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Neuston

February 09, 2023

Neuston, also known as pleuston, are organisms that live at the surface of the ocean or an estuary, or at the surface of a lake, river or pond. Neuston can live on top of the water surface or may be attached to the underside of the water surface. They may also exist in the surface microlayer that forms between the top side and the underside. Neuston have been defined as "organisms living at the air/water interface of freshwater, estuarine, and marine habitats or referring to the biota on or directly below the water’s surface layer."[1]

The water strider, a common freshwater neuston

The word neuston comes from the Greek neustos, meaning "swimming" + -on (as in plankton).[2] This term first appears in the biological literature in 1917.[3] The alternative term pleuston comes from the Greek plein, meaning "to sail or float". The first known use of this word was in 1909, before the first known use of neuston.[4] In the past various authors have attempted distinctions between neuston and pleuston, but these distinctions have not been widely adopted. As of 2021, the two terms are usually used somewhat interchangeably, and neuston is used more often than pleuston.

Overview

 
Portuguese man o' war
emblematic figure of the marine pleuston
 
Marine neuston (organisms that live at the ocean surface) can be contrasted with plankton (organisms that drift with water currents), nekton (organisms that can swim against water currents) and benthos (organisms that live at the ocean floor)

The neuston of the surface layer is one of the lesser known aquatic ecological groups.[5] The term was first used in 1917 by Naumann to describe species associated with the surface layer of freshwater habitats.[3] Later in 1971, Zaitsev identified neuston composition in marine waters.[6] These populations would include microscopic species, plus various plant and animal taxa, such as phytoplankton and zooplankton, living in this region.[6][7] In 2002, Gladyshev further characterised the major physical and chemical dynamics of the surface layer influencing the composition and relationships with various neustonic populations"[8][7]

The neustonic community structure is conditioned by sunlight and an array of endogenous (organic matter, respiratory, photosynthetic, decompositional processes) and exogenous (atmospheric deposition, inorganic matter, winds, wave action, precipitation, UV radiation, oceanic currents, surface temperature) variables and processes affecting nutrient inputs and recycling.[7][9][10] Furthermore, the neuston provides a food source to the zooplankton migrating from deeper layers to the surface,[11] as well as to seabirds roaming over the oceans.[12] For these reasons, the neustonic community is believed to play a critical role on the structure and function of marine food webs. Yet, research on neuston communities to date focused predominantly on geographically-limited regions of the ocean [13][11][14][15][10] or coastal areas.[16][17][18] Consequently, neuston complexity is still poorly understood as studies on the community structure and the taxonomical composition of organisms inhabiting this ecological niche remain few,[10] and global scale analyses are yet lacking.[5]

Types

 
Neuston net

There are different ways neuston can be categorised. Kennish divides them by their physical position into two groups:[1]

  • epineuston: organisms living on the water’s surface
  • hyponeuston: organisms within a region of specified depth directly below the surface layer

To this can be added the organisms living in the microlayer at the interface between air and water:

  • microlayer neuston: organisms (microorganisms) living in the surface microlayer sandwiched between the upper and under surface.

Marshall and Burchardt divide neuston into three ecological categories:[7][5]

  • euneuston: organisms with maximum abundance in the vicinity of the surface on which they reside day and night
  • facultative neuston: organisms concentrating at the surface only during certain hours of the day, usually during darkness
  • pseudoneuston: organisms with maximum concentrations at deeper layers but reaching the surface layer at least during certain hours.

Freshwater neuston

Freshwater neuston, organisms living at lake or pond surfaces or slow moving parts of rivers and streams, include beetles (see whirligig beetle), protozoans, bacteria and spiders (see fishing spider and diving bell spider). Springtails in the genera Podura and Sminthurides are almost exclusively neustonic, while Hypogastrura species often aggregate on pond surfaces. Water striders such as Gerris are common examples of insects that support their weight on water's surface tension.

