Pratishakhya (Sanskrit: प्रातिशाख्यprātiśākhya), also known as Parsada (pārṣada), are Vedic-era manuals devoted to the precise and consistent pronunciation of words.[1] These works were critical to the preservation of the Vedic texts, as well as the accurate ritual recitations and analyses of the Vedas, particularly when isolated words interact after they have been joined in sandhi procedures. Each Vedic school (parisad, or parsad) and geographic branch (sakha) developed their own manuals, explaining why they have come to be called parsada or pratisakhya.[1][2]
Dasatayi Pratisakhya of Saunakacharya, related to the Rigveda (Schoyen Collection Norway).
The manuals are parts of the ShikshaVedanga: works dealing with the phonetic aspects of the Sanskrit language used in the Vedas. Each Veda has a pratishakhya for each school. Many pratishakhyas have survived into the modern age, and, according to Hartmut Scharfe, all except one (Taittiriya pratisakhya) are based upon "recitation of isolated words".[3] Pratishakhyas begin with word-for-word recitation, and then supply rules for the continuous recitation of texts.[3] Though all the manuals have the same basic goal, they differ significantly in how each achieves that goal.[3] They were composed centuries before the work of Pāṇini, but there is evidence in these manuals that many pratisakhya evolved and were revised over time by the respective school to their regional preferences.[3][4] The few manuscripts of the pratisakhyas that have survived into the modern era are likely from the 500 to 150 BCE period.[5][4] The phonetic aspects of Vajasaneyi Pratisakhya is closest to those found in the classic Sanskrit grammar work of Pāṇini.[6]
One of the Pratisakhyas treats of the phonetic aspects of the Rig Veda. The work is generally ascribed to Shaunaka, an ancient rishi (sage). It has been translated into German by Max Müller. A French translation done by M. Regnier is also available, as is an English translation by Mangal Deva Shastri.[7]
Yajur Vedaedit
There are two treatises dealing with phonetic and related aspects of the Yajur Veda. The first, commonly known as the Krishna (Black) Yajur Veda, is known as Taittriya Pratisakhya. Its English translation done by Professor Whitney is also available,[8] and the same has been published in the Journal of the American Oriental Society. The second treatise is commonly called the Shukla (White) Yajur Veda, and is known as Vajasaneyi Pratisakhya. The later is believed to have been written by Katyayana. Its translation done by Weber is available.
Atharva Vedaedit
The treatise pertaining to the phonetic and other aspects of Atharva Veda is also ascribed to the sage Saunaka, and derives its name from him: the Saunakiya Chaturadhyayika, which means the Book having four chapters by Saunak. Whitney has translated the work into English.
Sama Vedaedit
The name of the pratisakhya belonging to Sama Veda is Rk Tantra. Most of the mantras in Sama Veda are either from the Rk Veda or adapted from it, though sung differently. Hence the name Rk Tantra.
A critical edition of a Samaveda pratisakhya was published by Surya Kanta Shastri in 1933.[9]
^S S Shastri (1933), Rktantram: A Pratisakhya of the Samaveda, Mehar Chand Lachhman Das, Lahore
Referencesedit
John Duncan Martin Derrett (1973). A history of Indian literature: Scientific and technical literature, Part II. Dharmaśāstra and juridical literature. Harrassowitz. ISBN978-3-447-01519-6.
Hartmut Scharfe (1977). Grammatical Literature. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN978-3-447-01706-0.
Shastri, Mangal Deva (1922). The Rg-vedapratisakhya with the Commentary of Uvata. Part of the Introduction. London: Oxford University Press.
Shastri, Mangal Deva (1931). The Rg-vedapratisakhya with the Commentary of Uvata. Volume ii: Text in Sutra Form and Commentary with Critical Apparatus (in Sanskrit). Allahabad: The Indian Press.
Shastri, Mangal Deva (1937). The Rg-vedapratisakhya with the Commentary of Uvata. Volume iii: English Translation of the Text, Additional Notes, Several Appendices and Indices. Lahore: Moti Lal Banarsi Das.
J.F. Staal (1967). Word Order in Sanskrit and Universal Grammar. D Reidel, Holland. ISBN978-90-277-0549-5.
Whitney, William D. (1973) [1863]. The Tattirīya-Prātiśākhya: With its Commentary the Tribhāshyaratna: Text, Translation and Notes. Delhi: Motilal Banardisidass.
