Port management

Port management involves the management of ports.

Larger Ports

According to a syllabus of the United Nations University:

Large ports need to deal with a number of disparate activities: the movement of ships, containers, and other cargo, the loading and unloading of ships and containers, customs activities. As well as human resources, anchorages, channels, lighter, tugs, berths, warehouse, and other storage spaces have to be allocated and released. The efficient management of a port involves managing these activities and resources, managing the flows of money involved between the agents providing and using these resources, and providing management information.^[1]

Smaller Ports

Port Business Models

There are three broad port business models:

1. The landlord business model in which: “the port is an entity that owns the port infrastructure and has agreements with third party operators”;
2. The integrated model in which “the port is itself an operator that provides all cargo handling services”; and
3. The mixed model in which “the port management body partly provides terminal-handling services in-house and partly relies on third-party operators” ^[2]

Environmental Management and Regulation

In 2008 The World Ports Climate Declaration (WPCD) was adopted by 55 of the world’s largest ports, committing to the long-term work on implementation of initiatives addressing environmental issues.^[3] Another notable initiative, The Green Marine (GM) certification program, in which North American maritime corporations, including ports, seek to reduce their environmental impacts, was founded in 2007.^[4] An evaluation of this program for Canadian ports over the course of eight years, however, show that only 7 out of 18 major ports “proactively integrated sustainability into their operations”.^[5] The importance of environmental port regulation and management owes to the fact that the activities of ports are positioned in the intersection between energy and transport systems and connect a network of different sectors, markets, and value chains, making them a central part of the global economy.^[6] While several functional activities are centered around ports, such as cargo handling and storage operations, intermodal connection, industrial activities, and port expansion, the most prevalent port activity is that of shipping, making the regulation of ports primarily driven by the IMO.^[7]

The effectiveness of measures taken by ports only become consequential if adoption rates are high, suggesting that port collaboration and coordination around common schemes is needed.^[2] Without such coordination, competition between ports could lead to a distortion of competition and environmental taxation where ports that are more heavily taxed suffer from shipping being diverted to rival ports.^[8][9] This is consistent with findings of a trade-off between port competitiveness and environmental protection measures taken by ports – a mechanism that is stronger for developing countries.^[10][11]

The adoption of environmental initiatives by ports is influenced by several different factors. Firstly, some ports are more likely to adopt measures than others. Ports in the EU have generally made more progress adopting environmental measures than North American and Asian Pacific ports.^[12] Ports closer to densely populated areas are more likely to adopt these measures. Some experts posit that this owes to more pressure being put on these ports, since their pollution immediately affects close populations.^[2] Ports operating with a landlord business model are also more likely to adopt abatement measures.^[2] Ports that specialize in servicing container shipping are more likely to adopt abatement measures as compared to ports handling bulk commodities. Experts posit that this is likely connected with the nature of container ship activities. Container ships generally have a fixed round-trip route ensuring frequent and regular visits to specific ports. Because these ship calls are more frequent there is also a higher potential for emissions abatement. Further, container lines carry goods for producers which increasingly need to live up to sustainability requirements through their supply chain, making it increasingly necessary for container lines to focus on their environmental performance, if they want to keep these producers as customers. In turn, ports servicing container ships would need to respond with stronger emissions abatement measures, in efforts to keep container lines as their customers.^[2]

Secondly, the types of initiatives most widely adopted focus on international environmental policy and management; investment in proactive environmental solutions; and enhanced stakeholder engagement.^[12] Policy and management of ports predominantly centers around measures of regulating environmental standards over other measures such as pricing, market access control, and the monitoring and measuring of port activities.^[7] In landlord ports and ports near densely populated areas both pricing strategies incentivizing port users to shift to low-emission technology and monitoring are more likely to be adopted over other measures such as improving operational efficiency or providing alternative fuel sources.^[2] Adoption also depends on governments and their regulatory agenda along with the financial capacity and competence of port authorities.^[13] When comparing European and West African ports, experts found that ports in Europe tend to focus on technical infrastructure and measures addressing air quality, energy and climate change mitigation, while ports in  West Africa typically have an integrated business model and mostly implement measures targeting sustainable waste management, oil spills and ballast water management.^[13]

See also

• American Association of Port Authorities
• Port authority
• Port security

References

1. . United Nations University. September 1998. Archived from the original on 2006-01-08. Retrieved 2006-02-24.
2. Sornn-Friese, Henrik; Poulsen, René Taudal; Nowinska, Agnieszka Urszula; de Langen, Peter (January 2021). "What drives ports around the world to adopt air emissions abatement measures?". Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 90: 102644. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2020.102644. S2CID 229462046.
3. Fenton, Paul (January 2017). "The role of port cities and transnational municipal networks in efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions on land and at sea from shipping – An assessment of the World Ports Climate Initiative". Marine Policy. 75: 271–277. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2015.12.012.
4. Walker, Tony R. (April 2016). "Green Marine: An environmental program to establish sustainability in marine transportation". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 105 (1): 199–207. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.029. PMID 26899158.
5. Hossain, Tahazzud; Adams, Michelle; Walker, Tony R. (August 2019). "Sustainability initiatives in Canadian ports". Marine Policy. 106: 103519. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103519. S2CID 164819617.
6. Bjerkan, Kristin Ystmark; Ryghaug, Marianne (May 2021). "Diverging pathways to port sustainability: How social processes shape and direct transition work". Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 166: 120595. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120595. hdl:11250/2727639. S2CID 233359744.
7. Lam, Jasmine Siu Lee; Notteboom, Theo (2014-03-04). "The Greening of Ports: A Comparison of Port Management Tools Used by Leading Ports in Asia and Europe". Transport Reviews. 34 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/01441647.2014.891162. ISSN 0144-1647. S2CID 154682884.
8. Homsombat, Winai; Yip, Tsz Leung; Yang, Hangjun; Fu, Xiaowen (September 2013). "Regional cooperation and management of port pollution". Maritime Policy & Management. 40 (5): 451–466. doi:10.1080/03088839.2013.797118. ISSN 0308-8839. S2CID 153659040.
9. Heine, Dirk; Gäde, Susanne (April 2018). "Unilaterally removing implicit subsidies for maritime fuels: A mechanism to unilaterally tax maritime emissions while satisfying extraterritoriality, tax competition and political constraints". International Economics and Economic Policy. 15 (2): 523–545. doi:10.1007/s10368-017-0410-6. ISSN 1612-4804. S2CID 202668891.
10. Du, Ke; Monios, Jason; Wang, Yuhong (2019), "Green Port Strategies in China", Green Ports, Elsevier, pp. 211–229, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814054-3.00011-6, ISBN 978-0-12-814054-3, S2CID 169696175, retrieved 2023-05-29
11. Kotowska, Izabela; Mańkowska, Marta; Pluciński, Michał (2018-09-28). "Inland Shipping to Serve the Hinterland: The Challenge for Seaport Authorities". Sustainability. 10 (10): 3468. doi:10.3390/su10103468. ISSN 2071-1050.
12. Hossain, Tahazzud; Adams, Michelle; Walker, Tony R. (March 2021). "Role of sustainability in global seaports". Ocean & Coastal Management. 202: 105435. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105435. S2CID 228860061.
13. Lawer, Eric Tamatey; Herbeck, Johannes; Flitner, Michael (2019-09-19). "Selective Adoption: How Port Authorities in Europe and West Africa Engage with the Globalizing 'Green Port' Idea". Sustainability. 11 (18): 5119. doi:10.3390/su11185119. ISSN 2071-1050.