as dilapidated and dismal 55 Controversies during construction involved escalating costs and delays both the pavilion and park opened four years later than originally planned and cost millions of dollars more than expected 28 43 nbsp Enjoying Beethoven s 9th Symphony in the pavilion and beyond Nichols Bridgeway view Once the pavilion was built the initial plan was that the lawn seating would be free for all events An early brochure for the Grant Park Music Festival said You never need a ticket to attend a concert The lawn and the general seating section are always admission free 56 However when parking revenue fell short of estimates during the first year the city charged 10 for lawn seating at the August 31 2005 concert by Tori Amos 56 Amos a classically trained musician who chose only piano and organ accompaniment for her concert earned positive reviews as the inaugural rock and roll performer in a venue that regularly hosts classical music 57 58 The city justified the charge by contending that since the Pavilion is an open air venue there were many places in Millennium Park such as the Cloud Gate Crown Fountain and Lurie Gardens where one could have enjoyed the sounds or the atmosphere of the park without having to pay 56 59 60 In addition to charging for lawn seating the event promoters prohibited concertgoers from bringing beverages including bottled water to the lawn drinks instead had to be purchased onsite 59 The city later stated that confiscation of unopened beverage bottles was a mistake and that Bottled water is always allowed at the free concerts we host at the park and will be allowed at any future events as well 61 An estimated 300 attendees set up blankets beyond the trellis system where they could enjoy their own beverages while listening to the concert 58 The official Chicago policy is that alcohol is permitted throughout Jay Pritzker Pavilion during public performances but cans and glass bottles are not permitted on the Great Lawn 26 During the concert the Gehry designed BP Pedestrian Bridge that connects Millennium Park with Daley Bicentennial Plaza was closed until 7 00 a m the next day 62 Events edit nbsp Andrew Bird performed at the pavilion in September 2008 Jay Pritzker Pavilion competes with Ravinia Park as a Chicago area outdoor music venue 63 64 The pavilion hosts free music events such as Chicago Gospel Music Festival from spring to fall In June July and August the Grammy nominated Grant Park Orchestra and Chorus performs free classical concerts at the Grant Park Music Festival 65 The festival a Chicago tradition since 1931 remains the nation s only free outdoor classical music series 66 67 Although the Music Festival shares pavilion space with several other program series and annual performances its concerts most Wednesday Friday and Saturday evenings throughout the heart of the summer are the core of the pavilion s offerings 17 Travel guide Frommer s lists the park pavilion and these free concerts as some of the best free things to do in Chicago 68 In summer the pavilion also hosts a series of jazz concerts 69 and the Great Lawn hosts yoga and pilates workouts on Saturday mornings 70 The Pritzker Prize presentation ceremony which moves to an architecturally significant location each year was held in the Pritzker Pavilion in April 2005 71 Among the annual performers at the pavilion are Steppenwolf Theatre Lyric Opera of Chicago and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra CSO 17 At the end of the Grant Park Music Festival season in August the Festival s Grant Park Orchestra and Carlos Kalmar presented Pulitzer Prize winning composer John Adams On the Transmigration of Souls which was written at the request of the New York Philharmonic to honor the victims of the September 11 attacks 72 On Sunday September 11 2005 United States Senator Barack Obama who was later elected President of the United States served as guest narrator for a 9 11 tribute concert by the CSO The focal work of the concert was Aaron Copland s Lincoln Portrait and the concert was led by former CSO resident conductor William Eddins 73 74 Hosted events nbsp The Decemberists played a free concert with the Grant Park Orchestra on July 18 2007 nbsp Chicago Children s Choir backstage at Jay Pritzker Pavilion Although it was built as a replacement for Grant