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Political repression in post-apartheid South Africa

October 27, 2023

The Constitution of South Africa protects all basic political freedoms. However, there have been many incidents of political repression,[1] dating back to at least 2002,[2] as well as threats of future repression in violation of this constitution leading some analysts, civil society organisations and popular movements to conclude that there is a new climate of political repression[3][4][5] or a decline in political tolerance.[6]

It has been argued that repression peaked during the period of the Jacob Zuma presidency, with some analysts linking the increase in repression to the influence of the 'security cluster' under the Jacob Zuma presidency.[7][8] It has been argued that Zuma "enhanced the coercive capacity of the state"[9] and that he focused on "building a state based on fear".[10] It has also been argued that repression has affected poor people's organisations most seriously but that repression directed against poor people has been systemically under-reported in the media.[11]

Serious concern has been expressed about police brutality in South Africa.[12][13] Sipho Hlongwane, writing in Business Day, has argued that "South Africa is a brutal police state."[14]According to Greg Marinovich "The police are acting with impunity. Their political masters are acting with impunity. In the South Africa of 2012, if you are poor and without political clout, you are on your own."[15] Amnesty International has expressed serious concerns about brutality, including torture and extrajudicial killings, at the hands of the police in South Africa.[16][17] Ronnie Kasrils has argued that there has been a "descent into police state depravity" under Jacob Zuma.[18] It has been observed that "Torture is routine practice in South Africa's police stations and prisons".[19]

The country also has a serious problem with political assassinations.[20]

It has been claimed that senior ANC politicians are responsible for the repression of grassroots activists.[21] In 2012 Bishop Rubin Phillip said that "a dark night is settling over our country as the light of our democratic dawn dims".[22]

Threats to media freedom edit

Under Jacob Zuma the ANC expressed open opposition to media freedom.[23] Serious concern was expressed about the proposed Media Appeals Tribunal and Protection of Information Bill which, if passed, would significantly reduce press freedom.[24][25][26][27][28][9][29]

There have been a number of reports of serious intimidation of journalists.[30] In 2007 the Freedom of Expression Institute and The Mercury newspaper reported a death threat against a journalist in Durban by controversial local businessman Ricky Govender who claims close links with Jacob Zuma.[31] In Durban in 2009 the editor of The Mercury, Philani Makhanya, laid a charge of intimidation against S'bu Mpisani, a politically connected contractor for the housing department in that city who had allegedly threatened the newspaper for its investigations into his activities.[32] In Port Elizabeth the branch chairperson of the ruling African National Congress (ANC), Nceba Faku, called for party supporters to burn down the offices of the local newspaper the Daily Dispatch in 2011.[33] In 2012 Piet Rampedi and Adriaan Bassoon, journalists at the City Press, were subject to various threats and forms of intimidation while covering a story on corruption by Julius Malema.[34] Also in 2012 ANC supporters publicly burnt copies of the City Press newspaper in Durban.[35]

Threats to artistic freedom edit

Poet Mbongeni Khumalo has claimed "that his no-holds barred lyricism attracted the attention of state security".[36]

In 2012 leading figures in the ruling party called for a painting, The Spear, to be destroyed and publicly endorsed the defacement of the painting.

Unlawful state bans on protests edit

There have been a number of independently documented cases where the constitutionally protected right to protest has not been honoured by the state.[9][37][38][39][40] One particularly well documented instance occurred in Durban in 2006[41] and another in Cape Town in 2012.[42][43] It has also been claimed that the right to protest has been summarily denied to shack dwellers on the East Rand.[44] It has been argued that not just ANC controlled municipalities, but also opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) ones, engage in unlawful bans on the right to protest.[45] It has also been suggested that recent judicial interventions amount to a de facto curtailment of the right to protest.[46] It has been argued that there was an increase in the unlawful banning of protests after the 2012 Marikana massacre[47] and that this has taken the form of a de facto "state of emergency".[48]

Police repression edit

See also: Human rights in South Africa

Militarisation of the police edit

The police, which were demilitarised after apartheid have been remilitarised[49][50] and some politicians have encouraged the police to 'shoot to kill'.[51] In the view of some analysts this has contributed to escalating repression.[50][52] Concern has also been expressed at use of tactical response teams to contain popular protest[53] and at the idea that the army should support the police in containing popular protest.[54]

Police harassment of journalists edit

In 2010 journalists Mzilikazi waAfrika was arrested at the offices of the Sunday Times. Charges against him were later dropped.[55] waAfrika's phone was also unlawfully tapped by the police.[56] In July 2012 Nic Dawes, Sam Sole and Stefaans Brummer, journalists at the Mail & Guardian, were questioned by the police following the publication of a story alleging corruption by senior ANC leader Mac Maharaj.[57]

Police harassment of activists edit

There have been numerous incidents of repression against grassroots social movements[58] and activists have alleged arrests on trumped up charges[2] and assaults at the hands of the police.[59] For instance it was reported that Ashraf Cassiem from the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign was assaulted by the police in 2000 while resisting an eviction[60] and that S'bu Zikode and Philani Zungu from Abahlali baseMjondolo were arrested and assaulted while on the way to a radio interview in 2006.[61] In September 2010 four residents of Hangberg, in Hout Bay, near Cape Town were shot in the face at close range by police with rubber bullets leading to the loss of their eyes.[62] In February 2011 two protesters were killed by the police and a number subject to torture in Ermelo.[53] In January 2012 it was reported that Ayanda Kota was assaulted in the Grahamstown police station.[63][64] In August and September 2012 strikers and community activists in Marikana were subject to sustained police harassment, including a large number of fatalities.[65] In October 2012 activists in Makause, on the East Rand, reported death threats from the police.[66] In December 2012 it was reported that in Wesselton, Mpumalanga, police were engaged in sustained collective harassment, some of it violent, of a local community.[67]

Police torture of activists edit

There has been general concern about police torture in South Africa,[27][28][68] which has been described as "occurring en masse" and "spiralling out of control".[69] In 1996 Kevin Kunene, founding chairman of the KwaMbonambi Environmental Group, was tortured by the police.[70] Organisations such as the Landless People's Movement[71] have documented cases in which activists and protesters have been tortured.[72][73] There were media reports of police torture of activists in Wessleton, Ermelo, in 2011[53][74][75] and in Marikana in 2012.[76][77][78]

People Killed by the Police During Protests

The worst instance of lethal police violence in response to protest since the end of the apartheid era in South Africa is the shootings of 34 striking miners at Marikanan near Rustenburg, which have come to be known as 'The Marikana Massacre', during the Marikana miner strike on 16 August 2012.[5][79][80][81]

The ICD has reported a rise in police violence against protesters since 2010[82] and a number of unarmed protesters have been killed by the South African Police Service since 2000.[83] Four people were killed by the police during protests between 2000 and 2004, two in 2006, one in 2008, two in 2009, three in 2010 and eleven in 2011.[84] The media have reported at least 27 police killings of protesters and bystanders (not including the 34 people killed in the Marikana Massacre) and a number of killings by private security guards since 2000.[citation needed]

