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Premastication

January 01, 1970

Premastication, pre-chewing, or kiss feeding is the act of chewing food for the purpose of physically breaking it down in order to feed another that is incapable of masticating the food by themselves. This is often done by the mother or relatives of a baby to produce baby food capable of being consumed by the child during the weaning process. The chewed food in the form of a bolus is transferred from the mouth of one individual to another, either directly mouth-to-mouth, via utensils, hands, or is further cooked or processed prior to feeding.[1][2]

The behaviour was common throughout human history and societies and observed in non-human animals. While premastication is less common in present-day Western societies, it was commonly practised, and is still done in more traditional cultures.[3] Although the health benefits of premastication are still being actively studied, the practice appears to confer certain nutritional and immunological benefits to the infant,[4] provided that the caretaker is in good health and not infected by pathogens.[5]

Behavioural roots edit

Premastication and mouth-to-mouth feeding in humans is postulated to have evolved from the regurgitation of food from parent to offspring or male to female (courtship feeding) and has been observed in numerous mammals and animals of other species, including predatory social insects.[6][7][8] For instance, food begging behaviour observed in young wolves, wild dogs and certain gull species, which involves the young approaching the beak or mouth of the adult with their own whereupon gaping their mouths or nuzzling, the adult would regurgitate portions of food to feed the young.[9] However, in the aforementioned animals, this nuzzling behaviour and other types of mouth-to-mouth contact are also used for bonding, socialization, and courtship.[10]

In apes edit

Young orangutans also beg for food by such contact and accordingly their caretakers regurgitate to feed them.[11] Indeed, behaviours of mouth to mouth feeding of premasticated food and ritualized mouth to mouth contact for bonding has been observed in anthropoid apes such as gorillas, orangutans and chimpanzees. All of this supports the idea that human behaviours of kissing and feeding of premastication foods, either directly or indirectly from the mouth, have their behavioural roots in higher animals and ancestral great apes.[12]

Human kiss precursor edit

There is high similarity in the execution of kiss-feeding and human kisses (e.g. French kiss); in the former, the tongue is used to push food from mother to child with the child receiving both the mother's food and tongue in sucking movements, and the latter simply forgoes the premasticated food.[10] In fact, observations across various species and cultures confirms that the act of kissing and premastication have most likely evolved from the similar relationship-based feeding behaviours.[6][10]

History and culture edit

Written records of premastication have been found in Ancient Egypt, though the practice likely extends back into prehistoric times to non-human ancestors.[13] For instance, in the Ancient Egyptian Ebers medical papyrus, a mother was instructed to give a medical remedy to a child through premastication.[14] In the fifth century A.D. Roman culture, premastication of infants' food by caretakers was also common, though the lack of sanitation along with the practice contributed to infant mortality.[15] Infants in Medieval Europe were fed an assortment of mashed, premasticated food or bread softened with liquids.[16]

Due to attitudes in Western medicine in the 1940s and 1950s, Native American and Fijian cultures and societies were strongly dissuaded from premastication due to concerns about the hygiene of the practice. However, the lack of knowledge regarding premastication and its prohibition by missionaries and doctors instead caused severe anemia in the infants of the population,[17] or resulted in malnourished infants and children deprived of nourishment.[18]

Although less prevalent in modern post-industrial Western societies, the offering of premasticated foods to infants is found in many traditional cultures and offers their infants numerous benefits.[19] In North America, premastication is still commonly used by Black and Hispanic mothers,[20] and commonly used by women of Inuit and Aleut peoples.[21]

In many human cultures, the act of premastication and direct mouth-to-mouth feeding is linked with the showing of affection, known as kiss feeding.[10][13] In the Manus cultures of the Admiralty Islands, the act of premastication has been used by women to remind children and descendants of their obligations to her.[22] Some human cultures such as the people of Papua New Guinea in fact use mouth to mouth contact primarily for feeding premasticated food, with sexual kissing only observed after the arrival of Europeans.[23] This form of feeding is believed to have evolved into the modern human acts of kissing and French kissing.[10]