Park s outdoor concert facilities larger annual events such as the Chicago Blues and Chicago Jazz Festivals and Taste of Chicago are too large for Jay Pritzker Pavilion and continue to be held in and around Petrillo Music Shell 75 76 The pavilion has hosted smaller festivals such as the Chicago Gospel Music Festival since 2005 77 78 Public opinion has been in favor of moving some of the smaller Blues and Jazz festival events to the pavilion with its better more modern acoustics 79 By 2009 as the city grappled with a budget deficit it considered realigning parts of the larger festivals and made definite plans to move some of the smaller ones to the more modern venue 80 On July 18 2007 the Grant Park Music Festival partnered with the Metro Chicago to produce a free Wednesday night show celebrating Metro s 25th anniversary and featuring indie band The Decemberists with the Grant Park Orchestra 81 82 The show featured new orchestral arrangements of The Decemberists songs by Sean O Loughlin who also conducted in lieu of Kalmar 81 82 While the concert was free 82 the front seating sections were reserved for season membership holders fans of the band got the remaining seats or sat on the lawn This led Decemberists frontman Colin Meloy to encourage the crowd to breach the barriers between the seats and Great Lawn to get closer to the stage for the band s encore performance which was without the orchestra Estimated attendance was 11 000 to 15 000 the largest for any free concert at the pavilion to date 82 83 84 Other events include a concert by Wilco on September 12 2007 the Poland for Chicago show with Polish President Lech Kaczynski on September 25 2007 and a global warming awareness festival which culminated in a performance entitled Arctic at the pavilion in November 2007 85 86 87 Most events at the pavilion remain free the only public event at the pavilion in the summer of 2008 that charged admission was a concert by Rogue Wave and Death Cab for Cutie on June 3 88 89 The pavilion has hosted several one day events that were noted in international publications including the United States debut of A Throw of Dice a 1929 Indian silent movie about two kings with a common love interest on July 30 2008 At the debut Nitin Sawhney and the Grant Park Orchestra accompanied the movie with a live performance 90 Oprah Winfrey filmed the September 8 2008 season opening Oprah Winfrey Show on September 3 2008 at the pavilion with more than 150 Olympic medalists including Michael Phelps Nastia Liukin Dara Torres Kobe Bryant Misty May Treanor and Kerri Walsh in an effort to rally support for the Chicago 2016 Olympic bid 91 nbsp Chicago Winter Dance participants Concerts performed by the Grant Park Orchestra and directed by Kalmar were part of a June 19 2009 citywide Burnham Plan centennial celebration that included the unveiling of the Burnham Pavilion elsewhere in the park 92 93 The concert featured the world premiere of Michael Torke s work for symphony and chorus entitled Plans paired with Rachmaninoff s Piano Concerto No 3 94 Also the pavilion serves as host to the annual Chicago Winter Dance Festival During the festival there is a month of free dance instructions behind the glass doors of the pavilion stage and free skating instruction at the McCormick Tribune Plaza amp Ice Rink 95 96 97 Among the highlights of the 2010 calendar is the screening of the BBC s nature documentary Planet Earth Live on July 21 with live Grant Park Symphony Orchestra accompaniment featuring the score by five time Academy Award nominated composer George Fenton who serves as conductor 98 99 100 Among the artists who performed with the festival at the pavilion in the 2000s decade are sopranos Karina Gauvin and Erin Wall tenor Vittorio Grigolo pianist Stephen Hough violinists Rachel Barton Pine James Ehnes Roby Lakatos Christian Tetzlaff and Pinchas Zukerman and vocalists Otis Clay Mariza and Maria del Mar Bonet 101 All rehearsals at the pavilion are open to the public and well attended 102 The festival is represented by a staff of trained guides called docents that field questions and provide educational talks during the rehearsals 103 Besides these public functions the pavilion is available as is the entire park as a venue for private events year round The stage s glass and steel doors enable it to