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Plasmopara halstedii

January 01, 1970

Plasmopara halstedii is a plant pathogen infecting sunflowers. The species is one of many pathogens commonly referred to as downy mildew.[1] P. halstedii originated in North America.

Plasmopara halstedii
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Stramenopiles
Phylum: Oomycota
Order: Peronosporales
Family: Peronosporaceae
Genus: Plasmopara
Species:
P. halstedii
Binomial name
Plasmopara halstedii
(Farl.) Berl. & De Toni, (1888)
Synonyms

Peronospora halstedii Farl., (1882)

Plasmopara halstedii oospores produce a thin wall which are resistant structures, sexually produced that are essential for its continuation. After entering an area, the eradication of the pathogen is difficult due to the formation of oospores, which can remain viable in soil for many years.[2]

Hosts and symptoms edit

Plasmopara halstedii is an obligate biotroph that attacks the flowering plants of the family Asteraceae, found to infect the genus’ Helianthus, Bidens, Artemisia, and Xanthium. The pathogen has the strongest impact on Helianthus, degrading flower yields in the species H. argophyllus, H. debilis, H. petiolaris and H. annuus.[3] H. annuus, the common sunflower, is also the most common host of P. halstedii. Xanthium strumarium,[4] the common cocklebur, and Ambrosia artemisiifolia,[5] or ragweed, have been shown to act as significant wild hosts.

Plasmopara halstedii causes significant yield losses due to the production of infertile sunflowers. Infertility due to P. halstedii is a result of sporulation on the flowering bodies as well as seed damping off due to root infection.[3][6] Other symptoms include plant stunting, chlorosis, root browning and alteration of secondary metabolism of infected plants.[7]

As an oomycete, P. halstedii releases motile zoospores as secondary inoculum. In these cases, secondary infection symptoms are much less severe than primary symptoms.[8] A sign of the disease is the “typical downy appearance” resulting from sporulation on the bottom surface of the leaves.[8][9]

Detection edit

Systemically infected sunflower plants may have some degree of stunting and the leaves show pale green or chlorotic mottling which spreads along the main veins and over the lamella.

Disease cycle edit

Plasmopara halstedii is a plant pathogenic oomycete, capable of overwintering in soil due to survival structures called oospores. For this reason, P. halstedii is a soil borne pathogen infecting the roots of the host plant.[10] Oospores have the potential to live in soil up to 10 years,[9] while oospore germination takes 10–30 days.[11] Germination length depends on environmental condition and typically occurs in the spring.[11] The germinating oospores form zoosporangia that release motile zoospores that germinate upon contact with root exudates.[12]

After primary infection, zoospores serve as a main source of inoculum throughout the rest of the season.[13] Zoospores germinate in about two hours and have two means of infection: direct penetration of the root through the use of an appresorium or infection due to an already present wound. Hyphae extend throughout the intercellular space, forming parasitic haustoria. The pathogen breaks through the surface of leaves and flowering structures through stomata. Asexual reproduction structures, called zoosporangiaphores, form at these sites. These structures release zoosporangia containing zoospores to other plants, the primary means of dissemination.[3]

Sexual reproduction be either homothallic or heterothallic. Homothallic reproduction is characterized by the fusion of the asexual oogonium and antheridium. This fusion leads to the formation and release of sexual oospores, the primary inoculum for the next season. Heterothallic sexual reproduction is the fusion of sexual cells from two separate organisms, leading to "outcrossing".[11][14]

Management and control edit

Once the pathogen has been detected in an area, management is essential, as P. halstedii is nearly impossible to eradicate. Between long-surviving resting spores and high levels of secondary inoculum, P. halstedii can infect from 50% to 95% of sunflower yields in a single season.[6]

Resistant sunflower strains are available, as two types of dominant major resistance genes have been identified, denoted as Pl.[3] Type 1 resistance lacks infection above the base of the hypocotyl. Type 2 is characterized by a weak infection, with sporulation never reaching the upper region of the host.[3] Resistant genes have been overcome in the past as the pathogen evolves and mutates, suggesting that resistance may not give the best results.[15] However, due to the constant search for resistant sources from wild Helianthus, the gene pool of cultivars is frequently being used to produce new, commercially resistant strains.[16][17]

Seed treatment has been shown to be effective in controlling the disease, as the establishment of P. halstedii in an area of soil is nearly irreversible. The compounds metalaxyl and oxadixyl have been shown to protect seeds in the case of infection, and treatments containing these compounds are commercially available.[18] Fungicides seed dressings of this nature have also been shown to give significant control over the pathogen.[19] However, some strains of P. halstedii have begun to show resistance to metalaxyl-based fungicides, reported in multiple countries.[15][20] Alternate forms of resistance are being developed for the future, including the use of biological antagonists[16] and defense-related proteins.[21]

Australia is the leader in pest control of P. halstedii. In Australia, any imported seed is subject to hot-water treatment, fungicide dusting and monitoring for up to 3 years.[22]