Many Western societies have strong aversions toward premastication, which have been compared to their similar criticisms and aversion towards breastfeeding in previous generations for similar rationale,[3] with the same societies finding breastfeeding to be a disagreeable practice performed only by the uneducated lower classes or foreign cultures[24] and altering health policies to the detriment of infant health.[25] In the late 1800s the medical community of Texas was embroiled in a debate on premastication, with those supporting the practice arguing its benefits and those against it stating that it is "filthy and repulsive and... barbaric".[14]

Health edit

The act of premastication is commonly found in all human societies and populations, although it is less prevalent in some than others. The evolution and selective advantage of premastication behaviours is that it supplements the infant diet of breast milk by providing access to more macro- and micro-nutrients, as well as digestive enzymes.[4] Although disease can be transmitted through saliva in the pre-chewed foods, the benefits conferred outweighed any risks of the practice during the evolution of human behaviour.[3] Furthermore, discouraging premastication as prevention to disease transmission may prove as disastrous an infant public health policy as when infants breastfeeding was discouraged in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[26] In populations with healthy caregivers, premastication is not correlated with negative health consequences,[27] with potential benefits and pitfalls of this practice greatly depend on the dietary and medical circumstances of the provider and child.[28]

The true scope of the benefits of premastication and its prevalence in different societies is still under research, though there appears to be some consensus on the nutritional benefits of the practice.[4] As a comorbidity with caretaker health and education, as well as societal access to proper healthcare and nutrition, the impacts of premastication on child health requires further studies and trials prior to the introduction of policies encouraging or dissuading its practice.[27][29]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Holmes, Wendy (2007), "Influences on maternal and child nutrition in the highlands of the northern Lao PDR", Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 16 (3): 537–545, PMID 17704036
  2. ^ Zhang, Yuanyuan (May 2007), "The role of pre-mastication in the evolution of complementary feeding strategies: a bio-cultural analysis" (PDF), Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Honors Theses
  3. ^ a b c Pelto, Greta; Zhang, Yuanyuan; Habicht, Jean-Pierre (January 2010), "Premastication: the second arm of infant and young child feeding for health and survival?", Journal of Maternal and Child Nutrition, 6 (1): 4–18, doi:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2009.00200.x, PMC 6860819, PMID 20073131
  4. ^ a b c Aggett, Peter (2010), "Premastication", Maternal and Child Nutrition, 6 (1): 2–3, doi:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2009.00226.x, PMC 6860488, PMID 20055926
  5. ^ Levison, Judy; Gillespie, Susan L.; Montgomery, Elizabeth (2011), "Think twice before recommending pre-masticated food as a source of infant nutrition", Maternal & Child Nutrition, 7 (1): 104, author reply 105–6, doi:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2010.00289.x, PMC 6860487, PMID 21143589
  6. ^ a b Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus (1971), Love and hate: the natural history of behavior patterns, Aldine Transaction, ISBN 978-0202020389
  7. ^ Wheeler, W.M. 1923. Social life among the insects. 375 pages. London.
  8. ^ Eberhard, W. (1974) The natural history and behaviour of the wasp Trigonopsis cameronii Kohl (Sphecidae). Trans. Royal Ent. Soc. London 125(3): 295-328
  9. ^ Wilson, Edward O. (1980), Sociobiology, Harvard University Press
  10. ^ a b c d e Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus (1983), "Chapter 3: A comparative approach to human ethology", in Rajecki, D. W. (ed.), Comparing behavior: studying man studying animals, Routledge