People killed by police during protests edit

  • Yusuf Jacobs (22) Cape Town, 8 January 1999[85][86]
  • Michael Makhabane (23) Durban, 16 May 2000[87]
  • Abel Phetla (17) Alexandria, Johannesburg, 30 May 2000[88]
  • Dennis Mathibithi (17) and Nhlanhla Masuku (15), Kathlehong, 16 February 2004[89]
  • Tebogo Mkhonza (17), Harrismith, 30 August 2004[90]
  • Monica Ngcobo, (19) Durban, 2 March 2006[91]
  • Jan Matshobe, (27) Sebokeng, Johannesburg, 1 May 2008[92]
  • Mthokozisi Nkwanyana, (24) Durban, 2008[93]
  • Unnamed girl, KwaZakhele, KwaZulu-Natal, 1 July 2009[94]
  • Unnamed person, Mashishing, Mpumalanga, 5 June 2009[95]
  • Priscilla Sukai (46) eTwatwa, Daveyton, 2010[96]
  • Unnamed man, Siyazenzela, Mpumalanga, 5 April 2010[97]
  • Anna Nokele (19), Welkom, September 2010[98]
  • Two unnamed children, Boipelo, Gauteng, 15 February 2011[99][100]
  • Solomon Madonsela and Bongani Mathebula, 19 February 2011[101]
  • Dimakatso Kgaswane and unnamed person, Tlokweng, North West, 31 May 2011[102]
  • Andries Tatane (33), Ficksburg, 13 April 2011[103]
  • Nhlanhla Ngcobo (19) and two unnamed people in KwaDukuza, KwaZulu-Natal, 6 June 2011[104]
  • Mxolisi Buthelezi (14), Folweni Reserve, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, 2 July 2012[105]
  • Unnamed person (27), Mahikeng, North West, 4 July 2012[106]
  • Paulina Masuhlo, Marikana, North West, 19 September 2012[107]
  • Michael Daniels (28), Wolsely, Western Cape, 14 November 2012[108][109]
  • Service Nkadimeng (33), Primrose, Germiston, Gauteng, 18 November 2012[110]
  • Letsekang Tokhwane (25), De Doorns, 14 January 2013[111] (Note: Some media reports indicate that a third, unnamed protestor was also killed in the Western Cape Farm Workers' Strike[112])
  • Six unnamed people, Sasolburg, Free State, 22 January 2013[113] (Note: One report indicates that one, also unnamed man, was reported to have been shot dead by a passing motorist)[114]
  • Nkosiyethu Wele Mgoq (15), Sterksrpuit, Eastern Cape, 15 February 2013[115]
  • Nqobile Nzuza (17), Durban, 30 September 2013[116]
  • Themba Khumalo (20), Bekkersdal, Gauteng, 23 October 2013[117]
  • Jan Rivombo, Pretoria, 8 January 2014[118]
  • Mike Tshele, Osia Rahube, Lerato Seema and Enock Seimela, Brits, 13 January 2014[119][120][121]
  • Tshepo Mabuseng (28), Roodepoort, Gauteng 23 January 2014[122]
  • Mozere Molele and Mohale "Lighty" Selo, Tzaneen, 29 January 2014[123][124]
  • Unnamed man, Soweto, 19 February 2014[125]
  • Unnamed three-month-old baby, Majakaneng, North West, March 2014[126]
  • Unnamed school child and 47-year-old man, Thembelihle, 25/26 February 2015[127][128]
  • Lucas Lebyane (15), Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga, 27 February 2015[129]
  • Unnamed, Mopani, Limpopo 8 May 2015[130]
  • Unnamed male (23), Bedford, Eastern Cape 12 May 2015[131]
  • Unnamed, Burgersfort, Limpopo 13 May 2015[132]
  • Karabo Khumalo (11), Bela Bela, Limpopo, 7 February 2017,[133]
  • Unnamed 16-year-old boy, Standerton, Mpumalanga, May 2017[134]
  • Jayden Khoza, 2-week-old baby boy, Durban, May 2017[135]
  • Songezo Ndude (30), Imizamo Yethu, Hout Bay, July 2017.[136]
  • Steven Kau (23), East Rand, Johannesburg, January 2018[137]
  • Two unnamed people, Caledon, Western Cape, April 2019[138]
  • Two unnamed people, a seven-year-old girl and a 33-year-old man, Philippi East, Cape Town, 16 June 2020[139]
  • Leo Williams (9), Laingville, August 2020[140]
  • Zamekile Shangase (32), Lamontville, Durban[141]
  • Karabo Chaka (16), Johannesburg, 31 July 2023[142]

People killed by private security guards during protests edit

  • Christopher Jele (21), Piet Retief, 2009[143]
  • Ntombiyenkosi Mabika (24), Shaka's Kraal, June 2011[144]
  • Bongile Ndleni (40), Ceres, 18 November 2012[145]
  • Alfred Mzikayifani Mdiyako and Sanele Mthethwa, at the Magdalena and Aviemore mines in Dannhauser near Dundee, on 31 October 2012[146]
  • Malizo Fakaza and Nhlanhla Mkhize, Reservoir Hills, Durban, 19 October 2013 (Seven others were shot and injured)[147]
  • Unnamed person, Newclare, 6 October 2014[148]
  • Samuel Hloele (29), Durban, 13 June 2017[149]
  • Mlungisi Madonsela, Durban, 5 February 2019[150]
  • Boshelo Petja, Limpopo, 18 July 2019[151]

Activists killed by vigilantes edit

People killed during protests by attackers whose details have not been clearly reported edit

Repression from forces other than the police edit

Harassment of activists by intelligence structures edit

The Right2Know Campaign has documented several instances in which activists have been harassed by intelligence structures.[155]

Party political violence against activists edit

Organisations such as the Landless People's Movement,[156] Abahlali baseMjondolo[157][158][159] and the Unemployed People's Movement[160][161] have been subject to armed political violence by groups claiming to represent the ruling ANC. The Makause Community Development Forum have also claimed to have been subject to state sanctioned violence by an ANC aligned 'mob'.[66] There have also been cases where ANC supporters have disrupted protests organised by independent groups. One example of this was the attempt to disrupt a protest by the Moretele Concerned Communities Association in May 2012.[162] It has been argued that the violence associated with the Marikana miners' strike in August 2012 began after officials of the National Union of Mineworkers murdered two strikers.[163]

Death threats against activists edit

Grassroots activists have been reporting fears that they may be killed since at least 2002.[164] There have been reports of death threats against activists in Ermelo (2011),[165] in Grahamstown (2011),[166] in eTwatwa on the East Rand (2010),[167] and in Durban (2006, 2009, 2012).[158][159][168][169][170][171]

Unsolved murders of activists claimed to be political assassinations edit

  • Sinethemba Myeni, 12 April 2006, Umlazi, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal (former SACP member supporting independent candidate in local government elections)[172]
  • Mazwi 'Komi' Zulu, 3 May 2006, Umlazi, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal (former SACP member supporting independent candidate in local government elections)[172]
  • Scorpion Dimane, anti-mining activist, Mbizana, 2008[173]
  • Mbongeleni Zondi, traditional leader with close ties to Jacob Zuma and the ANC, Durban, 2009
  • Mthunzi Nkonki, MV veteran, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, 2010[174]
  • Bomber 'Radioman' Ntshangase, SACP leader, Mpumalanga, 2012[175][176]
  • Kevin Kunene, environmental rights activist, KwaMbonambi, 2012[177]
  • Dalivuyo Bongo, National Union of Mineworkers, Rustenburg, North West, 2012[178]
  • Thembinkosi Qumbelo, Local activist and ANC leader, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 2013[179]
  • Two unnamed members of Abahlali baseMjondolo, KwaNdengezi, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 2013[180]
  • Steve Khululekile, AMCU regional organiser, Rustenburg, North West, 2013[181]
  • Nkululeko Gwala, Abahlali baseMjondolo activist, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 2013[182][183][184]
  • Thuli Ndlovu, Abahlali baseMjondolo leader, KwaNdengezi, Durban, 2014[185]
  • Sthembiso Biyela & Buyisile Malusi, (Biyela was reported to have left the IFP to join the ANC) Durban, 2014[186]
  • Njabulo Ndebele, Sibonelo "John-John" Ntuli and Ntobeko Maphumulo, NUMSA leaders, Isithebe, KwaZulu-Natal, August 2014[187]
  • Charles Khanku, SANCO leader, Cape Town[188]
  • Mobeni Khwela, Local SACP activist, KwaNdengezi, Durban, 2014[189]
  • Mbuyiselo Phajana Mnguni, Free State regional chairperson of the Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers Union, 2014[190]
  • Chris Nkosi, Gauteng secretary of the South African Transport and Allied Workers Union, Germiston, 2015[191]
  • Philip Dlamini & another unnamed man, SACP members, Durban, 2015[192]
  • Sikhosiphi Bazooka Rhadebe, chairperson of the chairman of the Amadiba Crisis Committee, Mbizana, Eastern Cape, 2016[193]
  • Nontsikelelo Blose, SACP activist, KwaZulu-Natal, 2016[194]
  • Mthunzi 'Ras' Zuma, Cape Town, 2017[195]
  • S'bonelo Mpeku, Chairperson of an Abahlali baseMjondolo branch in Lamontville, Durban, November 2017[196]
  • Soyiso Nkqayini, Youth League organisers for Abahlali baseMjondolo in Cato Manor, Durban, December 2017[197]
  • S'fiso Ngcobo, Chairperson of an Abahlali baseMjondolo branch in Marianhill, Durban, May 2018[198]
  • Bongani Cola, Democratic Municipal and Allied Workers Union of SA, Port Elizabeth, 2019[199]
  • Malibongwe Mdazo, National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa, in Rustenburg, North West Province, 18 August 2021[200]
  • Ayanda Ngila, Abahlali baseMjondolo leader, Durban, 8 March 2022[201]
  • Nokuthula Mabaso, Abahlali baseMjondolo leader, Durban, 7 May 2022[202]
  • Lindokuhle Mnguni, Abahlali baseMjondolo leader, Durban, 20 August 2022[203][204][205]

