In Russia, there are three known varieties of mail and plate armour. These were adopted from Persian, initially as Persian exports,[citation needed] and have Persian names.
Behterets (also spelled Bekhterets; Russian: Бехтерец),[1] from Persian behter:[2] small horizontal plates arranged in vertical rows without gaps, joined by rings, and embedded in mail.
Kalantar (Russian: Калантарь): square plates embedded in mail, very similar to the Japanese karuta tatami-do. The major difference is that kalantar are not sewn to a cloth backing as Karuta tatami-do are.
According to Bobrov[3] the first mail and plate armor appeared as cuisses in the Middle East, and were imported by the Golden Horde. Persian miniatures of the first half of 15th century show different combinations of mail and plate armour with lamellar armor and brigandines sometimes worn with a single round mirror plate as breast re-enforcement. The first representation of mail and plate armour as body protection is shown in Persian miniatures, which show mail and plate armour composed of relatively large plates, worn with laminar pauldrons and skirt (formed from long, horizontal plates), re-enforced by a large round mirror plate. The first representation of classic mail and plate armour (without lamellar elements) can be seen in Baghdad's miniature which dates from 1465. From the end of the 15th century mail and plate armour began to fully replace lamellar armours. The main difference between eastern European (Russian and Polish) and Oriental mail and plate armor (according to Bobrov) is that eastern European versions usually do not have sleeves, while Oriental versions have sleeves (the forearms were protected by vambraces).[citation needed] In a heavy version these sleeves have embedded plates, and a light version (more widely used) has sleeves entirely made from mail.
In Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna (The Book of the Hidden Pearl) Jābir ibn Hayyān describes mail and plate armour for use in armours (jawasin), helmets (bid), and shields (daraq).[4]
Indian mail was constructed with alternating rows of solid links and round riveted links and it was often integrated with plate protection (mail and plate armour).The use of mail and plate armour in india declined in the 18th century. Mail and plate armour was documented in the Battle of Plassey by the Nawabs of Bengal.[citation needed] Mail and plate armor, called baju lamina, was also used by some of the people of Southeast Asia, namely the Bugis, Torajans and Malay.[5][6] An early reference of this armor type was mentioned by the son of Alfonso de Albuquerque in the 16th century.[7][8]
In Japan, mail and plate armour is called "karuta", small square or rectangular rawhide or metal plates with the gaps between them filled with mail.[9]
The first known use of iron plate mail in Korea was used by the Gaya Confederacy between 42 and 562 AD. A large number of iron and steel artifacts, including iron armor, iron horse armor such as helmets and bits, and smaller iron ingots (often used as money), have been found in the Daeseong-dong tombs in Gimhae. Gimhae (김해, 金海) literally means "Sea of Iron", as if the city's name symbolizes the abundance of iron in the area. Surviving examples are currently on display at the Gimhae National Museum in South Korea.[10] The later Korean version of this armour is known as gyeongbeongap (경번갑/鏡幡甲). The most famous general who used this type of armor was General Chonji.[citation needed]
Galleryedit
Japanese mail and plate armour in the form of a karuta tatami-do
Indian (Mughal) riveted mail and plate coat zirah bagtar. Armour of this type was introduced into India under the Mughals.
Ottoman (Turkish) mail and plate armor from the Topkapi Palace
^Nicolle, David; Shpakovsky, Viacheslav (25 May 2002). Medieval Russian Armies 1250–1500. Bloomsbury USA. p. 45. ISBN978-1-84176-234-0.
^ abLeonid A. Bobrov "Iron hawks from the territory of Maveranahr" (sets of the defensive equipment of the warriors of the Middle Asia and the neighbouring territories in 16th–17th centuries)
^Леонид Бобров "Защитное вооружение среднеазиатского воина эпохи позднего средневековья" (Leonid Bobrov "Panoply of a Late Medieval Central Asian Warrior") 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine [https://web.archive.org/web/20110612053139/http://www.kyrgyz.ru/bbr/bobrov_03.html Archived 2011-06-12 at the Wayback Machine illustrations of different kind of mail and plate armour
^Ahmad Y Hassan, The Colouring of Gemstones, the Purifying and Making of Pearls, and Other Useful Recipes
^Albert G. van Zonneveld: Traditional weapons of the Indonesian archipelago. C. Zwartenkot Art Books, Leiden 2001, ISBN90-5450-004-2, p. 28.