  11. ^ Russon, Anne E.; Bard, Kim A.; Parker, Sue Taylor, Reaching Into Thought:The Minds of the Great Apes, Cambridge University Press, Nov 26, 1998
  12. ^ Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus (Oct 30, 2007), Human Ethology, Transaction Publishers, p. 138, ISBN 9780202366616
  13. ^ a b Kirshenbaum, Sheril (Jan 5, 2011), The Science of Kissing: What Our Lips Are Telling Us, Hachette Digital, Inc.
  14. ^ a b Radbill, Samuel X. (October 1981), "Infant Feeding through the Ages", Clin Pediatr, 20 (10): 613–621, doi:10.1177/000992288102001001, PMID 7023787, S2CID 10361664
  15. ^ Soren, David; Soren, Noelle (1999), A Roman Villa and a Late Roman Infant Cemetery:Excavation at Poggio Gramignano, Lugnano in Teverina, L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER
  16. ^ Forgeng, Jeffrey L.; Singman, Jeffrey L. (1999), Daily Life in Medieval Europe, Greenwood Publishing Group
  17. ^ Pijoan, M; Elkin, C.A. (1944), "Secondary anemia due to prolonged and exclusive milk feeding among Shoshone indian infants" (PDF), Journal of Nutrition, 27: 67–75, doi:10.1093/jn/27.1.67
  18. ^ Jansen, A. A. J.; Parkinson, Susan; Robertson, A. F. S. (1990), Food and Nutrition in Fiji: Food production, composition, and intake, editorips usp.ac.fj, pp. 331–392, ISBN 9789820200609
  19. ^ Konner, Melvin (May 31, 2010), The Evolution of Childhood: Relationships, Emotion, Mind, Harvard University Press
  20. ^ Andrews, Margaret M.; Boyle, Joyceen S. (2008), Transcultural Concepts in Nursing Care (5 ed.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
  21. ^ Sprott, Julie E. (1992), Alaska Native Parents in Anchorage:Perspectives on Childrearing, University Press of America
  22. ^ Schwartz, Theodore (1975), "Relations among generations in Time-Limited Cultures", Ethos, 3 (2): 309–322, doi:10.1525/eth.1975.3.2.02a00150
  23. ^ Bailey, K. V. (1963), "Premastication of infant food in the New Guinea Highlands.", South Pacific Commission, Technical. Information Circular., 61 (1): 1–3
  24. ^ Nathoo, Tasnim; Ostry, Aleck (Jun 1, 2009), The One Best Way?: Breastfeeding History, Politics, and Policy in Canada, Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press
  25. ^ Kuhn, Louise; Aldrovandi, Grace M.; Sinkala, Moses; Kankasa, Chipepo; Semrau, Katherine; Mwiya, Mwiya; Kasonde, Prisca; Scott, Nancy; Vwalika, Cheswa; Walter, Jan; Bulterys, Marc (2008-07-10). "Effects of Early, Abrupt Weaning on HIV-free Survival of Children in Zambia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 359 (2): 130–141. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa073788. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 2577610. PMID 18525036.
  26. ^ Pelto, Gretel H.; Habicht, Jean-Pierre (2011), "Letter to the Editor: Discouraging premastication may do more harm than good: Response to the letter by Levison et al. 2010", Maternal and Child Nutrition, 7 (1): 105–106, doi:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2010.00291.x, PMC 6860494
  27. ^ a b Zhao, Ai; Zheng, Wei; Xue, Yong; Li, Hao; Tan, Shengjie; Zhao, Wenzhi; Wang, Peiyu; Zhang, Yumei (2017-04-06). "Prevalence of premastication among children aged 6–36 months and its association with health: A cross-sectional study in eight cities of China". Maternal & Child Nutrition. 14 (1): e12448. doi:10.1111/mcn.12448. ISSN 1740-8695. PMC 6866172. PMID 28382711.
  28. ^ Van Esterik, Penny; Williams, Anthony; Fewtrell, Mary S.; Tolboom, Jules J.M.; Lack, Gideon; Penagos, Martin (January 2010), "Commentaries on Premastication: the second arm of infant and young child feeding for health and survival? By Gretel Pelto, Yuanyuan Zhang & Jean-Pierre Habicht", Maternal & Child Nutrition, 6 (1): 19–26, doi:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2009.00227.x, PMC 6860646, PMID 20055927
  29. ^ Habicht, Jean-Pierre; Pelto, Gretel H. (2016-05-26). "Addressing epidemiological and public health analytic challenges in outcome and impact research: a commentary on 'Prechewing Infant Food, Consumption of Sweets and Dairy and Not Breastfeeding are Associated with Increased Diarrhea Risk of Ten Month Old Infants'". Maternal & Child Nutrition. 12 (3): 625–631. doi:10.1111/mcn.12327. ISSN 1740-8695. PMC 6860170. PMID 27229538.