Convictions for political assassinations edit

  • In May 2016 two ANC councillors were convicted of murder following the assassination of Thuli Ndlovu, a local leader in Abahlali baseMjondolo, an autonomous shack dwellers' movement in Durban.[206][207]

Political violence & intimidation by MK veterans edit

In July 2012 Alpheus Moseri (68) collapsed and died following an assault by MK Veterans at a lecture given by Jacob Zuma.[208][209] In October 2012 COSATU President Sidumo Dlamini called for MK veterans to use "their guerrilla military skills to work with us on the ground to defend this movement and our revolution as a whole"[210] In November 2012 it was reported that MK veterans had made threats against Deputy President Kgalema Motlanthe.[211] In November 2012 it was reported that armed men claiming to be MK veterans stormed into an ANC branch meeting on the East Rand and threatened to shoot members of the branch if they did not nominate Zuma for re-election.[212]

According to Barney Pityana "we are beginning to see the emergence of party (or presidential) militia in the guise of the Umkhonto weSizwe Veterans, who are the new Gestapo with a fascist agenda."[213]

Breakdown in the rule of law edit

In Durban in 2013 the shack dwellers' movement Abahlali baseMjondolo secured five High Court injunctions against evictions which were "systemically ignored by state actors who have repeatedly torn down the shacks of local residents".[214]

Ruling party attitudes to independent organisations edit

According to Zwelinzima Vavi, COSATU Secretary General, "The [ruling] party unfortunately has adopted in our view an unnecessarily hostile posture to some progressive civil organisations and coalitions, painted a number of organisations with the same brush and has tended to take the view that they are the product of external agendas."[215]

See also edit

References edit

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Further reading edit

  • , by Martin Legassick, South African Labour Bulletin, 2003
  • [Usurped!], Freedom of Expression Institute, 2003
  • , Dale McKinley & Ahmed Veriava, Centre for the Study of Violence & Reconciliation, 2005
  • [Usurped!], Simon Delaney, Freedom of Expression Institute, May 2007
  • Independent Report into Political Violence Against the Landless People's Movement[permanent dead link], Jared Sacks, International Alliance of Inhabitants, 2010
  • , Jane Duncan, SACSIS, January 2011
  • Political tolerance on the wane in South Africa, Imraan Buccus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, SA Reconciliation Barometer, 2011
  • , Kerry Chance School of Development Studies Research Report, 83, University of KwaZulu-Natal, July 2010.
  • Police brutality and service delivery protests, by Mphutlane wa Bofelo, Pambazuka News, 21 April 2011
  • Dissent Under Thabo Mbeki[permanent dead link], Jane Duncan, May 2011, Professor Jane Duncan, Rhodes University, May 2011
  • , Richard Pithouse, SACSIS, May 2011
  • Amnesty International South Africa Report 2011
  • ICD: Rise in police abuse at service delivery protests, Emsie Ferreira, Mail & Guardian, 14 June 2011
  • , Mandy de Waal, The Daily Maverick, 6 July 2011
  • If They Come for You, Who Will Speak Out?, by Jane Duncan, 7 July 2011
  • , Counterfire, Richard Pithouse, August 2011
  • , by Christopher McMichael, Think Africa Press, February 2012
  • The Reign of Thugs, by Pedro Tabensky, January 2012
  • Notes on a Crushed Protest, by Ben Fogel, February 2012
  • The Struggle for Street Politics, Jane Duncan, February, 2012
  • , Christopher McMichael, March, 2012
  • ANC: A party under violent, criminal siege, Paul Trewhela, Mail & Guardian, 4 August 2012
  • Zuma: Why we're not laughing any more, Hennie van Vuuren, Mail & Guardian, 17 August 2012
  • Media underplaying police, state brutality, Jane Duncan, Sunday Independent, 26 August 2012
  • Marikana massacre – a turning point?, by Martin Legassick, 27 August 2012
  • Marikana: We should be incandescent with rage, by Julie Reid, The Daily Maverick, 28 August 2012
  • The Road to Marikana: Abuses of Force During Public Order Policing Operations, by David Bruce, SACSIS, 12 October 2012
  • Zuma and the "enemy within", Paul Trewhela, Politics Web, 16 October 2012
  • Uganda Transit Camp, Durban: A report from the frontlines of the struggle for democracy, Jared Sacks, Daily Maverick, 13 February 2013
  • The Criminal Injustice System, by Jane Duncan, SACSIS, 18 Feb 2013
  • No end in sight for police brutality in South Africa, Justice Malala, The Guardian, 21 February 2013
  • SA cannot flourish in violent culture, Imraan Buccus, The Mercury, 2013