^Klinkert, Hillebrandus Cornelius (1926). Nieuw Nederlandsch-maleisch Woordenboek. N. v. boekhandel en drukkerij voorheen E. J. Brill. p. 546.
^The son of Afonso de Albuquerque (1774). Commentários do Grande Afonso Dalbuquerque parte III. Lisboa: Na Regia Officina Typografica. p. 144.
^Birch, Walter de Gray (1875). The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, Second Viceroy of India, translated from the Portuguese edition of 1774 volume III. London: The Hakluyt society. p. 127.
^Ian Bottomley & A. P. Hopson, Arms and Armor of the Samurai: The History of Weaponry in Ancient Japan, pp. 88 & 91.
^Pak, John. "'Sea of Iron', Gimhae embraces Gaya history". www.korea.net. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to mail and plate armour.
Nihon Katchû Seisakuben
Indian (Sind) mail and plate armour.
Samurai's Tatami-do
Mail and plate armour in Ottoman style owned by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
December 18, 2023
mail, plate, armour, armour, made, entirely, plates, plate, armour, splinted, mail, redirects, here, armors, made, from, long, metal, strips, splint, armour, plated, mail, plated, chainmail, splinted, mail, chainmail, type, mail, with, embedded, plates, armour. For armour made entirely of plates see Plate armour Splinted mail redirects here For armors made from long metal strips see Splint armour Mail and plate armour plated mail plated chainmail splinted mail chainmail is a type of mail with embedded plates Armour of this type has been used in the Middle East North Africa Ottoman Empire Japan China Korea Vietnam Central Asia Greater Iran India Eastern Europe and Nusantara Russian mail and plate armour behterets Hermanni linn Museum Narva EstoniaPolish Bechter diagrammDifferent methods of joining plates to mail Contents 1 Types 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksTypes editIn Russia there are three known varieties of mail and plate armour These were adopted from Persian initially as Persian exports citation needed and have Persian names Behterets also spelled Bekhterets Russian Behterec 1 from Persian behter 2 small horizontal plates arranged in vertical rows without gaps joined by rings and embedded in mail Yushman Russian Yushman from Persian jawshan 2 long horizontal plates embedded in mail and resembling laminar armour e g Roman lorica segmentata Kalantar Russian Kalantar square plates embedded in mail very similar to the Japanese karuta tatami do The major difference is that kalantar are not sewn to a cloth backing as Karuta tatami do are According to Bobrov 3 the first mail and plate armor appeared as cuisses in the Middle East and were imported by the Golden Horde Persian miniatures of the first half of 15th century show different combinations of mail and plate armour with lamellar armor and brigandines sometimes worn with a single round mirror plate as breast re enforcement The first representation of mail and plate armour as body protection is shown in Persian miniatures which show mail and plate armour composed of relatively large plates worn with laminar pauldrons and skirt formed from long horizontal plates re enforced by a large round mirror plate The first representation of classic mail and plate armour without lamellar elements can be seen in Baghdad s miniature which dates from 1465 From the end of the 15th century mail and plate armour began to fully replace lamellar armours The main difference between eastern European Russian and Polish and Oriental mail and plate armor according to Bobrov is that eastern European versions usually do not have sleeves while Oriental versions have sleeves the forearms were protected by vambraces citation needed In a heavy version these sleeves have embedded plates and a light version more widely used has sleeves entirely made from mail In Kitab al Durra al Maknuna The Book of the Hidden Pearl Jabir ibn Hayyan describes mail and plate armour for use in armours jawasin helmets bid and shields daraq 4 Indian mail was constructed with alternating rows of solid links and round riveted links and it was often integrated with plate protection mail and plate armour The use of mail and plate armour in india declined in the 18th century Mail and plate armour was documented in the Battle of Plassey by the Nawabs of Bengal citation