January 01, 1970
premastication, chewing, kiss, feeding, chewing, food, purpose, physically, breaking, down, order, feed, another, that, incapable, masticating, food, themselves, this, often, done, mother, relatives, baby, produce, baby, food, capable, being, consumed, child, . Premastication pre chewing or kiss feeding is the act of chewing food for the purpose of physically breaking it down in order to feed another that is incapable of masticating the food by themselves This is often done by the mother or relatives of a baby to produce baby food capable of being consumed by the child during the weaning process The chewed food in the form of a bolus is transferred from the mouth of one individual to another either directly mouth to mouth via utensils hands or is further cooked or processed prior to feeding 1 2 The behaviour was common throughout human history and societies and observed in non human animals While premastication is less common in present day Western societies it was commonly practised and is still done in more traditional cultures 3 Although the health benefits of premastication are still being actively studied the practice appears to confer certain nutritional and immunological benefits to the infant 4 provided that the caretaker is in good health and not infected by pathogens 5 Contents 1 Behavioural roots 1 1 In apes 1 2 Human kiss precursor 2 History and culture 3 Health 4 See also 5 ReferencesBehavioural roots editPremastication and mouth to mouth feeding in humans is postulated to have evolved from the regurgitation of food from parent to offspring or male to female courtship feeding and has been observed in numerous mammals and animals of other species including predatory social insects 6 7 8 For instance food begging behaviour observed in young wolves wild dogs and certain gull species which involves the young approaching the beak or mouth of the adult with their own whereupon gaping their mouths or nuzzling the adult would regurgitate portions of food to feed the young 9 However in the aforementioned animals this nuzzling behaviour and other types of mouth to mouth contact are also used for bonding socialization and courtship 10 In apes edit Young orangutans also beg for food by such contact and accordingly their caretakers regurgitate to feed them 11 Indeed behaviours of mouth to mouth feeding of premasticated food and ritualized mouth to mouth contact for bonding has been observed in anthropoid apes such as gorillas orangutans and chimpanzees All of this supports the idea that human behaviours of kissing and feeding of premastication foods either directly or indirectly from the mouth have their behavioural roots in higher animals and ancestral great apes 12 Human kiss precursor edit There is high similarity in the execution of kiss feeding and human kisses e g French kiss in the former the tongue is used to push food from mother to child with the child receiving both the mother s food and tongue in sucking movements and the latter simply forgoes the premasticated food 10 In fact observations across various species and cultures confirms that the act of kissing and premastication have most likely evolved from the similar relationship based feeding behaviours 6 10 History and culture editWritten records of premastication have been found in Ancient Egypt though the practice likely extends back into prehistoric times to non human ancestors 13 For instance in the Ancient Egyptian Ebers medical papyrus a mother was instructed to give a medical remedy to a child through premastication 14 In the fifth century A D Roman culture premastication of infants food by caretakers was also common though the lack of sanitation along with the practice contributed to infant mortality 15 Infants in Medieval Europe were fed an assortment of mashed premasticated food or bread softened with liquids 16 Due to attitudes in Western medicine in the 1940s and 1950s Native American and Fijian cultures and societies were strongly dissuaded from premastication due to concerns about the hygiene of the practice However the lack of knowledge regarding premastication and its prohibition by missionaries and doctors instead caused severe anemia in the infants of the population 17 or resulted in malnourished infants and children