External links edit

  • Amnesty International South Africa
  • [Usurped!]
  • Right to Know Campaign

October 27, 2023
political, repression, post, apartheid, south, africa, constitution, south, africa, protects, basic, political, freedoms, however, there, have, been, many, incidents, political, repression, dating, back, least, 2002, well, threats, future, repression, violatio. The Constitution of South Africa protects all basic political freedoms However there have been many incidents of political repression 1 dating back to at least 2002 2 as well as threats of future repression in violation of this constitution leading some analysts civil society organisations and popular movements to conclude that there is a new climate of political repression 3 4 5 or a decline in political tolerance 6 It has been argued that repression peaked during the period of the Jacob Zuma presidency with some analysts linking the increase in repression to the influence of the security cluster under the Jacob Zuma presidency 7 8 It has been argued that Zuma enhanced the coercive capacity of the state 9 and that he focused on building a state based on fear 10 It has also been argued that repression has affected poor people s organisations most seriously but that repression directed against poor people has been systemically under reported in the media 11 Serious concern has been expressed about police brutality in South Africa 12 13 Sipho Hlongwane writing in Business Day has argued that South Africa is a brutal police state 14 According to Greg Marinovich The police are acting with impunity Their political masters are acting with impunity In the South Africa of 2012 if you are poor and without political clout you are on your own 15 Amnesty International has expressed serious concerns about brutality including torture and extrajudicial killings at the hands of the police in South Africa 16 17 Ronnie Kasrils has argued that there has been a descent into police state depravity under Jacob Zuma 18 It has been observed that Torture is routine practice in South Africa s police stations and prisons 19 The country also has a serious problem with political assassinations 20 It has been claimed that senior ANC politicians are responsible for the repression of grassroots activists 21 In 2012 Bishop Rubin Phillip said that a dark night is settling over our country as the light of our democratic dawn dims 22 Contents 1 Threats to media freedom 2 Threats to artistic freedom 3 Unlawful state bans on protests 4 Police repression 4 1 Militarisation of the police 4 2 Police harassment of journalists 4 3 Police harassment of activists 4 4 Police torture of activists 4 5 People killed by police during protests 4 6 People killed by private security guards during protests 4 7 Activists killed by vigilantes 4 8 People killed during protests by attackers whose details have not been clearly reported 5 Repression from forces other than the police 5 1 Harassment of activists by intelligence structures 5 2 Party political violence against activists 5 3 Death threats against activists 5 4 Unsolved murders of activists claimed to be political assassinations 5 5 Convictions for political assassinations 5 6 Political violence amp intimidation by MK veterans 6 Breakdown in the rule of law 7 Ruling party attitudes to independent organisations 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksThreats to media freedom editUnder Jacob Zuma the ANC expressed open opposition to media freedom 23 Serious concern was expressed about the proposed Media Appeals Tribunal and Protection of Information Bill which if passed would significantly reduce press freedom 24 25 26 27 28 9 29 There have been a number of reports of serious intimidation of journalists 30 In 2007 the Freedom of Expression Institute and The Mercury newspaper reported a death threat against a journalist in Durban by controversial local businessman Ricky Govender who claims close links with Jacob Zuma 31 In Durban in 2009 the editor of The Mercury Philani Makhanya laid a charge of intimidation against S bu Mpisani a politically connected contractor for the housing department in that city who had allegedly threatened the newspaper for its investigations into his activities 32 In Port Elizabeth the branch chairperson of the ruling African National Congress ANC Nceba Faku called for party supporters to burn down the offices of the local newspaper the Daily Dispatch in 2011 33 In 2012 Piet Rampedi and Adriaan Bassoon journalists at the City Press were subject to various threats and forms of intimidation while covering a story on corruption by Julius Malema 34 Also in 2012 ANC supporters publicly burnt copies of the City Press newspaper in Durban 35 Threats to artistic freedom editPoet Mbongeni Khumalo has claimed that his no holds barred lyricism attracted the attention of state security 36 In 2012 leading figures in the ruling party called for a painting The Spear to be destroyed and publicly endorsed the defacement of the painting Unlawful state bans on protests editThere have been a number of independently documented cases where the constitutionally protected right to protest has not been honoured by the state 9 37 38 39 40 One particularly well documented instance occurred in Durban in 2006 41 and another in Cape Town in 2012 42 43 It has also been claimed that the right to protest has been summarily denied to shack dwellers on the East Rand 44 It has been argued that not just ANC controlled municipalities but also opposition Democratic Alliance DA ones engage in unlawful bans on the right to protest 45 It has also been suggested that recent judicial interventions amount to a de facto curtailment of the right to protest 46 It has been argued that there was an increase in the unlawful banning of protests after the 2012 Marikana massacre 47 and that this has taken the form of a de facto state of emergency 48 Police repression editSee also Human rights in South Africa Militarisation of the police edit The police which were demilitarised after apartheid have been remilitarised 49 50 and some politicians have encouraged the police to shoot to kill 51 In the view of some analysts this has contributed to escalating repression 50 52 Concern has also been expressed at use of tactical response teams to contain popular protest 53 and at the idea that the army should support the police in containing popular protest 54 Police harassment of journalists edit In 2010 journalists Mzilikazi waAfrika was arrested at the offices of the Sunday Times Charges against him were later dropped 55 waAfrika s phone was also unlawfully tapped by the police 56 In July 2012 Nic Dawes Sam Sole and Stefaans Brummer journalists at the Mail amp Guardian were questioned by the police following the publication of a story alleging corruption by senior ANC leader Mac Maharaj 57 Police harassment of activists edit There have been numerous incidents of repression against grassroots social movements 58 and activists have alleged arrests on trumped up charges 2 and assaults at the hands of the police 59 For instance it was reported that Ashraf Cassiem from the Western Cape Anti Eviction Campaign was assaulted by the police in 2000 while resisting an eviction 60 and that S bu Zikode and Philani Zungu from Abahlali baseMjondolo were arrested and assaulted while on the way to a radio interview in 2006 61 In September 2010 four residents of Hangberg in Hout Bay near Cape Town were shot in the face at close range by police with rubber bullets leading to the loss of their eyes 62 In February 2011 two protesters were killed by the police and a number subject to torture in Ermelo 53 In January 2012 it was reported that Ayanda Kota was assaulted in the Grahamstown police station 63 64 In August and September 2012 strikers and community activists in Marikana were subject to sustained police harassment including a large number of fatalities 65 In October 2012 activists in Makause on the East Rand reported death threats from the police 66 In December 2012 it was reported that in Wesselton Mpumalanga police were engaged in sustained collective harassment some of it violent of a local community 67 Police torture of activists edit There has been general concern about police torture in South Africa 27 28 68 which has been described as occurring en masse and spiralling out of control 69 In 1996 Kevin Kunene founding chairman of the KwaMbonambi Environmental Group was tortured by the police 70 Organisations such as the Landless People s Movement 71 have documented cases in which activists and protesters have been tortured 72 73 There were media reports of police torture of activists in Wessleton Ermelo in 2011 53 74 75 and in Marikana