needed Mail and plate armor called baju lamina was also used by some of the people of Southeast Asia namely the Bugis Torajans and Malay 5 6 An early reference of this armor type was mentioned by the son of Alfonso de Albuquerque in the 16th century 7 8 In Japan mail and plate armour is called karuta small square or rectangular rawhide or metal plates with the gaps between them filled with mail 9 The first known use of iron plate mail in Korea was used by the Gaya Confederacy between 42 and 562 AD A large number of iron and steel artifacts including iron armor iron horse armor such as helmets and bits and smaller iron ingots often used as money have been found in the Daeseong dong tombs in Gimhae Gimhae 김해 金海 literally means Sea of Iron as if the city s name symbolizes the abundance of iron in the area Surviving examples are currently on display at the Gimhae National Museum in South Korea 10 The later Korean version of this armour is known as gyeongbeongap 경번갑 鏡幡甲 The most famous general who used this type of armor was General Chonji citation needed Gallery edit nbsp Japanese mail and plate armour in the form of a karuta tatami do nbsp Indian Mughal riveted mail and plate coat zirah bagtar Armour of this type was introduced into India under the Mughals nbsp Ottoman Turkish mail and plate armor from the Topkapi Palace nbsp Mail and plate armour from Kalhora Sindh nbsp Coat of mail with horn plates Philippines Moro people 1800s Higgins Armory Museum nbsp Persian Iran mail and plate armour dating from 1450 the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art nbsp Ottoman Sipahi armour 1480 1500 nbsp Ottoman Mamluk armour circa 1550 nbsp Korean 조선의 경번갑 Korean mail and plate armour nbsp Kalantar Russian Kalantar nbsp Georgian parade armour with golden plates nbsp A lamena of Buginese Indonesian originSee also editkote Japanese bracers which were often made from plated mail sewn to cloth backing pl Bechter moskiewski Muscovy Mail and Plate Russian type of mail and plate armour Tatami do Japanese type of mail and plate armour Baju Lamina Indonesian type of mail and plate armour de Moro Rustung Philippine type of mail and plate armour Mail armour Splinted armour Lamellar armourReferences edit Nicolle David Shpakovsky Viacheslav 25 May 2002 Medieval Russian Armies 1250 1500 Bloomsbury USA p 45 ISBN 978 1 84176 234 0 a b Leonid A Bobrov Iron hawks from the territory of Maveranahr sets of the defensive equipment of the warriors of the Middle Asia and the neighbouring territories in 16th 17th centuries Leonid Bobrov Zashitnoe vooruzhenie sredneaziatskogo voina epohi pozdnego srednevekovya Leonid Bobrov Panoply of a Late Medieval Central Asian Warrior Archived 2007 09 27 at the Wayback Machine https web archive org web 20110612053139 http www kyrgyz ru bbr bobrov 03 html Archived 2011 06 12 at the Wayback Machine illustrations of different kind of mail and plate armour Ahmad Y Hassan The Colouring of Gemstones the Purifying and Making of Pearls and Other Useful Recipes Albert G van Zonneveld Traditional weapons of the Indonesian archipelago C Zwartenkot Art Books Leiden 2001 ISBN 90 5450 004 2 p 28 Klinkert Hillebrandus Cornelius 1926 Nieuw Nederlandsch maleisch Woordenboek N v boekhandel en drukkerij voorheen E J Brill p 546 The son of Afonso de Albuquerque 1774 Commentarios do Grande Afonso Dalbuquerque parte III Lisboa Na Regia Officina Typografica p 144 Birch Walter de Gray 1875 The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque Second Viceroy of India translated from the Portuguese edition of 1774 volume III London The Hakluyt society p 127 Ian Bottomley amp A P Hopson Arms and Armor of the Samurai The History of Weaponry in Ancient Japan pp 88 amp 91 Pak John Sea of Iron Gimhae embraces Gaya history www korea net Retrieved 14 April 2015 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to mail and plate armour The Silk Road Designs Armoury Mail and Plates Russian medieval arms and armor Nihon Katchu Seisakuben Tatami Do Kikko Japanese brigandine from plates mail and cloth Indian Sind mail and plate armour Samurai s Tatami do Mail and plate armour in Ottoman style owned by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mail and plate armour amp oldid 1183228571, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