deprived of nourishment 18 Although less prevalent in modern post industrial Western societies the offering of premasticated foods to infants is found in many traditional cultures and offers their infants numerous benefits 19 In North America premastication is still commonly used by Black and Hispanic mothers 20 and commonly used by women of Inuit and Aleut peoples 21 In many human cultures the act of premastication and direct mouth to mouth feeding is linked with the showing of affection known as kiss feeding 10 13 In the Manus cultures of the Admiralty Islands the act of premastication has been used by women to remind children and descendants of their obligations to her 22 Some human cultures such as the people of Papua New Guinea in fact use mouth to mouth contact primarily for feeding premasticated food with sexual kissing only observed after the arrival of Europeans 23 This form of feeding is believed to have evolved into the modern human acts of kissing and French kissing 10 Many Western societies have strong aversions toward premastication which have been compared to their similar criticisms and aversion towards breastfeeding in previous generations for similar rationale 3 with the same societies finding breastfeeding to be a disagreeable practice performed only by the uneducated lower classes or foreign cultures 24 and altering health policies to the detriment of infant health 25 In the late 1800s the medical community of Texas was embroiled in a debate on premastication with those supporting the practice arguing its benefits and those against it stating that it is filthy and repulsive and barbaric 14 Health editThe act of premastication is commonly found in all human societies and populations although it is less prevalent in some than others The evolution and selective advantage of premastication behaviours is that it supplements the infant diet of breast milk by providing access to more macro and micro nutrients as well as digestive enzymes 4 Although disease can be transmitted through saliva in the pre chewed foods the benefits conferred outweighed any risks of the practice during the evolution of human behaviour 3 Furthermore discouraging premastication as prevention to disease transmission may prove as disastrous an infant public health policy as when infants breastfeeding was discouraged in the late 1980s and early 1990s 26 In populations with healthy caregivers premastication is not correlated with negative health consequences 27 with potential benefits and pitfalls of this practice greatly depend on the dietary and medical circumstances of the provider and child 28 The true scope of the benefits of premastication and its prevalence in different societies is still under research though there appears to be some consensus on the nutritional benefits of the practice 4 As a comorbidity with caretaker health and education as well as societal access to proper healthcare and nutrition the impacts of premastication on child health requires further studies and trials prior to the introduction of policies encouraging or dissuading its practice 27 29 See also editBaby food Breastfeeding Hygiene hypothesis KissReferences edit Holmes Wendy 2007 Influences on maternal and child nutrition in the highlands of the northern Lao PDR Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 16 3 537 545 PMID 17704036 Zhang Yuanyuan May 2007 The role of pre mastication in the evolution of complementary feeding strategies a bio cultural analysis PDF Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Honors Theses a b c Pelto Greta Zhang Yuanyuan Habicht Jean Pierre January 2010 Premastication the second arm of infant and young child feeding for health and survival Journal of Maternal and Child Nutrition 6 1 4 18 doi 10 1111 j 1740 8709 2009 00200 x PMC 6860819 PMID 20073131 a b c Aggett Peter 2010 Premastication Maternal and Child Nutrition 6 1 2 3 doi 10 1111 j 1740 8709 2009 00226 x PMC 6860488 PMID 20055926 Levison Judy Gillespie Susan L Montgomery Elizabeth 2011 Think twice before recommending pre masticated food as a source of infant nutrition Maternal amp Child Nutrition 7 1 104 author reply 105 6 doi 10 1111 j 1740 8709 2010 00289 x PMC 6860487 PMID 21143589 a b Eibl Eibesfeldt Irenaus 1971 Love and hate the natural