in 2012 76 77 78 People Killed by the Police During ProtestsThe worst instance of lethal police violence in response to protest since the end of the apartheid era in South Africa is the shootings of 34 striking miners at Marikanan near Rustenburg which have come to be known as The Marikana Massacre during the Marikana miner strike on 16 August 2012 5 79 80 81 The ICD has reported a rise in police violence against protesters since 2010 82 and a number of unarmed protesters have been killed by the South African Police Service since 2000 83 Four people were killed by the police during protests between 2000 and 2004 two in 2006 one in 2008 two in 2009 three in 2010 and eleven in 2011 84 The media have reported at least 27 police killings of protesters and bystanders not including the 34 people killed in the Marikana Massacre and a number of killings by private security guards since 2000 citation needed People killed by police during protests edit Yusuf Jacobs 22 Cape Town 8 January 1999 85 86 Michael Makhabane 23 Durban 16 May 2000 87 Abel Phetla 17 Alexandria Johannesburg 30 May 2000 88 Dennis Mathibithi 17 and Nhlanhla Masuku 15 Kathlehong 16 February 2004 89 Tebogo Mkhonza 17 Harrismith 30 August 2004 90 Monica Ngcobo 19 Durban 2 March 2006 91 Jan Matshobe 27 Sebokeng Johannesburg 1 May 2008 92 Mthokozisi Nkwanyana 24 Durban 2008 93 Unnamed girl KwaZakhele KwaZulu Natal 1 July 2009 94 Unnamed person Mashishing Mpumalanga 5 June 2009 95 Priscilla Sukai 46 eTwatwa Daveyton 2010 96 Unnamed man Siyazenzela Mpumalanga 5 April 2010 97 Anna Nokele 19 Welkom September 2010 98 Two unnamed children Boipelo Gauteng 15 February 2011 99 100 Solomon Madonsela and Bongani Mathebula 19 February 2011 101 Dimakatso Kgaswane and unnamed person Tlokweng North West 31 May 2011 102 Andries Tatane 33 Ficksburg 13 April 2011 103 Nhlanhla Ngcobo 19 and two unnamed people in KwaDukuza KwaZulu Natal 6 June 2011 104 Mxolisi Buthelezi 14 Folweni Reserve Durban KwaZulu Natal 2 July 2012 105 Unnamed person 27 Mahikeng North West 4 July 2012 106 Paulina Masuhlo Marikana North West 19 September 2012 107 Michael Daniels 28 Wolsely Western Cape 14 November 2012 108 109 Service Nkadimeng 33 Primrose Germiston Gauteng 18 November 2012 110 Letsekang Tokhwane 25 De Doorns 14 January 2013 111 Note Some media reports indicate that a third unnamed protestor was also killed in the Western Cape Farm Workers Strike 112 Six unnamed people Sasolburg Free State 22 January 2013 113 Note One report indicates that one also unnamed man was reported to have been shot dead by a passing motorist 114 Nkosiyethu Wele Mgoq 15 Sterksrpuit Eastern Cape 15 February 2013 115 Nqobile Nzuza 17 Durban 30 September 2013 116 Themba Khumalo 20 Bekkersdal Gauteng 23 October 2013 117 Jan Rivombo Pretoria 8 January 2014 118 Mike Tshele Osia Rahube Lerato Seema and Enock Seimela Brits 13 January 2014 119 120 121 Tshepo Mabuseng 28 Roodepoort Gauteng 23 January 2014 122 Mozere Molele and Mohale Lighty Selo Tzaneen 29 January 2014 123 124 Unnamed man Soweto 19 February 2014 125 Unnamed three month old baby Majakaneng North West March 2014 126 Unnamed school child and 47 year old man Thembelihle 25 26 February 2015 127 128 Lucas Lebyane 15 Bushbuckridge Mpumalanga 27 February 2015 129 Unnamed Mopani Limpopo 8 May 2015 130 Unnamed male 23 Bedford Eastern Cape 12 May 2015 131 Unnamed Burgersfort Limpopo 13 May 2015 132 Karabo Khumalo 11 Bela Bela Limpopo 7 February 2017 133 Unnamed 16 year old boy Standerton Mpumalanga May 2017 134 Jayden Khoza 2 week old baby boy Durban May 2017 135 Songezo Ndude 30 Imizamo Yethu Hout Bay July 2017 136 Steven Kau 23 East Rand Johannesburg January 2018 137 Two unnamed people Caledon Western Cape April 2019 138 Two unnamed people a seven year old girl and a 33 year old man Philippi East Cape Town 16 June 2020 139 Leo Williams 9 Laingville August 2020 140 Zamekile Shangase 32 Lamontville Durban 141 Karabo Chaka 16 Johannesburg 31 July 2023 142 People killed by private security guards during protests edit Christopher Jele 21 Piet Retief 2009 143 Ntombiyenkosi Mabika 24 Shaka s Kraal June 2011 144 Bongile Ndleni 40 Ceres 18 November 2012 145 Alfred Mzikayifani Mdiyako and Sanele Mthethwa at the Magdalena and Aviemore mines in Dannhauser near Dundee on 31 October 2012 146 Malizo Fakaza and Nhlanhla Mkhize Reservoir Hills Durban 19 October 2013 Seven others were shot and injured 147 Unnamed person Newclare 6 October 2014 148 Samuel Hloele 29 Durban 13 June 2017 149 Mlungisi Madonsela Durban 5 February 2019 150 Boshelo Petja Limpopo 18 July 2019 151 Activists killed by vigilantes edit Terrance Mbuleo 33 Soweto 2010 152 Lerato Victor Rabolila 26 Sebokeng 2014 153 People killed during protests by attackers whose details have not been clearly reported edit Unnamed Man Bekkersdal 2013 154 Repression from forces other than the police editHarassment of activists by intelligence structures edit The Right2Know Campaign has documented several instances in which activists have been harassed by intelligence structures 155 Party political violence against activists edit Organisations such as the Landless People s Movement 156 Abahlali baseMjondolo 157 158 159 and the Unemployed People s Movement 160 161 have been subject to armed political violence by groups claiming to represent the ruling ANC The Makause Community Development Forum have also claimed to have been subject to state sanctioned violence by an ANC aligned mob 66 There have also been cases where ANC supporters have disrupted protests organised by independent groups One example of this was the attempt to disrupt a protest by the Moretele Concerned Communities Association in May 2012 162 It has been argued that the violence associated with the Marikana miners strike in August 2012 began after officials of the National Union of Mineworkers murdered two strikers 163 Death threats against activists edit Grassroots activists have been reporting fears that they may be killed since at least 2002 164 There have been reports of death threats against activists in Ermelo 2011 165 in Grahamstown 2011 166 in eTwatwa on the East Rand 2010 167 and in Durban 2006 2009 2012 158 159 168 169 170 171 Unsolved murders of activists claimed to be political assassinations edit Sinethemba Myeni 12 April 2006 Umlazi Durban KwaZulu Natal former SACP member supporting independent candidate in local government elections 172 Mazwi Komi Zulu 3 May 2006 Umlazi Durban KwaZulu Natal former SACP member supporting independent candidate in local government elections 172 Scorpion Dimane anti mining activist Mbizana 2008 173 Mbongeleni Zondi traditional leader with close ties to Jacob Zuma and the ANC Durban 2009 Mthunzi Nkonki MV veteran Port Elizabeth Eastern Cape 2010 174 Bomber Radioman Ntshangase SACP leader Mpumalanga 2012 175 176 Kevin Kunene environmental rights activist KwaMbonambi 2012 177 Dalivuyo Bongo National Union of Mineworkers Rustenburg North West 2012 178 Thembinkosi Qumbelo Local activist and ANC leader Durban KwaZulu Natal 2013 179 Two unnamed members of Abahlali baseMjondolo KwaNdengezi Durban KwaZulu Natal 2013 180 Steve Khululekile AMCU regional organiser Rustenburg North West 2013 181 Nkululeko Gwala Abahlali baseMjondolo activist Durban KwaZulu Natal 2013 182 183 184 Thuli Ndlovu Abahlali baseMjondolo leader KwaNdengezi Durban 2014 185 Sthembiso Biyela amp Buyisile Malusi Biyela was reported to have left the IFP to join the ANC Durban 2014 186 Njabulo Ndebele Sibonelo John John Ntuli and Ntobeko Maphumulo NUMSA leaders Isithebe KwaZulu Natal August 2014 187 Charles Khanku SANCO leader Cape Town 188 Mobeni Khwela Local SACP activist KwaNdengezi Durban 2014 189 Mbuyiselo Phajana Mnguni Free State regional chairperson of the Chemical Energy Paper Printing Wood and Allied Workers Union 2014 190 Chris Nkosi Gauteng secretary of the South African Transport and Allied Workers Union Germiston 2015 191 Philip Dlamini amp another unnamed man SACP members Durban 2015 192 Sikhosiphi Bazooka Rhadebe chairperson of the chairman of the Amadiba Crisis Committee Mbizana Eastern Cape 2016 193 Nontsikelelo Blose SACP activist KwaZulu Natal 2016 194 Mthunzi Ras Zuma Cape Town 2017 195 S bonelo Mpeku Chairperson of an Abahlali baseMjondolo branch in Lamontville Durban November 2017 196 Soyiso Nkqayini Youth League organisers for Abahlali baseMjondolo in Cato Manor Durban December 2017 197 S fiso Ngcobo Chairperson of an Abahlali baseMjondolo branch in Marianhill Durban May 2018 198 Bongani Cola Democratic Municipal and Allied Workers Union of SA Port Elizabeth 2019 199 Malibongwe Mdazo National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa in Rustenburg North West Province 18 August 2021 200 Ayanda Ngila