Floods

 
Raft of red fire ants floating over a pond bank submerged by heavy rain
  Fire Ants Turn Into a Stinging Life Raft
– YouTube

There are different terrestrial environmental factors such as flood pulses and droughts, and these environmental factors affect species such as neuston, whether the effects lead to more or less variations in the species. When flood pulses (an abiotic factor) occur, connectivity between different aquatic environments occur. Species that live in environments with irregular flood patterns tend to have more variations, or even decrease species and variations; similar idea to what happens when droughts occur.[19]

Red fire ants have adapted to contend with both flooding and drought conditions. If the ants sense increased water levels in their nests, they link together and form a ball or raft that floats, with the workers on the outside and the queen inside.[20][21][22] The brood is transported to the highest surface.[23] They are also used as the founding structure of the raft, except for the eggs and smaller larvae. Before submerging, the ants will tip themselves into the water and sever connections with the dry land. In some cases, workers may deliberately remove all males from the raft, resulting in the males drowning. The longevity of a raft can be as long as 12 days. Ants that are trapped underwater escape by lifting themselves to the surface using bubbles which are collected from submerged substrate.[23] Owing to their greater vulnerability to predators, red imported fire ants are significantly more aggressive when rafting. Workers tend to deliver higher doses of venom, which reduces the threat of other animals attacking. Due to this, and because a higher workforce of ants is available, rafts are potentially dangerous to those that encounter them.[24]

Marine neuston

Further information: Ocean surface ecosystem and Sea surface microlayer

The marine neuston, organisms living at the ocean surface, are one of the least studied planktonic groups. Neuston occupies a restricted ecological niche and is affected by a wide range of endogenous and exogenous processes while also being a food source to zooplankton and fish migrating from the deep layers and seabirds.[5]

The neustonic animals form a subset of the zooplankton community, which plays a pivotal role in the functioning of marine ecosystems. Zooplankton are partially responsible for the active energy flux between superficial and deep layers of the ocean.[25][26][27] Zooplankton species composition, biomass, and secondary production influence a wide range of trophic levels in marine communities, as they constitute a link between primary production and secondary consumers.[28][29][30] Copepods constitute the most abundant zooplankton taxon in terms of biomass and diversity worldwide.[31][32] Consequently changes in their community composition can impact the biogeochemical cycles [33] and might be indicative of climate variability impacts on ecosystem functioning.[34][5]

Historically, zooplankton assemblages research has focused mainly on taxonomic studies and those related to community structure.[35] However, recently, research has veered toward an alternative trait-based approach,[35][29][36] providing a perspective more focused on groups of species with analogous functional traits. This allows individuals to be classified into types characterized by the presence/absence of certain alleles of a gene, into size classes, ecological guilds, or functional groups (FGs).[37] Functional traits are phenotypes affecting organism fitness, growth, survival, and reproductive ability.[38][30] These are regulated by the expression of genes within species, and the expression of traits regulate, in turn, the species fitness under contrasting biotic and abiotic circumstances.[39] Moreover, a specific functional trait can also develop from the interactions between other traits and environmental conditions,[31] leading to a given trait grouping being favoured under certain conditions. Zooplankton traits can be classified in accordance to ecological functions – feeding, growth, reproduction, survival, and other characteristics such as morphology, physiology, behaviour, or life history.[28][40][41] Particularly, feeding strategies and trophic groups are relevant to establish feeding efficiency and associated predation risk.[42] Additionally, they facilitate the understanding of ecosystem services associated with zooplankton, such as the distribution of fisheries or biogeochemical cycling [43] while also allowing the positioning of zooplankton taxa in the food web.[29][44][5]