history of behavior patterns Aldine Transaction ISBN 978 0202020389 Wheeler W M 1923 Social life among the insects 375 pages London Eberhard W 1974 The natural history and behaviour of the wasp Trigonopsis cameronii Kohl Sphecidae Trans Royal Ent Soc London 125 3 295 328 Wilson Edward O 1980 Sociobiology Harvard University Press a b c d e Eibl Eibesfeldt Irenaus 1983 Chapter 3 A comparative approach to human ethology in Rajecki D W ed Comparing behavior studying man studying animals Routledge Russon Anne E Bard Kim A Parker Sue Taylor Reaching Into Thought The Minds of the Great Apes Cambridge University Press Nov 26 1998 Eibl Eibesfeldt Irenaus Oct 30 2007 Human Ethology Transaction Publishers p 138 ISBN 9780202366616 a b Kirshenbaum Sheril Jan 5 2011 The Science of Kissing What Our Lips Are Telling Us Hachette Digital Inc a b Radbill Samuel X October 1981 Infant Feeding through the Ages Clin Pediatr 20 10 613 621 doi 10 1177 000992288102001001 PMID 7023787 S2CID 10361664 Soren David Soren Noelle 1999 A Roman Villa and a Late Roman Infant Cemetery Excavation at Poggio Gramignano Lugnano in Teverina L ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER Forgeng Jeffrey L Singman Jeffrey L 1999 Daily Life in Medieval Europe Greenwood Publishing Group Pijoan M Elkin C A 1944 Secondary anemia due to prolonged and exclusive milk feeding among Shoshone indian infants PDF Journal of Nutrition 27 67 75 doi 10 1093 jn 27 1 67 Jansen A A J Parkinson Susan Robertson A F S 1990 Food and Nutrition in Fiji Food production composition and intake editorips usp ac fj pp 331 392 ISBN 9789820200609 Konner Melvin May 31 2010 The Evolution of Childhood Relationships Emotion Mind Harvard University Press Andrews Margaret M Boyle Joyceen S 2008 Transcultural Concepts in Nursing Care 5 ed Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins Sprott Julie E 1992 Alaska Native Parents in Anchorage Perspectives on Childrearing University Press of America Schwartz Theodore 1975 Relations among generations in Time Limited Cultures Ethos 3 2 309 322 doi 10 1525 eth 1975 3 2 02a00150 Bailey K V 1963 Premastication of infant food in the New Guinea Highlands South Pacific Commission Technical Information Circular 61 1 1 3 Nathoo Tasnim Ostry Aleck Jun 1 2009 The One Best Way Breastfeeding History Politics and Policy in Canada Wilfrid Laurier Univ Press Kuhn Louise Aldrovandi Grace M Sinkala Moses Kankasa Chipepo Semrau Katherine Mwiya Mwiya Kasonde Prisca Scott Nancy Vwalika Cheswa Walter Jan Bulterys Marc 2008 07 10 Effects of Early Abrupt Weaning on HIV free Survival of Children in Zambia The New England Journal of Medicine 359 2 130 141 doi 10 1056 NEJMoa073788 ISSN 0028 4793 PMC 2577610 PMID 18525036 Pelto Gretel H Habicht Jean Pierre 2011 Letter to the Editor Discouraging premastication may do more harm than good Response to the letter by Levison et al 2010 Maternal and Child Nutrition 7 1 105 106 doi 10 1111 j 1740 8709 2010 00291 x PMC 6860494 a b Zhao Ai Zheng Wei Xue Yong Li Hao Tan Shengjie Zhao Wenzhi Wang Peiyu Zhang Yumei 2017 04 06 Prevalence of premastication among children aged 6 36 months and its association with health A cross sectional study in eight cities of China Maternal amp Child Nutrition 14 1 e12448 doi 10 1111 mcn 12448 ISSN 1740 8695 PMC 6866172 PMID 28382711 Van Esterik Penny Williams Anthony Fewtrell Mary S Tolboom Jules J M Lack Gideon Penagos Martin January 2010 Commentaries on Premastication the second arm of infant and young child feeding for health and survival By Gretel Pelto Yuanyuan Zhang amp Jean Pierre Habicht Maternal amp Child Nutrition 6 1 19 26 doi 10 1111 j 1740 8709 2009 00227 x PMC 6860646 PMID 20055927 Habicht Jean Pierre Pelto Gretel H 2016 05 26 Addressing epidemiological and public health analytic challenges in outcome and impact research a commentary on Prechewing Infant Food Consumption of Sweets and Dairy and Not Breastfeeding are Associated with Increased Diarrhea Risk of Ten Month Old Infants Maternal amp Child Nutrition 12 3 625 631 doi 10 1111 mcn 12327 ISSN 1740 8695 PMC 6860170 PMID 27229538 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Premastication amp oldid 1200019811, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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