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Principality of Galilee

October 22, 2023

The principality of Galilee was one of the four major seigneuries of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, according to 13th-century commentator John of Ibelin, grandson of Balian.[1] The direct holdings of the principality centred around Tiberias, in Galilee proper, but with all its vassals, the lordship covered all Galilee (now Israel) and southern Phoenicia (today Lebanon). The independent Lordship of Sidon was located between Galilee's holdings. The principality also had its own vassals: the Lordships of Beirut, Nazareth, and Haifa.

Principality of Galilee
1099–1187
Galilee in 1187
StatusVassal of Kingdom of Jerusalem
CapitalTiberias
Common languagesLatin, Old French, Italian (also Arabic and Greek)
Religion
Roman Catholicism, Greek Orthodoxy, Syriac Orthodoxy, Islam, Judaism
GovernmentFeudal monarchy
Prince 
• 1099–1101
Tancred
• 1174–1187
Raymond III
Historical eraHigh Middle Ages
• First Crusade
1099
• Conquered by Saladin
1187
Preceded by		 Succeeded by

The principality was established, at least in name, in 1099 when Tancred was given Tiberias, Haifa, and Bethsan by Godfrey of Bouillon. In 1101, Baldwin I limited Tancred's power by giving Haifa to Geldemar Carpenel, and Tancred was forced to give up the principality and become regent in Antioch. The principality became the fief of the families of St. Omer, Montfaucon (Falcomberques), and then Bures, and its main seat was in Tiberias; thus it was sometimes also called the Principality of Tiberias or the Tiberiad. The principality was destroyed by Saladin in 1187, although the title was used by relatives and younger sons of the kings of Cyprus (the titular kings of Jerusalem) afterwards, and some of its former holdings were briefly reclaimed by a treaty made during the Barons' Crusade.[2]

List of the princes of Galilee Edit

Italicized names are of titular princes.

Lordship of Beirut Edit

Beirut was captured in 1110 and given to Fulk of Guînes. It was one of the longest-lived seigneuries, surviving until the final collapse of the kingdom in 1291, although only as a tiny strip on the Mediterranean coast surrounding Beirut. It was important for trade with Europe, and had its own sub-vassals.

Italicized names are of titular lords.

Sub-vassals of Beirut Edit

Lordship of Banias Edit

Banias was given to the Franks by the Assassins in 1129. Baldwin gave it to Renier Brus, who also ruled the lordship of Assebebe, which was eventually merged with Banias. Renier's daughter married Humphrey II of Toron, who became lord of Banias around 1148. He sold parts of Banias and Chastel Neuf to the Knights Hospitaller in 1157. Banias was merged with Toron until it fell to Nur ad-Din Zangi in 1164, and when it was recovered it became part of the Seigneury of Joscelin III of Edessa (see below).

Lordship of Toron Edit

The castle of Toron was built by Hugh of St. Omer, second prince of Galilee, to help capture Tyre. After Hugh's death it was made an independent seigneury, given to Humphrey I in 1107. The lords of Toron tended to be very influential in the kingdom; Humphrey II was constable of Jerusalem. Humphrey IV was married to Isabella of Jerusalem, Amalric I's daughter (Toron passed into the royal domain during their marriage, and was then captured by Saladin, but its title was returned to Humphrey IV after their divorce). It was also one of the few to have a straight hereditary succession in male line, at least for some generations. The lords of Toron were also connected to the Lordship of Oultrejordain by the marriage of Humphrey III and the maternal inheritance of Humphrey IV. Toron was later merged with the royal domain of Tyre which went to a branch of Antioch, then their heirs from Montfort. Toron was lost in 1266.

Toron had two vassals of its own, the Lordship of Castel Neuf and the Lordship of Toron Ahmud. Chastel Neuf was built by Hugh of St. Omer around 1105 but was later given to the Hospitallers, until it fell to Nur ad-Din in 1167. Toron Ahmud remained in the Lordship of Beirut until John of Ibelin sold it to the Teutonic Knights in 1261.

For a fuller account of the lordship and the feudal family, see Toron.

Lordship of Nazareth Edit

Nazareth was the original site of the Latin Patriarch, established by Tancred. It was created as a seigneury in Galilee in 1115. A Martin of Nazareth, who probably acted as viscount of Nazareth, is documented in 1115 and in 1130/1131.[4]

Lordship of Haifa Edit

Haifa was partly an ecclesiastical domain ruled by the Archbishop of Nazareth, and partly created from other lands in the Principality of Galilee.