Coral-treaders are a genus of quite rare wingless marine bugs known only from coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific region. During low tide they move over water surfaces around coral atolls and reefs similar to the more familiar water-striders, staying submerged in reef crevices during high tide.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Kennish, Michael J., ed. (2016). "Encyclopedia of Estuaries". Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8801-4. ISBN 978-94-017-8800-7. ISSN 1388-4360. S2CID 129770661.
  2. ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary: neuston. Accessed 18 December 2021.
  3. ^ a b Naumann, E. (1917) "Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Teichnannoplanktons. II. Über das Neuston des Süsswassers", Biologisches Zentralblatt, 37: 98–106.
  4. ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary: pleuston. Accessed 18 December 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Albuquerque, Rui; Bode, Antonio; González-Gordillo, Juan Ignacio; Duarte, Carlos M.; Queiroga, Henrique (2021). "Trophic Structure of Neuston Across Tropical and Subtropical Oceanic Provinces Assessed with Stable Isotopes". Frontiers in Marine Science. 7. doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.606088.   Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  6. ^ a b Zaitsev, Y. P. (1971) "Marine Neustonology". National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA and NSF, Washington DC.
  7. ^ a b c d Marshall, Harold G.; Burchardt, Lubomira (2005). "Neuston: Its definition with a historical review regarding its concept and community structure". Archiv für Hydrobiologie. 164 (4): 429–448. doi:10.1127/0003-9136/2005/0164-0429.
  8. ^ Gladyshev, Michail (2002). Biophysics of the surface microlayer of aquatic ecosystems. London: IWA. ISBN 978-1-900222-17-4. OCLC 49871862.
  9. ^ Barnes, D. K.A.; Davenport, J.; Rawlinson, K. A. (2005). "Temporal Variation in Diversity and Community Structure of a Semi-Isolated Neuston Community". Biology & Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 105 (2): 107–122. doi:10.3318/bioe.2005.105.2.107. S2CID 84508946.
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  12. ^ Cheng, L., Spear, L. and AINLEY, D.G. (2010) "Importance of marine insects (Heteroptera: Gerridae, Halobates spp.) as prey of eastern tropical Pacific seabirds". Marine Ornithology, 38": 91–95.
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  34. ^ Hooff, Rian C.; Peterson, William T. (2006). "Copepod biodiversity as an indicator of changes in ocean and climate conditions of the northern California current ecosystem". Limnology and Oceanography. 51 (6): 2607–2620. Bibcode:2006LimOc..51.2607H. doi:10.4319/lo.2006.51.6.2607. S2CID 16280978.
  35. ^ a b Pomerleau, Corinne; Sastri, Akash R.; Beisner, Beatrix E. (2015). "Evaluation of functional trait diversity for marine zooplankton communities in the Northeast subarctic Pacific Ocean". Journal of Plankton Research. 37 (4): 712–726. doi:10.1093/plankt/fbv045.
  36. ^ Campos, C.C.; Garcia, T.M.; Neumann-Leitão, S.; Soares, M.O. (2017). "Ecological indicators and functional groups of copepod assemblages". Ecological Indicators. 83: 416–426. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.08.018.
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External links

  • "neuston - Britannica Online". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-11-13.