provide indoor space protected from the elements when necessary 104 In addition the pavilion has a Choral Rehearsal Room that can be rented 105 nbsp Panoramic shot of the Jay Pritzker Pavilion showing the stage area to the garden seating area Reception edit nbsp nbsp While most critics have praised the pavilion top at night others have criticized its exposed beams and angular shapes bottom Critics have said that Jay Pritzker Pavilion is the highlight of Millennium Park Fodor s travel guide described it as the park s showstopper and stunning praising its stainless steel and sound system as well as the variety of events it hosts 76 Time called the pavilion dynamic and recommended it as one of two must see attractions in the park 106 while one New York Times writer found herself standing agog at what appeared to her to be a celestial gateway to another universe and a frame for the sky 107 Lonely Planet travel guide called the pavilion the anchor of the park 108 and the 2004 Year in Review issue of Time described it as the park s crown jewel 109 USA Today described the bandshell as a landmark and the centerpiece of Millennium Park 110 111 Another critic described the pavilion as the most spectacular structure to go up in early twenty first century Chicago 7 According to the Financial Times the bandshell s acoustics are unparalleled compared to any contemporary outdoor venue 112 Critics say that musicians have lauded the onstage acoustics 7 Another Financial Times critic noted that Gehry revisited some of his past design motifs such as his use of stainless steel and explored new ones such as the trellis and sound system 113 This sentiment was echoed by others 7 During the opening concert von Rhein noted that the sound is not of uniform quality throughout the venue and opined that the optimal sonics are toward the back of the seated area and front of the lawn 42 However he subsequently noted in 2005 the system has been fine tuned over the past two summers and now delivers a warm even approximation of concert hall sound to listeners at even the farthest reaches of the lawn 44 nbsp From Michigan Avenue Despite the praise it has received the pavilion has its blemishes the supporting north side of the structure along Randolph Street has attracted criticism for not being pleasing to the eye and some observers found the exposed supporting proscenium braces offensive 114 Critic Fred Bernstein of The New York Times felt that the smooth rounded trellis and sharp edged bandshell were geometrically discordant 115 A review in the Chicago Tribune criticized the ugly concrete structure surrounding the mixing console in the midst of the fixed seats as the pavilion s biggest design miscalculation and called for it be moved 42 Although modern practice is to locate the sound console in with the audience 116 117 Gehry said at a symposium after the park s opening that he wanted to scrap the big box of a sound booth that sprang up like a weed in the center of the pavilion s seating 118 The director of Millennium Park was honored for his contribution to creating one of the most accessible parks not just in the United States but possibly the world in a 2005 accessibility award ceremony held at the pavilion 3 The pavilion s stage is reached by gently sloped ramps instead of stairs as part of the park s overall accessibility design 3 The decision to save money and not slope the Great Lawn as much as originally planned was not universally popular 28 However Gehry said that the actual slope of the lawn was more accommodating to people with disabilities and better able to accommodate activities than the original plan 119 nbsp Panoramic view of the Great Lawn trellis and bandshell at Jay Pritzker Pavilion in May 2009 Among the buildings pictured in the background are left to right The Heritage Smurfit Stone Building Trump International Hotel and Tower One Prudential Plaza Two Prudential Plaza Aon Center Aqua Blue Cross Blue Shield Tower 340 on the Park The Buckingham 400 East Randolph and Harbor Point Position in Chicago s skyline edit nbsp See also editList of works by Frank GehryReferences editNotes edit a b Facts and Dimensions of Jay Pritzker Pavilion City of Chicago Archived from the original on August 14 2007 Retrieved September 20 2007 Kamin Blair July 18 2004 A no place transformed into a