  • Geldemar Carpenel (1100–1101)
  • Tancred (1101–1103)
  • Rorgius (1103–1107)
  • Pagan (1107–1112)
  • royal domain (1112–1190)
  • Vivian (c. 1140s)
  • Pagan (1190–?)
  • Rorgius II (?–1244?)
  • Helvis
  • Gilles d'Estrain
  • Miles ?
  • Geoffrey
  • Gilles II

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ W.), Edbury, P. W. (Peter (1997). John of Ibelin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press. p. 113. ISBN 0585257523. OCLC 45732821.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Edbury, P. W. (Peter W. ) (1997). John of Ibelin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Internet Archive. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK ; Rochester, NY, USA : Boydell Press. pp. 59–60. ISBN 9780851157030.
  3. ^ a b c d e "GENEALOGY.EU". Retrieved 2020-09-11.
  4. ^ Murray, Alan, The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099-1125 (Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, Oxford, 2000) p. 217.

Sources Edit

  • John L. La Monte, Feudal Monarchy in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1100-1291. The Medieval Academy of America, 1932.
  • Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174-1277. The Macmillan Press, 1973.
  • Runciman, Steven (1952). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Steven Tibble, Monarchy and Lordships in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291. Clarendon Press, 1989.

October 22, 2023
principality, galilee, principality, galilee, four, major, seigneuries, crusader, kingdom, jerusalem, according, 13th, century, commentator, john, ibelin, grandson, balian, direct, holdings, principality, centred, around, tiberias, galilee, proper, with, vassa. The principality of Galilee was one of the four major seigneuries of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem according to 13th century commentator John of Ibelin grandson of Balian 1 The direct holdings of the principality centred around Tiberias in Galilee proper but with all its vassals the lordship covered all Galilee now Israel and southern Phoenicia today Lebanon The independent Lordship of Sidon was located between Galilee s holdings The principality also had its own vassals the Lordships of Beirut Nazareth and Haifa Principality of Galilee1099 1187FlagGalilee in 1187StatusVassal of Kingdom of JerusalemCapitalTiberiasCommon languagesLatin Old French Italian also Arabic and Greek ReligionRoman Catholicism Greek Orthodoxy Syriac Orthodoxy Islam JudaismGovernmentFeudal monarchyPrince 1099 1101Tancred 1174 1187Raymond IIIHistorical eraHigh Middle Ages First Crusade1099 Conquered by Saladin1187Preceded by Succeeded byFatimid Caliphate Ayyubid dynastyThe principality was established at least in name in 1099 when Tancred was given Tiberias Haifa and Bethsan by Godfrey of Bouillon In 1101 Baldwin I limited Tancred s power by giving Haifa to Geldemar Carpenel and Tancred was forced to give up the principality and become regent in Antioch The principality became the fief of the families of St Omer Montfaucon Falcomberques and then Bures and its main seat was in Tiberias thus it was sometimes also called the Principality of Tiberias or the Tiberiad The principality was destroyed by Saladin in 1187 although the title was used by relatives and younger sons of the kings of Cyprus the titular kings of Jerusalem afterwards and some of its former holdings were briefly reclaimed by a treaty made during the Barons Crusade 2 Contents 1 List of the princes of Galilee 2 Lordship of Beirut 3 Sub vassals of Beirut 3 1 Lordship of Banias 3 2 Lordship of Toron 4 Lordship of Nazareth 5 Lordship of Haifa 6 See also 7 References 8 SourcesList of the princes of Galilee EditItalicized names are of titular princes Tancred 1099 1101 Hugh of Fauquembergues 1101 1106 Gervaise de Bazoches 1106 1108 Tancred again 1109 1112 Joscelin I of Courtenay 1112 1119 William I of Bures 1120 1141 Elinand 1142 1148 William II of Bures 1148 1158 Gautier of Saint Omer 1159 1171 first husband of Eschiva of Bures Raymond III of Tripoli 1174 1187 with his wife Eschiva of Bures Hugh II of Saint Omer 1187 1204 Raoul of Saint Omer 1204 1219 Eschiva of Saint Omer 1219 after 1265 with her husband Odo of Montbeliard 1219 1247 1240 1247 as ruling Princes Balian d Ibelin 1316 Prince of Galilee and Bethlehem son of Philip of Ibelin died 1304 1316 Bohemund of Lusignan c 1280 Guy of Lusignan c 1320 1343 son of Hugh IV of Cyprus Hugh of Lusignan 1343 1386 son of Guy of Lusignan John of Brie Henry of Lusignan 1427 son of James I of Cyprus Philippe of Lusignan ca 1466 son of Henry of LusignanLordship of Beirut EditBeirut was captured in 1110 and given to Fulk of Guines It was one of the longest lived seigneuries surviving until the final collapse of the kingdom in 1291 although only