February 09, 2023
neuston, also, known, pleuston, organisms, that, live, surface, ocean, estuary, surface, lake, river, pond, live, water, surface, attached, underside, water, surface, they, also, exist, surface, microlayer, that, forms, between, side, underside, have, been, de. Neuston also known as pleuston are organisms that live at the surface of the ocean or an estuary or at the surface of a lake river or pond Neuston can live on top of the water surface or may be attached to the underside of the water surface They may also exist in the surface microlayer that forms between the top side and the underside Neuston have been defined as organisms living at the air water interface of freshwater estuarine and marine habitats or referring to the biota on or directly below the water s surface layer 1 The water strider a common freshwater neuston The word neuston comes from the Greek neustos meaning swimming on as in plankton 2 This term first appears in the biological literature in 1917 3 The alternative term pleuston comes from the Greek plein meaning to sail or float The first known use of this word was in 1909 before the first known use of neuston 4 In the past various authors have attempted distinctions between neuston and pleuston but these distinctions have not been widely adopted As of 2021 the two terms are usually used somewhat interchangeably and neuston is used more often than pleuston Contents 1 Overview 2 Types 3 Freshwater neuston 3 1 Floods 4 Marine neuston 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksOverview Edit Portuguese man o waremblematic figure of the marine pleuston Marine neuston organisms that live at the ocean surface can be contrasted with plankton organisms that drift with water currents nekton organisms that can swim against water currents and benthos organisms that live at the ocean floor The neuston of the surface layer is one of the lesser known aquatic ecological groups 5 The term was first used in 1917 by Naumann to describe species associated with the surface layer of freshwater habitats 3 Later in 1971 Zaitsev identified neuston composition in marine waters 6 These populations would include microscopic species plus various plant and animal taxa such as phytoplankton and zooplankton living in this region 6 7 In 2002 Gladyshev further characterised the major physical and chemical dynamics of the surface layer influencing the composition and relationships with various neustonic populations 8 7 The neustonic community structure is conditioned by sunlight and an array of endogenous organic matter respiratory photosynthetic decompositional processes and exogenous atmospheric deposition inorganic matter winds wave action precipitation UV radiation oceanic currents surface temperature variables and processes affecting nutrient inputs and recycling 7 9 10 Furthermore the neuston provides a food source to the zooplankton migrating from deeper layers to the surface 11 as well as to seabirds roaming over the oceans 12 For these reasons the neustonic community is believed to play a critical role on the structure and function of marine food webs Yet research on neuston communities to date focused predominantly on geographically limited regions of the ocean 13 11 14 15 10 or coastal areas 16 17 18 Consequently neuston complexity is still poorly understood as studies on the community structure and the taxonomical composition of organisms inhabiting this ecological niche remain few 10 and global scale analyses are yet lacking 5 Types Edit Neuston net There are different ways neuston can be categorised Kennish divides them by their physical position into two groups 1 epineuston organisms living on the water s surface hyponeuston organisms within a region of specified depth directly below the surface layerTo this can be added the organisms living in the microlayer at the interface between air and water microlayer neuston organisms microorganisms living in the surface microlayer sandwiched between the upper and under surface Marshall and Burchardt divide neuston into three ecological categories 7 5 euneuston organisms with maximum abundance in the vicinity of the surface on which they reside day and night facultative neuston organisms concentrating at the surface only during certain hours of the day usually during darkness pseudoneuston organisms with maximum concentrations at deeper layers but reaching the surface layer at least during certain hours Freshwater neuston EditFreshwater neuston organisms living at lake or pond surfaces or slow moving parts of rivers and streams include beetles see whirligig beetle protozoans bacteria and spiders see fishing spider and diving bell spider Springtails in the genera Podura and Sminthurides are almost exclusively neustonic while Hypogastrura species often aggregate on pond surfaces Water striders such as Gerris are common examples of insects that support their weight on water s surface tension Whirligig