Abahlali baseMjondolo leader Durban 8 March 2022 201 Nokuthula Mabaso Abahlali baseMjondolo leader Durban 7 May 2022 202 Lindokuhle Mnguni Abahlali baseMjondolo leader Durban 20 August 2022 203 204 205 Convictions for political assassinations edit In May 2016 two ANC councillors were convicted of murder following the assassination of Thuli Ndlovu a local leader in Abahlali baseMjondolo an autonomous shack dwellers movement in Durban 206 207 Political violence amp intimidation by MK veterans edit In July 2012 Alpheus Moseri 68 collapsed and died following an assault by MK Veterans at a lecture given by Jacob Zuma 208 209 In October 2012 COSATU President Sidumo Dlamini called for MK veterans to use their guerrilla military skills to work with us on the ground to defend this movement and our revolution as a whole 210 In November 2012 it was reported that MK veterans had made threats against Deputy President Kgalema Motlanthe 211 In November 2012 it was reported that armed men claiming to be MK veterans stormed into an ANC branch meeting on the East Rand and threatened to shoot members of the branch if they did not nominate Zuma for re election 212 According to Barney Pityana we are beginning to see the emergence of party or presidential militia in the guise of the Umkhonto weSizwe Veterans who are the new Gestapo with a fascist agenda 213 Breakdown in the rule of law editIn Durban in 2013 the shack dwellers movement Abahlali baseMjondolo secured five High Court injunctions against evictions which were systemically ignored by state actors who have repeatedly torn down the shacks of local residents 214 Ruling party attitudes to independent organisations editAccording to Zwelinzima Vavi COSATU Secretary General The ruling party unfortunately has adopted in our view an unnecessarily hostile posture to some progressive civil organisations and coalitions painted a number of organisations with the same brush and has tended to take the view that they are the product of external agendas 215 See also editPolitical Assassinations in Post Apartheid South Africa Protest in South AfricaReferences edit The Politic of Blood Political Repression in South Africa Tricontinental Institute for Social Research Dossier 31 August 2020 a b Housing battles in post Apartheid South Africa The Case of Mandela Park Khayelitsha Archived 24 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine by Martin Legassick South African Labour Bulletin 2003 The Return of State Repression Archived 24 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine Professor J Duncan South African Civil Society Information Services 31 May 2010 Increasing police repression highlighted by recent cases Usurped Freedom of Expression Institute 2006 a b Activists decry talk of third force at Marikana by Niren Tolsi Mail amp Guardian 2012 Political tolerance on the wane in South Africa Imraan Buccus SA Reconciliation Barometer 2011 Jane Duncan on the ever increasing power of SA s security cabal Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Mandy de Waal The Daily Maverick 16 June 2011 Zuma Why we re not laughing any more Hennie van Vuuren Mail amp Guardian 17 August 2012 a b c The Gatvol Factor Archived 19 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine Jane Duncan SACSIS January 2011 Electing for lesser evil will not get us very far Palessa Morudu Business Day 11 September 2012 Media underplaying police state brutality Jane Duncan Sunday Independent 26 August 2012 No end in sight for police brutality in South Africa Justice Malala The Guardian 21 February 2013 The lang arm of the law is a deadly dance Jane Duncan Mail amp Guardian 8 August 2013 This brutal police state in which we live Sipho Hlongwane Business Day 22 January 2013 Marikana A cover up for all to see Greg Marinovich Daily Maverick 6 November 2012 Police brutality comes as a surprise Really Pierre de Vos Daily Maverick 1 March 2012 Amnesty International South Africa Report 2012 Mr President arrest this descent into police state depravity Ronnie Kasrils Mail amp Guardian 6 March 2013 1 Fish rot from the head Carolyne Raphaely Open Democracy 20 March 2014 The Business of Killing Assassinations in South Africa Rumbi Matamba Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime April 2023 Geneva Protestors Are Killed On Instructions Of Politicians In KZN And Society Turns A Blind Eye Inquiry Marc Davis The Huffington Post 2017 Biko A bright guiding light in dark times Bishop Rubin Phillip 19 September 2012 Jacob Zuma and the second transition The print media Mandy de Waal The Daily Maverick 18 June 2012 fxi org za Maintaining and creating a safe space for freedom of expression in South Africa Freedom of Expression Institute fxi org za Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 Retrieved 3 May 2011 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link The Real Fear Factor Secrecy as the Mask of Power Archived 9 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine Dr Dale T McKinley South African Civil Society Information Services 11 April 2011 Revise Protection of Information Bill Human Rights Watch November 2010 a b Amnesty red flag police brutality Craig Dodds 13 May 2011 a b Countries Amnesty International The Secrecy Bill Speak Now or Forever be Gagged Archived 9 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine by Dale T McKinley SACSIS 8 June 2011 ANC ratchets up its anti media campaign in provinces Archived 9 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Mandy de Waal The Daily Maverick 6 July 2011 Police repression in Protea South an indicator of a national trend Freedom of Expression Institute 5 September 2007 The rise and fall of Shauwn and S bu Mpisane Durban s Teflon Couple Nikki Moore The Daily Maverick 11 February 2011 Faku Burn down the press LUYOLO MKENTANE The Daily Dispatch 20 May 2011 The price of investigating Julius Malema Greg Nicholson The Daily Maverick 23 July 2012 Spear fury shatters Haffajee Shain Germaner IOL 28 May 2012 Poetry must reflect South Africa today GOODENOUGH MASHEGO The Sowetan 18 January 2013 Amandla Protest in the New South Africa Usurped Simon Delaney Freedom of Expression Institute May 2007 Dissent Under Thabo Mbeki permanent dead link Jane Duncan May 2011 The Struggle for Street Politics Jane Duncan February 2012 The Criminal Injustice System by Jane Duncan SACSIS 18 February 2013 FXI welcomes court ruling on Shack Dwellers Movement s right to hold demonstration Usurped Freedom of Expression Institute 2006 Siessa Patricia by Pierre de Vos Constitutionally Speaking 30 January 2012 Police Brutally Suppress Protesters in Cape Town Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine by Christopher McMichael Think Africa Press February 2012 Police to people of Makause March and there ll be another Marikana mandy de Waal The Daily Maverick 5 October 2012 Rondebosch protest Charges withdrawn Ben Fogel Mail amp Guardian 31 January 2012 Penalizing Protest Action Anna Majavu SACSIS 19 June 2012 SA s banned gatherings Goodbye Constitution we hardly knew you by Mandy de Waal The Daily Maverick 28 September 2012 Marikana the Farlam Commission and the Undeclared State of Emergency by Jane Duncan SACSIS 8 October 2012 Green Zone Nation The South African government s new growth path Christopher McMichael Open Democracy 19 March 2012 a b The South African Police Service and the Public Order War by Chris McMichael Think Africa Press 3 September 2012 Marikana Avoidable unconstitutional and entirely predictable by Pierre de Vos The Daily Maverick 23 August 2012 With Enough Bullets Archived 21 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Christopher McMichael March 2012 a b c A template for Marikana was made in Ermelo a year ago by David Bruce Business Day 5 November 2012 The re militarisation of South Africa s borders Christopher McMichael Open Democracy July 2012 Clampdown feared as journalist arrested Dominic Mahlangu The Times 4 August 2010 Another View Time to oversee the officials who spy on us Jane Duncan The Times 30 October 2011 M amp G journalists warned of criminal charges Phillip de Wet Mail amp Guardian 26 July 2012 The Politic of Blood Political Repression in South Africa Tricontinental Institute for Social Research Dossier 31 August 2020 Ayanda Kota lays assault charge against police UPM 18 January 2012 Ashraf Cassiem South African Resistance Against Evictions Marlon Crump Poor Magazine 2009 I was punched beaten Niren Tolsi Mail amp Guardian 16 September 2006 Penalizing Protest Action Anna Majavu SACSIS 19 June 2012 Outcry over savage assault ADRIENNE CARLISLE and DAVID MACGREGOR The Daily Dispatch 14 January 2012 Grahamstown activist arrested for book theft FARANAAZ PARKER Mail