as a tiny strip on the Mediterranean coast surrounding Beirut It was important for trade with Europe and had its own sub vassals Italicized names are of titular lords Fulk of Guines 1110 Peter Walter I Brisebarre 1125 1166 Andronicus I Comnenus 1166 Walter II Walter III John of Ibelin 3 c 1200 1236 Balian III d Ibelin 3 1236 1247 Lord of Beirut Constable of Cyprus Bailiff of Jerusalem son of John of Ibelin the Old Lord of Beirut John of Ibelin 3 1247 1264 Isabella of Ibelin 3 1264 1282 m1 or only engaged Hugh II of Cyprus m2 Hamo LeStrange m3 Nicolas l Aleman m4 Guillaume Barlais Eschiva of Ibelin 3 1282 1291 titular 1291 1312 m1 Humphrey of Montfort m2 Guy of Lusignan Rupen of Montfort 1312 1313 Guy of Ibelin c 1330 John of Lusignan 1384 John of Lusignan c 1456 Sub vassals of Beirut EditLordship of Banias Edit Banias was given to the Franks by the Assassins in 1129 Baldwin gave it to Renier Brus who also ruled the lordship of Assebebe which was eventually merged with Banias Renier s daughter married Humphrey II of Toron who became lord of Banias around 1148 He sold parts of Banias and Chastel Neuf to the Knights Hospitaller in 1157 Banias was merged with Toron until it fell to Nur ad Din Zangi in 1164 and when it was recovered it became part of the Seigneury of Joscelin III of Edessa see below Renier Brus 1128 1148 Humphrey II of Toron 1148 1164 Joscelin III of Edessa Lordship of Toron Edit The castle of Toron was built by Hugh of St Omer second prince of Galilee to help capture Tyre After Hugh s death it was made an independent seigneury given to Humphrey I in 1107 The lords of Toron tended to be very influential in the kingdom Humphrey II was constable of Jerusalem Humphrey IV was married to Isabella of Jerusalem Amalric I s daughter Toron passed into the royal domain during their marriage and was then captured by Saladin but its title was returned to Humphrey IV after their divorce It was also one of the few to have a straight hereditary succession in male line at least for some generations The lords of Toron were also connected to the Lordship of Oultrejordain by the marriage of Humphrey III and the maternal inheritance of Humphrey IV Toron was later merged with the royal domain of Tyre which went to a branch of Antioch then their heirs from Montfort Toron was lost in 1266 Toron had two vassals of its own the Lordship of Castel Neuf and the Lordship of Toron Ahmud Chastel Neuf was built by Hugh of St Omer around 1105 but was later given to the Hospitallers until it fell to Nur ad Din in 1167 Toron Ahmud remained in the Lordship of Beirut until John of Ibelin sold it to the Teutonic Knights in 1261 For a fuller account of the lordship and the feudal family see Toron Lordship of Nazareth EditNazareth was the original site of the Latin Patriarch established by Tancred It was created as a seigneury in Galilee in 1115 A Martin of Nazareth who probably acted as viscount of Nazareth is documented in 1115 and in 1130 1131 4 Lordship of Haifa EditHaifa was partly an ecclesiastical domain ruled by the Archbishop of Nazareth and partly created from other lands in the Principality of Galilee Geldemar Carpenel 1100 1101 Tancred 1101 1103 Rorgius 1103 1107 Pagan 1107 1112 royal domain 1112 1190 Vivian c 1140s Pagan 1190 Rorgius II 1244 Helvis Garcia Alvarez c 1250 John of Valenciennes 1257 1265 Gilles d Estrain Miles Geoffrey Gilles IISee also EditVassals of the Kingdom of JerusalemReferences Edit W Edbury P W Peter 1997 John of Ibelin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem Woodbridge Suffolk UK Boydell Press p 113 ISBN 0585257523 OCLC 45732821 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Edbury P W Peter W 1997 John of Ibelin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem Internet Archive Woodbridge Suffolk UK Rochester NY USA Boydell Press pp 59 60 ISBN 9780851157030 a b c d e GENEALOGY EU Retrieved 2020 09 11 Murray Alan The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem A Dynastic History 1099 1125 Unit for Prosopographical Research Linacre College Oxford 2000 p 217 Sources EditJohn L La Monte Feudal Monarchy in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 1100 1291 The Medieval Academy of America 1932 Jonathan Riley Smith The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1174 1277 The Macmillan Press 1973 Runciman Steven 1952 A History of the Crusades Volume II The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East Cambridge Cambridge University Press Steven Tibble Monarchy and Lordships in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 1291 Clarendon Press 1989 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Principality of Galilee amp oldid 1179917753, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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