grand space What was once a gritty blighted site is now home to a glistening cultural spectacle that delivers joy to its visitors Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on May 3 2012 Retrieved August 6 2008 a b c Deyer Joshua July 2005 Chicago s New Class Act PN Paralyzed Veterans of America Archived from the original on April 13 2019 Retrieved December 21 2007 Macaluso p 8 Gilfoyle Timothy J August 6 2006 Millennium Park The New York Times Archived from the original on August 12 2017 Retrieved June 24 2008 Crain s List Largest Tourist Attractions Sightseeing Ranked by 2007 attendance Crain s Chicago Business Crain Communications Inc June 23 2008 p 22 a b c d e Pridmore and Larson pp 272 3 a b c d e f g Delacoma Wayne The Jay Pritzker Music Pavilion Sounds as Good as it Looks LARES Associates Archived from the original on September 19 2007 Retrieved September 20 2007 a b c d e f g Sharoff p 18 History The Pritzker Architecture Prize official site The Hyatt Foundation Archived from the original on January 10 2010 Retrieved January 11 2010 Pilkington Ed April 14 2009 Swiss architect untouched by fad or fashion wins prized Pritzker award The Guardian London Archived from the original on April 16 2009 Retrieved December 15 2009 a b c Bey Lee February 18 1999 Building for future Modern architect sought for park Chicago Sun Times NewsBank Archived from the original on May 4 2015 Retrieved July 24 2008 The City Daily Herald NewsBank February 18 1999 Archived from the original on May 4 2015 Retrieved July 24 2008 Warren Ellen Teresa Wiltz February 17 1999 City Has Designs On Ace Architect For Its Band Shell Chicago Tribune NewsBank Archived from the original on May 4 2015 Retrieved July 24 2008 a b Kamin Blair April 18 1999 A World Class Designer Turns His Eye To Architecture s First City Chicago Tribune NewsBank Archived from the original on May 4 2015 Retrieved July 24 2008 a b c Isenberg pp 229 231 a b c Macaluso p 182 Millennium Park Gets Millions Chicago Tribune NewsBank April 27 1999 Archived from the original on May 4 2015 Retrieved July 24 2008 Spielman Fran April 28 1999 Room for Grant Park to grow Chicago Sun Times NewsBank Archived from the original on December 20 2014 Retrieved July 24 2008 De LaFuente Della April 28 1999 Architect on board to help build bridge to 21st century Chicago Sun Times NewsBank Archived from the original on December 20 2014 Retrieved July 24 2008 Kamin Blair November 4 1999 Architect s Band Shell Design Filled With Heavy Metal Twists Chicago Tribune NewsBank Archived from the original on May 4 2015 Retrieved July 24 2008 a b c Millennium Park Music Pavilion and Great Lawn guggenheim org Archived from the original on February 26 2008 Retrieved November 7 2009 The List Chicago Magazine Archived from the original on January 13 2009 Retrieved September 20 2007 Kamin Blair July 18 2004 Joan W and Irving B Harris Theater for Music and Dance 205 E Randolph Drive Hammond Beeby Rupert Ainge Chicago Chicago Tribune NewsBank Archived from the original on January 18 2015 Retrieved June 6 2008 Jay Pritzker Pavilion City of Chicago Archived from the original on August 26 2007 Retrieved September 20 2007 a b Frequently Asked Questions City of Chicago Archived from the original on June 22 2007 Retrieved June 8 2008 Kamin Blair July 18 2004 Creature comforts star star 1 2 star Located throughout the park Various designers Chicago Tribune p 10 Arts amp Entertainment section Archived from the original on November 21 2015 Retrieved January 27 2010 a b c Martin Andrew Laurie Cohen August 5 2001 Millennium Park flounders as deadlines budget blown Poor plans constant changes slow progress drive up price and city taxpayers may have to help make up difference Chicago Tribune NewsBank Archived from the original on January 18 2015 Retrieved July 28 2008 a b Sharoff p 23 a b c Sharoff p 32 Kowalski and Kim p 86 a b Sharoff p 29 a b Sharoff p 30 Isenberg p 146 a b c d Sharoff p 37 Kamin Blair Jay Pritzker Pavilion Architectural Record The McGraw Hill Companies Inc Archived from the original on May 15 2011 Retrieved September 20 2007 Sharoff p 27 Song Lisa January 7 2000 City Tweaks Millennium Park Design Chicago Tribune NewsBank Archived from the original on May 4 2015 Retrieved July 24 2008 Sharoff p 24 1993 TEC Awards mixfoundation org Archived