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pratishakhyas, pratishakhya, sanskrit, prātiśākhya, also, known, parsada, pārṣada, vedic, manuals, devoted, precise, consistent, pronunciation, words, these, works, were, critical, preservation, vedic, texts, well, accurate, ritual, recitations, analyses, veda. Pratishakhya Sanskrit प र त श ख य pratisakhya also known as Parsada parṣada are Vedic era manuals devoted to the precise and consistent pronunciation of words 1 These works were critical to the preservation of the Vedic texts as well as the accurate ritual recitations and analyses of the Vedas particularly when isolated words interact after they have been joined in sandhi procedures Each Vedic school parisad or parsad and geographic branch sakha developed their own manuals explaining why they have come to be called parsada or pratisakhya 1 2 Dasatayi Pratisakhya of Saunakacharya related to the Rigveda Schoyen Collection Norway The manuals are parts of the Shiksha Vedanga works dealing with the phonetic aspects of the Sanskrit language used in the Vedas Each Veda has a pratishakhya for each school Many pratishakhyas have survived into the modern age and according to Hartmut Scharfe all except one Taittiriya pratisakhya are based upon recitation of isolated words 3 Pratishakhyas begin with word for word recitation and then supply rules for the continuous recitation of texts 3 Though all the manuals have the same basic goal they differ significantly in how each achieves that goal 3 They were composed centuries before the work of Paṇini but there is evidence in these manuals that many pratisakhya evolved and were revised over time by the respective school to their regional preferences 3 4 The few manuscripts of the pratisakhyas that have survived into the modern era are likely from the 500 to 150 BCE period 5 4 The phonetic aspects of Vajasaneyi Pratisakhya is closest to those found in the classic Sanskrit grammar work of Paṇini 6 Contents 1 Rig Veda 2 Yajur Veda 3 Atharva Veda 4 Sama Veda 5 See also 6 Notes 7 ReferencesRig Veda editOne of the Pratisakhyas treats of the phonetic aspects of the Rig Veda The work is generally ascribed to Shaunaka an ancient rishi sage It has been translated into German by Max Muller A French translation done by M Regnier is also available as is an English translation by Mangal Deva Shastri 7 Yajur Veda editThere are two treatises dealing with phonetic and related aspects of the Yajur Veda The first commonly known as the Krishna Black Yajur Veda is known as Taittriya Pratisakhya Its English translation done by Professor Whitney is also available 8 and the same has been published in the Journal of the American Oriental Society The second treatise is commonly called the Shukla White Yajur Veda and is known as Vajasaneyi Pratisakhya The later is believed to have been written by Katyayana Its translation done by Weber is available Atharva Veda editThe treatise pertaining to the phonetic and other aspects of Atharva Veda is also ascribed to the sage Saunaka and derives its name from him the Saunakiya Chaturadhyayika which means the Book having four chapters by Saunak Whitney has translated the work into English Sama Veda editThe name of the pratisakhya belonging to Sama Veda is Rk Tantra Most of the mantras in Sama Veda are either from the Rk Veda or adapted from it though sung differently Hence the name Rk Tantra A critical edition of a Samaveda pratisakhya was published by Surya Kanta Shastri in 1933 9 See also editShikshaNotes edit a b Hartmut Scharfe 1977 p 127 J F Staal 1967 pp 17 26 a b c d Hartmut Scharfe 1977 pp 127 129 a b John Duncan Martin Derrett 1973 pp 129 134 J F Staal 1967 p 17 Hartmut Scharfe 1977 pp 129 132 Shastri 1922 Shastri 1931 Shastri 1937 Whitney 1973 S S Shastri 1933 Rktantram A Pratisakhya of the Samaveda Mehar Chand Lachhman Das LahoreReferences editJohn Duncan Martin Derrett 1973 A history of Indian literature Scientific and technical literature Part II Dharmasastra and juridical literature Harrassowitz ISBN 978 3 447 01519 6 Kanta Surya 1939 Atharva Pratishakya PDF Lahore Mehar Chand Lachhman Das Hartmut Scharfe 1977 Grammatical Literature Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 978 3 447 01706 0 Shastri Mangal Deva 1922 The Rg vedapratisakhya with the Commentary of Uvata Part of the Introduction London Oxford University Press Shastri Mangal Deva 1931 The Rg vedapratisakhya with the Commentary of Uvata Volume ii Text in Sutra Form and Commentary with Critical Apparatus in Sanskrit Allahabad The Indian Press Shastri Mangal Deva 1937 The Rg vedapratisakhya with the Commentary of Uvata Volume iii English Translation of the Text Additional Notes Several Appendices and Indices Lahore Moti Lal Banarsi Das J F Staal 1967 Word Order in Sanskrit and Universal Grammar D Reidel Holland ISBN 978 90 277 0549 5 Whitney William D 1973 1863 The Tattiriya Pratisakhya With its Commentary the Tribhashyaratna Text Translation and Notes Delhi Motilal Banardisidass nbsp This Hinduism related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pratishakhyas amp oldid 1118917981, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