amp Guardian 13 January 2012 The Smashing of a Strike Gillian Schutte SACSIS 21 September 2012 a b Police to people of Makause March and there ll be another Marikana Mandy de Waal The Daily Maverick 5 October 2012 Tactical Response Team s brutal reign in Wesselton Mpumalanga Mandy de Waal The Daily Maverick 10 December 2012 http dailymaverick co za article 2012 08 28 marikana police torture takes central stage Mandy de Waal The Daily Maverick 28 August 2012 Predator police in reign of terror GRAEME HOSKEN The Times 30 April 2012 Police still torturing suspects claim Ann Eveleth Mail amp Guardian 22 March 1996 The Landless People s Movement and the Failure of Post Apartheid Land Reform permanent dead link Stephen Greenberg University of KwaZulu Natal 2005 Torture and misuse of lethal force by security forces must end Amnesty International 1999 Briefing for the Committee against Torture Amnesty International 2006 Dube Lungile 1 April 2011 Community leader lives in fear of his life Mail amp Guardian Violence on tape confirms police tactics KWANELE SOSIBO Mail amp Guardian 25 March 2011 Torture SA s never ending curse Khadija Patel and Mande de Waal The Daily Maverick 17 October 2012 Marikana After wave of arrests miners to return to strike Greg Marinovich The Daily Maverick 18 October 2012 Marikana Police torturing their way to intimidation Greg Marinovich The Daily Maverick 2 November 2012 South African police open fire as striking miners charge killing and wounding workers The Washington Post Associated Press 16 August 2012 Archived from the original on 17 August 2012 Retrieved 16 August 2012 The Night Before Lonmin s Explanation Archived 20 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine by Richard Stupart African Scene 16 August 2012 Maoto Monde Marrian Natasha 17 August 2012 Massacre outrage as workers die in bloodbath at Marikana Business Day Ferreira Emsie 14 June 2011 ICD Rise in police abuse at service delivery protests State Violence Archived 2 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine Richard Pithouse SACSIS 2011 The Road to Marikana Abuses of Force During Public Order Policing Operations David Bruce SACSIS 12 October 2012 BBC News World Muslim group calls for revenge BBC News Blair protester s death raises fresh rioting fears Free Online Library thefreelibrary com Johnson Trevor 24 May 2000 Two student protesters killed by police in Durban South Africa COPS MAY HAVE USED EXCESSIVE FORCE DURING ALEX UNREST ICD Archived from the original on 19 May 2014 Retrieved 19 May 2014 Police shoot dead two high school pupils resisting eviction Report by Anti Privatisation Forum Kathorus Concerned Residents KCR 19 February 2004 Tatane s death opens old wounds for family Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine City Press Lucas Ledwaba 2004 On the Murder of Andries Tatane Richard Pithouse All Africa April 2011 Activist killed by South African police at demonstration against water privatisation Archived 19 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine IndyMedia Ireland 2008 Unisa student s body released from mortuary Gugu Mbonambi Daily News 2008 We Are All the Public The Witness 20 July 2009 One killed in protest says community leader IOL News Two deaths dozens of injuries and counting Jared Sacks Abahlali org July 2010 Library Online Library ccs ukzn ac za Bruce David The Road to Marikana Abuses of Force During Public Order Policing Operations South Africa Police open fire on protesters following 3rd day of aggressive action USAfricaOnline 16 February 2011 SA police fire rubber bullets Herald 16 February 2011 Ermelo residents see no reason to vote IOL News Protesters shot dead Tatane s death opens old wounds for family City Press Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 18 February 2014 Archived copy Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 Retrieved 18 February 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Youngster shot dead in crossfire Daily News Ipid Investigating Death of 27 Year Old Man in Lomanyaneng Mahikeng North West Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 Retrieved 18 February 2014 Waal Mandy De 28 September 2012 SA s banned gatherings Goodbye Constitution we hardly knew you Daily Maverick Police action leaves farmworker dead in Wolseley SAPA The Times 14 November 2012 Western Cape protests calmer day thicker plot Rebecca Davis 16 November 2012 Makause Innocent man dies and with him the rule of law Mandy de Wall 22 November 2012 De Doorns Strike continues in spite of Cosatu Rebecca Davis Daily Maverick 17 January Farmworkers strike may be over but everyone s a loser Rebecca Davis 23 January 2012 TimesLIVE timeslive co za Blood smoke and tears Zamdela s burning G MARINOVICH amp T LEKGOWA The Daily Maverick 23 January 2013 We haven t seen our son s body LULAMILE FENI The Dispatch 22 February In Durban s Cato Manor Death by protest death by dissent Khadija Patel Daily Maverick 1 October 2013 Whittles Govan Chaos erupts in Bekkersdal Never forget Jan Rivombo Alex Eliseev The Daily Maverick 13 January 2014 Mothotlung water shortages shrouded in murk by KWANELE SOSIBO ZAIN EBRAHIM 17 January 2014 Fourth person dies after Mothutlung protests Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine City Press 20 January 2014 Ebrahim Zain 20 January 2014 Fourth Mothotlung casualty shot with his hands up Durban Deep in photos Another day another police victim Greg Nicholson Daily Maverick 24 January 2014 Cops under siege as anger explodes GRAEME HOSKEN 30 January 2014 Relela SAPS station under siege from 2 000 strong mob of petrolbombers 2 shot dead by cops 15 cops injured police cars torched anger over woman s muti death FARMITRACKER Archived from the original on 23 February 2014 Retrieved 18 February 2014 Man shot dead in Soweto protest Sapa IOL 19 February 2014 Call for Ipid to probe baby death Independent Online 2 March 2014 2 United Front Press Statement 27 February 2015 Thembelihle resident killed eNCA 27 February 2015 https www enca com media video thembelihle resident killed playlist 107 3 M amp G 27 February 2015 4 Citizen 8 May 2015 5 News24 13 May 2015 6 Archived 3 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine SABC 13 May 2015 Young child dies during protests at Bela Bela Die Pos 17 February 2017 http www diepos co za articles news 40893 2017 02 17 young child dies during protests at bela bela amp p890 3 permanent dead link Boy 16 shot dead in Mpumalanga protest Archived 23 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine Koketso Motau EWN May 2017 I was just playing with him and then the gas came inside father of dead infant Jeff Wicks And Nivashni Nair The Times 29 May 2017 GroundUp Staff Why did Hout Bay explode 11 July 2017 http www groundup org za article why reblocking hardly moving imizamo yethu Steven Kau s death was no mistake Nation Nyoka New Frame 4 March 2019 Ipid investigating police after 2 protesters die in Caledon News 24 April 2019 CT POLICE PROBE FATAL PROTEST SHOOTING IN PHILIPPI EAST EWN 19 June 2020 LEO WILLIAMS THE LAINGVILLE BOY SHOT IN SERVICE DELIVERY PROTEST DIES EWN Deadly result as state forces seize loot in Durban Chris Makhaye New Frame 4 August 2021 I don t want to remember him I want him here KOENA MASHALE The Sowetan 04 August 2023 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 3 April 2012 Retrieved 4 September 2012 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Fatal turn in taxi fare protest Lungi Langa and Nompumelelo Magwaza IOL 8 June 2011 Western Cape protests Bloody hands in private security firms Rebecca Davis The Daily Maverick 19 June 2012 Unregulated and taking root SA s private security peril Mandy de Waal The Daily Maverick 19 June 2012 Two killed in fight over electricity By AMANDA KHOZA Sunday Tribune 20 October 2013 take on Nyalas in Newclare housing protest Sipho Kings Mail amp Guardian 7 October 2014 Basola onogada bakamasipala ngobulewe ngesihluku Isolezwe 14 June 2017 Mlungisi Madonsela died to protect fellow students friend Sunday Tribune 10 February 2018 A school pupil was shot and killed during a conflict which allegedly erupted between mine security guards and local community members Daily Maverick To Be Betrayed By Your Brother Archived 23 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Rosaleen Ortiz City University of New York 2010 Boiketlong Sebokeng Still dying for their rights THAPELO LEKGOWA amp GREG NICOLSON The Daily Maverick 7 February 2014 Westonaria mayhem When the children hit the streets G NICOLSON amp T LEKGOWA The Daily Maverick 25 October 2013 Big Brother Exposed Right2Know Campaign 2015 Independent Report into Political Violence Against Landless People s Movement Jared