from the original on August 20 2008 Retrieved September 21 2009 a b Jay Pritzker Pavilion Millennium Park PDF london gov uk Talaske Archived from the original PDF on September 26 2007 Retrieved September 21 2007 a b c von Rhein John Alan G Artner July 18 2004 Pavilion s sound a work in progress Quality changes with the seat Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on February 14 2011 Retrieved January 13 2010 a b Nance Kevin Wynne Delacoma July 18 2004 The New Millennium Chicago Sun Times NewsBank Archived from the original on January 18 2015 Retrieved August 6 2008 a b von Rhein John August 21 2005 Can Ravinia compete with Millennium Park tribunedigital chicagotribune Archived from the original on August 9 2018 Retrieved August 8 2018 Reich Howard May 28 2006 How Millennium Park created a unique nexus of culture tribunedigital chicagotribune Archived from the original on August 9 2018 Retrieved August 8 2018 Spielman Fran June 12 2008 Mayor gets what he wants Council OKs move 33 16 despite opposition Chicago Sun Times Newsbank Archived from the original on December 8 2015 Retrieved November 16 2009 The taking of Grant Park Chicago Tribune Newsbank June 8 2008 Archived from the original on May 22 2015 Retrieved July 29 2008 Spielman Fran Art Golab May 16 2008 13 2 vote for museum Decision on Grant Park sets up Council battle Chicago Sun Times Newsbank Archived from the original on January 8 2016 Retrieved July 29 2008 a b Macaluso pp 12 13 Grinnell Max 2005 Grant Park The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago Chicago Historical Society Archived from the original on May 18 2008 Retrieved July 28 2008 Macaluso pp 23 25 Gilfoyle p 181 In a fight over Grant Park Chicago s mayor faces a small revolt subscription required The Economist The Economist Newspaper Limited October 4 2007 Archived from the original on March 6 2009 Retrieved July 31 2008 Herrmann Andrew Fran Spielman October 30 2003 Pritzker shell angers Petrillo kin Granddaughter may fight naming OKd after 15 mil gift Chicago Sun Times NewsBank Archived from the original on January 18 2015 Retrieved June 6 2008 Reich Howard November 1 2009 Creative thinking could save Chicago s music festivals Chicago Tribune NewsBank Archived from the original on January 14 2016 Retrieved January 12 2010 a b c Herrmann Andrew September 1 2005 Howls over charge for Millennium Park concert Watchdog contends lawn seats supposed to be free Chicago Sun Times NewsBank Archived from the original on January 18 2015 Retrieved May 18 2008 Orloff Brian September 2 2005 Amos creates musical magic as Pritzker s first rock act Chicago Sun Times NewsBank Archived from the original on November 26 2015 Retrieved May 18 2008 a b Elder Robert K September 2 2005 Church of Tori holds a revival in heart of city Chicago Tribune NewsBank Archived from the original on January 18 2015 Retrieved May 18 2008 a b City Charges To Publicly View Its Private Parts Chicagoist Gothamist LLC September 1 2005 Archived from the original on June 8 2008 Retrieved May 18 2008 Downing Andy August 26 2005 Can Tori Amos pass the Millennium Park test Chicago Tribune NewsBank Archived from the original on November 26 2015 Retrieved May 18 2008 Roeper Richard September 21 2005 Bottled water hardly worth all the fuss we make of it Chicago Sun Times NewsBank Archived from the original on January 14 2016 Retrieved May 18 2008 Wasielewski Carl September 9 2005 A bad deal all around Chicago Sun Times NewsBank Archived from the original on January 14 2016 Retrieved May 18 2008 von Rhein John March 31 2005 Grant Park takes bold steps 2005 season to put Pritzker to the test Chicago Tribune NewsBank Archived from the original on November 21 2015 Retrieved May 18 2008 von Rhein John August 21 2005 Can Ravinia compete with Millennium Park Chicago Tribune NewsBank Archived from the original on November 21 2015 Retrieved May 18 2008 Frommer s Irreverent Guide to Chicago sixth edition 2007 p 123 Wiley Publishing Hoboken NJ ISBN 0 470 04079 3 Tiebert Laura Frommer s Chicago with Kids 3rd edition 2007 Wiley Publishing Inc ISBN 978 0 470 12481 9 p 263 Grant Park Music Festival City of Chicago Archived from the original on August 23 2007 Retrieved September 20 2007 Best Free Things to Do Frommer s Wiley Publishing Inc Archived from the original on May 30 2008 