Polydipsia is an excessively large water intake. Its occurrence in captive birds has been recorded, although it is a relatively rare abnormal behaviour.
Polydipsia can be the result of a bird having ingested a toxin, or overconsumption of natural substances. For example, in pet birds, crackers, snack items, chips, fast foods, and canned vegetables (unrinsed) if eaten in sufficient quantities may cause a mild salt toxicity (5-10 times requirement) and subsequent polydipsia.[1] Polydipsia can result from zinc poisoning[2] to which caged birds may be particularly susceptible because of the zinc coating often used on birdcage bars.
Polydipsia has been experimentally induced in pigeons, budgerigars and ducks, by the administration of lithium chloride (LiCl). The polydipsic effect was greatest in budgerigars, a desert-dwelling species with a well-developed fluid retention system, and least in ducks, a species with an efficient sodium-secretion system.[3]
Polydipsia sometimes occurs under housing or experimental conditions which purportedly lead to stress or frustration.
Growing parent stock of meat-type chickens (broilers), subjected routinely to chronic food restriction, show increased drinking after a single daily meal along with other oral stereotypies. Expression of these activities is correlated positively with the level of restriction imposed, and is thought to be controlled mainly by central dopaminergic mechanisms.[7]
Under experimental conditions where birds receive reinforcements on a strict schedule, for example receiving one pellet of food each minute often indicated by a tone or other stimulus, the birds may develop polydipsia. Under these conditions it is called schedule induced polydipsia or sometimes, adjunctive drinking.[8][9]
Geneticsedit
Some strains of hens are polydipsic, drinking almost twice the normal amount of water. It has been suggested that a recessive major gene is involved in this condition.[10] Similarly, a quail line that exhibits polyuria was found to be fixed for an autosomal recessive mutation that also induced polydipsia.[11]
Referencesedit
^. Archived from the original on 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2011-10-04.
^"Parrots - Parrot Conservation - Breeding - The Parrot Society UK".
^Hardy, W.T. and Westbrook R.F. 1981. Lithium-induced polydipsia in birds: A comparative study and analysis of electrolyte excretion. Physiology and Behavior, 27: 575-583
^. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
^. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
^Ralph, C.L. 1960. Polydipsia in the hen following lesions in the supraoptic hypothalamus. American Journal of Physiology, 198:528-530
^Savory, C.J. and Mann, J.S., 1997. Is there a role for corticosterone in expression of abnormal behaviour in restricted-fed fowls? Physiology & Behavior, 62: 7-13
^Hamm, R.J., Porter, J.H. and Kaempf, G.L. 1981. Stimulus generalization of schedule-induced polydipsia. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behaviour, 36: 93–99
^Minvielle, F., Grossmann R. and Gourichon, D., 2007. Development and performances of a Japanese Quail line homozygous for the diabetes insipidus (di) mutation. Poultry Science, 86:249-254
March 06, 2024
polydipsia, birds, polydipsia, excessively, large, water, intake, occurrence, captive, birds, been, recorded, although, relatively, rare, abnormal, behaviour, contents, causes, toxins, symptom, disease, brain, lesions, psychogenic, genetics, referencescauses, . Polydipsia is an excessively large water intake Its occurrence in captive birds has been recorded although it is a relatively rare abnormal behaviour Contents 1 Causes 1 1 Toxins 1 2 Symptom of disease 1 3 Brain lesions 1 4 Psychogenic 2 Genetics 3 ReferencesCauses editToxins edit Polydipsia can be the result of a bird having ingested a toxin or overconsumption of natural substances For example in pet birds crackers snack items chips fast foods and canned vegetables unrinsed if eaten in sufficient quantities may cause a mild salt toxicity 5 10 times requirement and subsequent polydipsia 1 Polydipsia can result from zinc poisoning 2 to which caged birds may be particularly susceptible because of the zinc coating often used on birdcage bars Polydipsia has been experimentally induced in pigeons budgerigars and ducks by the administration of lithium chloride LiCl The polydipsic effect was greatest in budgerigars a desert dwelling species with a well developed fluid retention system and least in ducks a species with an efficient sodium secretion system 3 Symptom of disease edit In waterfowl polydipsia can be a symptom of duck virus enteritis 4 Polydipsia has also been listed 5 unreliable source as a symptom of many diseases including Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus Diabetes insipidus Diabetes mellitus Renal glucosuria Vitamin A deficiency Liver disease Renal disease Hypercalcemia Hyperthyroidism Hyperadrenocorticism Hypervitaminosis D3 Elevated dietary sodium Excess dietary protein Excess fruit consumptionBrain lesions edit In hens lesions of the supraoptic hypothalamus of the brain can result in polydipsia 6 Psychogenic edit See also Psychogenic polydipsia in humans Polydipsia sometimes occurs under housing or experimental conditions which purportedly lead to stress or frustration Growing parent stock of meat type chickens broilers subjected routinely to chronic food restriction show increased drinking after a single daily meal along with other oral stereotypies Expression of these activities is correlated positively with the level of restriction imposed and is thought to be controlled mainly by central dopaminergic mechanisms 7 Under experimental conditions where birds receive reinforcements on a strict schedule for example receiving one pellet of food each minute often indicated by a tone or other stimulus the birds may develop polydipsia Under these conditions it is called schedule induced polydipsia or sometimes adjunctive drinking 8 9 Genetics editSome strains of hens are polydipsic drinking almost twice the normal amount of water It has been suggested that a recessive major gene is involved in this condition 10 Similarly a quail line that exhibits polyuria was found to be fixed for an autosomal recessive mutation that also induced polydipsia 11 References edit Food Toxicoses in Birds Archived from the original on 2011 10 04 Retrieved 2011 10 04 Parrots Parrot Conservation Breeding The Parrot Society UK Hardy W T and Westbrook R F 1981 Lithium induced polydipsia in birds A comparative study and analysis of electrolyte excretion Physiology and Behavior 27 575 583 Waterfowl diseases Domestic waterfowl Club Archived from the original on 2011 04 29 Retrieved 2011 04 09 HolisticBird and HolisticBirds Archived from the original on 2012 03 22 Retrieved 2011 04 09 Ralph C L 1960 Polydipsia in the hen following lesions in the supraoptic hypothalamus American Journal of Physiology 198 528 530 Savory C J and Mann J S 1997 Is there a role for corticosterone in expression of abnormal behaviour in restricted fed fowls Physiology amp Behavior 62 7 13 Hamm R J Porter J H and Kaempf G L 1981 Stimulus generalization of schedule induced polydipsia Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behaviour 36 93 99 Palya W L 1980 Stereotyped adjunctive pecking by caged pigeons Animal Learning amp Behavior 8 293 303 Factors Affecting Water Intake of Poultry Minvielle F Grossmann R and Gourichon D 2007 Development and performances of a Japanese Quail line homozygous for the diabetes insipidus di mutation Poultry Science 86 249 254 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Polydipsia in birds amp oldid 1163846812, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