Sacks International Alliance of Inhabitants 2010 Report Experiences of Abahlali baseMjondolo in Durban South Africa Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine by Malavika Vartak Development Planning Unit of University College London a b The Work of violence a timeline of armed attacks at Kennedy Road Archived 17 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine Kerry Chance School of Development Studies Research Report 83 July 2010 a b Failure to conduct impartial investigation into Kennedy Road violence is leading to further human rights abuses Amnesty International December 2009 Umlazi uprising faces bullets arrests FATIMA ASMAL MOTALA 29 June 2012 Update from Ward 88 in Umlazi Durban Unemployed People s Movement 27 June 2012 Right2Know Condemns Disruption of Community Right2Know Campaign June 2012 Marikana prequel NUM and the murders that started it all Jared Sacks Daily Maverick 12 October 2012 Building unity in diversity Social movement activism in the Western Cape Anti Eviction Campaign Sophie Oldfield amp Kristian Stokke 2004 p 13 Community leader lives in fear of his life Lungile Dube Mail amp Guardian 1 April 2011 Ayanda Kota Unapologetic ANC apostate Mandy de Waal The Daily Maverick 2012 Independent Report into Political Violence Against the Landless People s Movement permanent dead link Jared Sacks International Alliance of Inhabitants Business Day We Are All S bu Zikode Amandla Magazine 2012 Umlazi Political Violence Crisis Abahali baseMjondolo 2006 Motala Heights Crisis Deepens as Violent Intimidation Against the Strong Poor Continues Abahlali baseMjondolo 2008 a b Umlazi Political Violence Press Statement 2006 We Don t Want Your Development Jacques de Wet in Rural Resistance in South Africa Thembele Kepe amp Lungisile Ntsebeza Eds UCT Press 2012 A Culture of Political Assassination Jane Duncan SACSIS 2010 Murders rock ANC Paddy Harper Mmanaledi Mataboge and Sizwe sama Yende City Press 29 July 2012 Is the SACP still relevant Jeremy Cronin The Times 31 July 2012 Amnesty International South Africa Report 2013 NUM branch secretary shot dead at Westplats mine SABC 6 October 2012 Cato Crest community leader gunned down By NKULULEKO NENE Daily News 18 March 2013 Murder in KwaNdengezi Abahlali baseMjondolo Press Statement 2013 Another Marikana murder NIVASHNI NAIR The Times 13 May 2013 KZN Anatomy of an assassination Niki Moore Daily Maverick 31 July 2013 KZN protest leader shot 12 times Nkululeko Nene Daily News 27 June 2013 Africa Killed for crying foul by Andrew England Financial Times 26 August 2013 Another Abahlali baseMjondolo member assassinated Daneel Knoetze GroundUp 1 October 2014 Political intolerance behind KZN murders Sihle Mahanda The Mercury 1 April 2014 Numsa condemns killing of its three shopstewards in Kwazulu Natal Lili hit exposes ANC cracks Warda Mayer Cape Argus 2014 Ziyanda izigameko zokubulawa kwabantu kwaNdengezi KZN Eyethu 2014 TWEET OF THE WEEK A culture of political violence and death BY GARETH VAN ONSELEN Business Day 5 DECEMBER 2014 Union leader gunned down in Germiston Shanti Aboobaker IOL 14 April 2015 Inchanga shooting call for calm MAYIBONGWE MAQHINA Daily News 27 January 2016 Opponent of Xolobeni titanium mine assassinated GroundUp 23 March 2016 Protests in Inchanga after execution style killing of SACP member Nathi Oilifant Times Live 22 August 2016 Community leader shot dead after massive Khayelitsha land occupation http abahlali org node 16007 Thembela Ntongana GroundUp 1 June 2017 Statement on the Assassination of S fiso Ngcobo Abahlali baseMjondolo Press statement 24 May 2017 Statement on the Assassination of S fiso Ngcobo Dying for Land KZN assassinations continue Greg Nicolson The Daily Maverick 25 May 2018 They left him in a pool of his blood Saftu wants quick arrest after activist killed Ernest Mabuza Times Live 6 July 2019 Platinum mine tense after assassination of unionist Masego Mafata GroundUp 26 August 2021 https www dailymaverick co za article 2022 03 15 the murder of abahlalis ayanda ngila is an injury to us all Daily Maverick 15 March 2022 Slain Abahlali baseMjondolo activist aware of danger she faced Daily Maverick 9 May 2022 Our hearts are heavy Another KZN activist gunned down inside his home Lisalee Solomons News24 20 August 2022 Abahlali baseMjondolo member s murder was deliberate Radio 702 17 May 2022 The South African Human Rights Commission condemns the brutal killing of Lindokuhle Mnguni a leader within the Abahlali baseMjondolo Movement South African Human Rights Commission 22 August 2022 ANC councillors jailed for activist s murder Giordano Stolley Independent Online 20 May 2016 Thuli Ndlovu HRD Memorial hrdmemorial org Brutal ANC vets in the firing line Michelle Pieterson Mail amp Guardian 13 July 2012 ANC A party under violent criminal siege Paul Trewhela Mail amp Guardian 4 August 2012 Zuma and the enemy within Paul Trewhela 17 October 2012 Youth call on Motlanthe to lead by MICHELLE PIETERSEN Sunday Independent 4 November 2012 Nominate Zuma or we ll shoot Solly Maphumulo The Star 14 November 2012 Dear Mr Zuma it s time for you to go Barney Pityana Sunday Independent 24 February 2013 Owen Olly Cooper Knock Sarah Jane 19 November 2014 1362480614557306 heoretical Criminology Cosatu report hammers self serving ANC MATUMA LETSOALO Mail amp Guardian 9 August 2010Further reading editHousing battles in post Apartheid South Africa The Case of Mandela Park Khayelitsha by Martin Legassick South African Labour Bulletin 2003 The Right to Dissent Freedom of expression assembly and demonstration in South Africa Usurped Freedom of Expression Institute 2003 Arresting Dissent State Repression and Post Apartheid Social Movements Dale McKinley amp Ahmed Veriava Centre for the Study of Violence amp Reconciliation 2005 Amandla Protest in the New South Africa Usurped Simon Delaney Freedom of Expression Institute May 2007 Independent Report into Political Violence Against the Landless People s Movement permanent dead link Jared Sacks International Alliance of Inhabitants 2010 The Gatvol Factor Jane Duncan SACSIS January 2011 Political tolerance on the wane in South Africa Imraan Buccus University of KwaZulu Natal SA Reconciliation Barometer 2011 The Work of violence a timeline of armed attacks at Kennedy Road Kerry Chance School of Development Studies Research Report 83 University of KwaZulu Natal July 2010 Police brutality and service delivery protests by Mphutlane wa Bofelo Pambazuka News 21 April 2011 Dissent Under Thabo Mbeki permanent dead link Jane Duncan May 2011 Professor Jane Duncan Rhodes University May 2011 State Violence Richard Pithouse SACSIS May 2011 Amnesty International South Africa Report 2011 ICD Rise in police abuse at service delivery protests Emsie Ferreira Mail amp Guardian 14 June 2011 ANC ratchets up its anti media campaign in provinces Mandy de Waal The Daily Maverick 6 July 2011 If They Come for You Who Will Speak Out by Jane Duncan 7 July 2011 No Easy Path Through the Embers resistance and repression in South Africa s shack settlements Counterfire Richard Pithouse August 2011 Police Brutally Suppress Protesters in Cape Town by Christopher McMichael Think Africa Press February 2012 The Reign of Thugs by Pedro Tabensky January 2012 Notes on a Crushed Protest by Ben Fogel February 2012 The Struggle for Street Politics Jane Duncan February 2012 With Enough Bullets Christopher McMichael March 2012 ANC A party under violent criminal siege Paul Trewhela Mail amp Guardian 4 August 2012 Zuma Why we re not laughing any more Hennie van Vuuren Mail amp Guardian 17 August 2012 Media underplaying police state brutality Jane Duncan Sunday Independent 26 August 2012 Marikana massacre a turning point by Martin Legassick 27 August 2012 Marikana We should be incandescent with rage by Julie Reid The Daily Maverick 28 August 2012 The Road to Marikana Abuses of Force During Public Order Policing Operations by David Bruce SACSIS 12 October 2012 Zuma and the enemy within Paul Trewhela Politics Web 16 October 2012 Uganda Transit Camp Durban A report from the frontlines of the struggle for democracy Jared Sacks Daily Maverick 13 February 2013 The Criminal Injustice System by Jane Duncan SACSIS 18 Feb 2013 No end in sight for police brutality in South Africa Justice Malala The Guardian 21 February 2013 SA cannot flourish in violent culture Imraan Buccus The Mercury 2013External links editAmnesty International South Africa Freedom of Expression Institute Usurped Right to Know Campaign Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Political repression in post apartheid South Africa amp oldid 1169240273, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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