Retrieved July 7 2008 Calendar of Millennium Park Free Programs Jazz City of Chicago Archived from the original on August 13 2007 Retrieved September 21 2007 Calendar of Millennium Park Free Programs Fitness City of Chicago Archived from the original on July 6 2007 Retrieved September 21 2007 Queiroga Rodrigo M Brazilian architect wins the 2006 Pritzker Prize citymayors com Archived from the original on June 4 2020 Retrieved September 22 2007 Macaluso p 215 Delacoma Wynne September 13 2005 Musical moment of reflection is welcome respite Chicago Sun Times p 54 Retrieved December 18 2009 von Rhein John September 12 2005 Lyric CSO Blockbuster a smash hit Chicago Tribune p 1 Tempo section Retrieved December 18 2009 Guarino Mark July 9 2004 Pritzker hitting the right notes with local music organizations Daily Herald p 36 Retrieved November 15 2009 a b Millennium Park Fodor s Travel Archived from the original on March 21 2009 Retrieved July 30 2008 Note This incorrectly lists the Jay Pritzker Pavilion as hosting the Chicago Blues and Chicago Jazz Festivals Mink Randy May 15 2005 Taste of Chicago kicks off festival season The Flint Journal p G04 Retrieved November 15 2009 Hoekstra Dave June 2 2006 Winans adds luster to eclectic Gospel fest Chicago Sun Times p NV46 Retrieved November 15 2009 Reich Howard May 28 2006 How Millennium Park created a unique nexus of culture Chicago Tribune p 1 Arts amp Entertainment section Retrieved November 15 2009 Reich Howard November 1 2009 Creative thinking could save Chicago s music festivals Chicago Tribune p 1 Arts amp Entertainment section Retrieved November 15 2009 a b Pizek Jeff July 19 2007 A musical merger for the Millennium Orchestra Decemberists draw all ages Daily Herald p 18 Retrieved November 20 2009 a b c d DeRogatis Jim July 19 2007 Orchestra adds little to Decemberists show But give stellar Pritzker Pavilion kudos for giving rock act a chance Chicago Sun Times p 36 Retrieved November 20 2009 ReViewed The Decemberists with the Grant Park Orchestra Chicagoist July 19 2007 Archived from the original on May 28 2008 Retrieved June 9 2008 Kot Greg July 20 2007 Decemberists can strike without the band Chicago Tribune p 1 Tempo section Retrieved November 20 2009 Cox Ted September 13 2007 Wilco just perfect at Millennium Park concert Daily Herald Inc Archived from the original on September 16 2007 Retrieved September 21 2007 Lech Kaczynski in Chicago Presidency of Poland September 25 2007 Archived from the original on August 23 2016 Retrieved February 18 2016 Weitzman Hal November 13 2007 Arctic Soundscape subscription required The Financial Times The Financial Times Ltd Retrieved July 31 2008 Kot Greg June 5 2008 Death Cab rolls on Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on October 22 2012 Retrieved June 9 2008 2008 Summer Calendar The Sky s The Limit All the music dancing wonderment and corn on the cob your heart desires are in our comprehensive guide to hot weather fun So get out there Chicago Tribune June 1 2008 p 35 Magazine section Retrieved November 15 2009 Datebook Chicago San Francisco and Singapore The New York Times July 27 2008 Archived from the original on February 15 2016 Retrieved July 30 2008 Herrmann Andrew August 30 2008 Oprah tickets available for show featuring Olympians Chicago Sun Times Digital Chicago Inc Archived from the original on September 3 2008 Retrieved September 1 2008 John von Rhein recommends Classical corner Chicago Tribune June 19 2009 Archived from the original on November 21 2015 Retrieved June 21 2009 von Rhein John June 19 2009 Burnham s Plan inspires a king sized choral opus Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on November 21 2015 Retrieved June 21 2009 The Burnham Pavilions in Millennium Park The Burnham Plan Centennial Archived from the original on May 12 2009 Retrieved July 29 2009 Chicago Winter Dance Festival ABC Chicago February 7 2010 Archived from the original on February 9 2010 Retrieved February 11 2010 New This February Chicago Winter Dance Festival Features Free Ice Skating Instruction Late Night Dance Parties Ice Dancing Demos and Dance Lessons in Millennium Park City of Chicago Archived from the original on May 1 2010 Retrieved June 13 2010 Rowe Joyce Karen Vaughan December 11 2009 New This February Chicago Winter Dance Festival Features Free Ice