Gyrinus natator source source source source source source source source source source Sminthurides aquaticus Water spider Waterstrider Gerris commun Duckweed on a pondBy size greater duckweed lesser duckweed and rootless dwarf duckweed Floods Edit Raft of red fire ants floating over a pond bank submerged by heavy rain Fire Ants Turn Into a Stinging Life Raft YouTube There are different terrestrial environmental factors such as flood pulses and droughts and these environmental factors affect species such as neuston whether the effects lead to more or less variations in the species When flood pulses an abiotic factor occur connectivity between different aquatic environments occur Species that live in environments with irregular flood patterns tend to have more variations or even decrease species and variations similar idea to what happens when droughts occur 19 Red fire ants have adapted to contend with both flooding and drought conditions If the ants sense increased water levels in their nests they link together and form a ball or raft that floats with the workers on the outside and the queen inside 20 21 22 The brood is transported to the highest surface 23 They are also used as the founding structure of the raft except for the eggs and smaller larvae Before submerging the ants will tip themselves into the water and sever connections with the dry land In some cases workers may deliberately remove all males from the raft resulting in the males drowning The longevity of a raft can be as long as 12 days Ants that are trapped underwater escape by lifting themselves to the surface using bubbles which are collected from submerged substrate 23 Owing to their greater vulnerability to predators red imported fire ants are significantly more aggressive when rafting Workers tend to deliver higher doses of venom which reduces the threat of other animals attacking Due to this and because a higher workforce of ants is available rafts are potentially dangerous to those that encounter them 24 Marine neuston EditFurther information Ocean surface ecosystem and Sea surface microlayer The marine neuston organisms living at the ocean surface are one of the least studied planktonic groups Neuston occupies a restricted ecological niche and is affected by a wide range of endogenous and exogenous processes while also being a food source to zooplankton and fish migrating from the deep layers and seabirds 5 The neustonic animals form a subset of the zooplankton community which plays a pivotal role in the functioning of marine ecosystems Zooplankton are partially responsible for the active energy flux between superficial and deep layers of the ocean 25 26 27 Zooplankton species composition biomass and secondary production influence a wide range of trophic levels in marine communities as they constitute a link between primary production and secondary consumers 28 29 30 Copepods constitute the most abundant zooplankton taxon in terms of biomass and diversity worldwide 31 32 Consequently changes in their community composition can impact the biogeochemical cycles 33 and might be indicative of climate variability impacts on ecosystem functioning 34 5 Portuguese man o war Physalia sp By the wind sailor Velella sp Blue button Porpita sp Flying fish from the family Exocoetidae Buoy barnacle Dosima fascicularis Blue sea dragons Glaucus sp Historically zooplankton assemblages research has focused mainly on taxonomic studies and those related to community structure 35 However recently research has veered toward an alternative trait based approach 35 29 36 providing a perspective more focused on groups of species with analogous functional traits This allows individuals to be classified into types characterized by the presence absence of certain alleles of a gene into size classes ecological guilds or functional groups FGs 37 Functional traits are phenotypes affecting organism fitness growth survival and reproductive ability 38 30 These are regulated by the expression of genes within species and the expression of traits regulate in turn the species fitness under contrasting biotic and abiotic circumstances 39 Moreover a specific functional trait can also develop from the interactions between other traits and environmental conditions 31 leading to a given trait grouping being favoured under certain conditions Zooplankton traits can be classified in accordance to ecological functions feeding growth reproduction survival and other characteristics such as morphology physiology behaviour or life history 28 40 41 Particularly feeding strategies and trophic groups are relevant to establish feeding efficiency and associated predation risk 42 Additionally they facilitate the understanding of ecosystem services associated with zooplankton such as the distribution of fisheries or biogeochemical cycling 43 while also allowing the positioning of zooplankton taxa in the food web 29 44 5 Paper nautilus Aurgonaut sp Sargassum