Skating Instruction Ice Dancing Performances and Dance Lessons In Millennium Park PDF Press release Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs Archived from the original PDF on June 12 2010 Retrieved February 11 2010 BBC brings Planet Earth Live to U S with emmy winning composer George Fenton BBC January 3 2010 Archived from the original on March 24 2010 Retrieved May 2 2010 Planet Earth Live Grant Park Music Festival Archived from the original on February 24 2010 Retrieved May 2 2010 von Rhein John February 17 2010 New director looks to partnerships with Grant Park Music Festival this summer and beyond Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on October 3 2012 Retrieved May 2 2010 Macaluso p 206 Macaluso p 203 Macaluso p 216 Private Rentals Photo Galleries Jay Pritzker Pavilion City of Chicago Archived from the original on May 29 2008 Retrieved June 13 2008 Private Rentals Photo Galleries Choral Rehearsal Room City of Chicago Archived from the original on May 29 2008 Retrieved June 13 2008 Roston Eric October 11 2004 Windy City Redux Time Time Inc Archived from the original on September 9 2009 Retrieved July 30 2008 Raver Anne July 15 2004 Nature Softening a City With Grit and Grass The New York Times Archived from the original on June 17 2008 Retrieved July 30 2008 Millennium Park Lonely Planet Publications Archived from the original on September 6 2012 Retrieved July 30 2008 Lacayo Richard December 18 2004 Best amp Worst 2004 The Best Architecture Time Time Inc Archived from the original on May 10 2008 Retrieved July 31 2008 Howlett Debbie July 15 2004 Donors cash turns city green Private contributions make Millennium Park a reality in Chicago USA Today Archived from the original on January 11 2012 Retrieved July 31 2008 Howlett Debbie July 15 2004 A band shell on steroids USA Today Archived from the original on July 13 2012 Retrieved July 31 2008 Daniel Caroline Jeremy Grant September 10 2005 Classical city soars above Capone cliches The Financial Times The Financial Times Ltd Archived from the original on September 7 2009 Retrieved July 31 2008 Daniel Caroline July 20 2004 How a steel bean gave Chicago fresh pride The Financial Times Retrieved September 24 2014 Becker Lynn Frank Gehry Millennium Park and the development of the Techno Baroque Repeat Lynn Becker Archived from the original on October 12 2007 Retrieved September 21 2007 Bernstein Fred A July 18 2004 Art Architecture Big Shoulders Big Donors Big Art The New York Times Archived from the original on June 8 2008 Retrieved June 1 2008 Holloway John 2002 Illustrated theatre production guide Burlington Massachusetts Focal Press Elsevier Science p 8 ISBN 0 240 80493 7 Retrieved January 13 2010 Leonard John A 2001 Theatre sound New York New York Theatre Arts Books Routledge p 16 ISBN 0 87830 116 X Archived from the original on April 10 2022 Retrieved January 13 2010 Isaacs Deanna July 29 2004 The Six Million Dollar Birdcage The Pritzker Pavilion may be pretty but it can t replace the Petrillo Music Shell Chicago Reader Archived from the original on June 9 2011 Retrieved January 13 2010 Gilfoyle p 168 References cited edit Gilfoyle Timothy J 2006 Millennium Park Creating a Chicago Landmark Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 29349 3 Isenberg Barbara 2009 Conversations With Frank Gehry Alfred A Knopf ISBN 978 0 307 26800 6 Kowalski Carissa Tonia Kim 2005 Galindo Michelle ed Chicago Architecture amp Design teNeues Publishing Group ISBN 3 8327 9025 X Macaluso Tony Julia S Bachrach and Neal Samors 2009 Sounds of Chicago s Lakefront A Celebration Of The Grant Park Music Festival Chicago s Book Press ISBN 978 0 9797892 6 7 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Pridmore Jay George A Larson 2005 Chicago Architecture and Design Harry N Abrams Inc ISBN 978 0 8109 5892 0 Sharoff Robert 2004 Better than Perfect The Making of Chicago s Millennium Park Walsh Construction Company External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jay Pritzker Pavilion City of Chicago Millennium Park Millennium Park map Archived July 11 2017 at the Wayback Machine City of Chicago Loop Community Map archives at Chicago Tribune Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jay Pritzker Pavilion amp oldid 1178796892, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.