sp seaweed Hippolytidae shrimp Marine snail Recluzia sp Violet snail Janthina sp Floating anemone Actinecta sp Coral treaders are a genus of quite rare wingless marine bugs known only from coral reefs in the Indo Pacific region During low tide they move over water surfaces around coral atolls and reefs similar to the more familiar water striders staying submerged in reef crevices during high tide See also EditBacterioneuston VirioneustonReferences Edit a b Kennish Michael J ed 2016 Encyclopedia of Estuaries Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series Dordrecht Springer Netherlands doi 10 1007 978 94 017 8801 4 ISBN 978 94 017 8800 7 ISSN 1388 4360 S2CID 129770661 Merriam Webster Dictionary neuston Accessed 18 December 2021 a b Naumann E 1917 Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Teichnannoplanktons II Uber das Neuston des Susswassers Biologisches Zentralblatt 37 98 106 Merriam Webster Dictionary pleuston Accessed 18 December 2021 a b c d e f Albuquerque Rui Bode Antonio Gonzalez Gordillo Juan Ignacio Duarte Carlos M Queiroga Henrique 2021 Trophic Structure of Neuston Across Tropical and Subtropical Oceanic Provinces Assessed with Stable Isotopes Frontiers in Marine Science 7 doi 10 3389 fmars 2020 606088 Material was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License a b Zaitsev Y P 1971 Marine Neustonology National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA and NSF Washington DC a b c d Marshall Harold G Burchardt Lubomira 2005 Neuston Its definition with a historical review regarding its concept and community structure Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 164 4 429 448 doi 10 1127 0003 9136 2005 0164 0429 Gladyshev Michail 2002 Biophysics of the surface microlayer of aquatic ecosystems London IWA ISBN 978 1 900222 17 4 OCLC 49871862 Barnes D K A Davenport J Rawlinson K A 2005 Temporal Variation in Diversity and Community Structure of a Semi Isolated Neuston Community Biology amp Environment Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 105 2 107 122 doi 10 3318 bioe 2005 105 2 107 S2CID 84508946 a b c Rezai Hamid Kabiri Keivan Arbi Iman Amini Nafiseh 2019 Neustonic zooplankton in the northeastern Persian Gulf Regional Studies in Marine Science 26 100473 doi 10 1016 j rsma 2018 100473 S2CID 135269465 a b Hempel G and Weikert H 1972 The neuston of the subtropical and boreal North eastern Atlantic Ocean A 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G P Silva Andrea P Campelo Renata P S Melo Junior Mauro de Melo Nuno F A C Costa Alejandro E S F Araujo Moacyr Veleda Doris R A Moura Rodrigo L Thompson Fabiano 2018 Zooplankton from a Reef System Under the Influence of the Amazon River Plume Frontiers in Microbiology 9 355 doi 10 3389 fmicb 2018 00355 PMC 5838004 PMID 29545783 Bianchi Daniele Mislan K A S 2016 Global patterns of diel vertical migration times and velocities from acoustic data Limnology and Oceanography 61 1 353 364 Bibcode 2016LimOc 61 353B doi 10 1002 lno 10219 S2CID 3400176 Hooff Rian C Peterson William T 2006 Copepod biodiversity as an indicator of changes in ocean and climate conditions of the northern California current ecosystem Limnology and Oceanography 51 6 2607 2620 Bibcode 2006LimOc 51 2607H doi 10 4319 lo 2006 51 6 2607 S2CID 16280978 a b Pomerleau Corinne Sastri Akash R Beisner Beatrix E 2015 Evaluation of functional trait diversity for marine zooplankton communities in the Northeast subarctic Pacific 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coupled stable isotope size spectrum approach to understanding pelagic food web dynamics A case study from the southwest sub tropical Pacific Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography 113 208 224 Bibcode 2015DSRII 113 208H doi 10 1016 j dsr2 2014 10 023 Brun Philipp Payne Mark R Kiorboe Thomas 2016 Trait biogeography of marine copepods an analysis across scales PDF Ecology Letters 19 12 1403 1413 doi 10 1111 ele 12688 PMID 27726281 S2CID 216070768 Brun Philipp Payne Mark R Kiorboe Thomas 2017 A trait database for marine copepods Earth System Science Data 9 1 99 113 Bibcode 2017ESSD 9 99B doi 10 5194 essd 9 99 2017 S2CID 55732646 Prowe A E Friederike Visser Andre W Andersen Ken H Chiba Sanae Kiorboe Thomas 2019 Biogeography of zooplankton feeding strategy Limnology and Oceanography 64 2 661 678 Bibcode 2019LimOc 64 661P doi 10 1002 lno 11067 S2CID 91541174 Benedetti Fabio Vogt Meike Righetti Damiano Guilhaumon Francois Ayata Sakina Dorothee 2018 Do functional groups of planktonic copepods differ in their ecological niches Journal of Biogeography 45 3 604 616 doi 10 1111 jbi 13166 S2CID 90358144 External links Edit Biology portal neuston Britannica Online Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 2007 11 13 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Neuston amp oldid 1136635650, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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