References edit

  1. ^ Friskop, Andrew; Markell, Sam; Gulya, Tom (2009). "Downy Mildew of Sunflower" (PDF). Sunflower Publications. Fargo, North Dakota: North Dakota State University Extension Service. Retrieved 4 March 2016. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  2. ^ Maria Villas Bôas de Campos Leite, Regina; Assis Henning, Ademir; Rosa Rodrigues, Silvia; Fernandes de Oliveira, Marcelo (December 2007). "Detecção e variabilidade de Plasmopara halstedii no Brasil e avaliação da resistência de genótipos de girassol ao míldio" [Detection and variability of Plasmopara halstedii in Brazil and resistance of sunflower genotypes to downy mildew]. Summa Phytopathologica. ISSN 0100-5405.
  3. ^ a b c d e Gascuel, Quentin; Martinez, Yves; Boniface, Marie-Claude; Vear, Felicity; Pichon, Magalie; Godiard, Laurence (2015). "The sunflower downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara halstedii". Molecular Plant Pathology. 16 (2): 109–122. doi:10.1111/mpp.12164. PMC 6638465. PMID 25476405.
  4. ^ Komjáti H, Walcz I, Virányi F, Zipper R, Thines M, Spring O, 2007. Characteristics of a Plasmopara angustiterminalis isolate from Xanthium strumarium. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 119(4):421-428. http://springerlink.metapress.com/link.asp?id=100265
  5. ^ Walcz I, Bogßr K, Virßnyi F, 2000. Study on an Ambrosia isolate of Plasmopara halstedii. Helia, 23(33):19-24; 8 ref.
  6. ^ a b Sackston, W.E. (1981) Downy mildew of sunflower. In: The Downy Mildews (Spencer, D.M., ed.), pp. 545–575.London: Academic Press.
  7. ^ Mouzeyar, S., Tourvieille de Labrouhe, D. and Vear, F. (1993) Histopathological studies of resistance of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to downy mildew (Plasmopara halstedii). J. Phytopathol. 139, 289–297.
  8. ^ a b Gulya, T.J., Tourvieille de Labrouhe, D., Masirevic, S., Penaud, A., Rashid, K. and Viranyi, F. (1998) Proposal for the standardized nomenclature and identification of races of Plasmopara halstedii (sunflower downy mildew). In: Sunflower Downy Mildew Symposium, Proceedings of Sunflower Downy Mildew Symposium, International Sunflower Association Symposium III, Fargo, ND, USA, pp. 130–136.
  9. ^ a b Harveson, R. M. (May 2011). "Downy Mildew of Sunflower in Nebraska" (PDF).
  10. ^ Ioos, R., Laugustin, L., Rose, S., Tourvieille, J. and de Labrouhe, D.T. (2007) Development of a PCR test to detect the downy mildew causal agent Plasmopara halstedii in sunflower seeds. Plant Pathol.56, 209–218.
  11. ^ a b c Spring, O. and Zipper, R. (2000) Isolation of oospores of sunflower downy mildew, Plasmopara halstedii, and microscopical studies on oospore germination. J. Phytopathol. 148, 227–231.
  12. ^ Harveson, R. M; Markell, S. G; Block, C. C; Gulya, T. J, eds. (2016). Compendium of Sunflower Diseases and Pests. pp. 18–20. doi:10.1094/9780890545096. ISBN 978-0-89054-509-6.
  13. ^ Grenville-Briggs, L.J. and Van West, P. (2005) The biotrophic stages of oomycete–plant interactions. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 57, 217–243.
  14. ^ Spring, O. (2000) Homothallic sexual reproduction in Plasmopara halstedii, the downy mildew of sunflower.Helia, 23, 19–26.
  15. ^ a b Gulya, T.J.; Sackston, W.E.; Virányi, F.; Masirevic, S.; Rashid, K.Y. (1991) New races of the sunflower downy mildew pathogen (Plasmopara halstedii) in Europe and North and South America. Journal of Phytopathology 132, 303-311.
  16. ^ a b Sackston WE, 1992. On a treadmill: breeding sunflowers for resistance to disease. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 30:529-551; 123 ref.
  17. ^ Skoric D, 1994. Sunflower breeding for resistance to dominant diseases. In: Proceedings of the EUCARPIA Oil and Protein Crops Section, Symposium on Breeding of Oil and Protein Crops, Albena, Bulgaria, 30-48.
  18. ^ Achbani EH, Lamrhari A, Serrhini MN, Douira A, Tourvieille de Labrouche D, 1999. Evaluation of the efficacy of seed treatments against Plasmopara halstedii. Bulletin OEPP, 29(4):443-449; 15 ref.
  19. ^ Oros G, Viranyi F, 1987. Glasshouse evaluation of fungicides for the control of sunflower downy mildew (Plasmopara halstedii). Annals of Applied Biology, 110(1): 53-63.
  20. ^ Lafon S, Penaud A, Walser P, De Guenin M-Ch, Molinero V, Mestres R, Tourvieille D, 1996. Le mildiou du tournesol toujour sou surveillance. Phytoma, 484:35-36.
  21. ^ Nandeeshkumar P, Ramachandra K, Prakash HS, Niranjana SR, Shetty H, 2008. Induction of resistance against downy mildew on sunflower by rhizobacteria, 3(4):255-262.
  22. ^ Anon. (1981) Sunflower downy mildew. Plant Quarantine Leaflet No. 13. Commonwealth Department of Health, Canberra, Australia.

Further reading edit

  • Sakr, Nachaat (December 2012). "Diversity in Plasmopara halstedii, the Causal Agent of Sunflower Downy Mildew". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 33 (4): 463–480. doi:10.7872/crym.v33.iss4.2012.463. S2CID 85621984.
  • "PM 7/85 (2) Plasmopara halstedii". EPPO Bulletin. 44 (3): 350–359. 2014. doi:10.1111/epp.12160.—diagnostic protocol

January 01, 1970
plasmopara, halstedii, plant, pathogen, infecting, sunflowers, species, many, pathogens, commonly, referred, downy, mildew, halstedii, originated, north, america, scientific, classification, domain, eukaryota, clade, diaphoretickes, clade, clade, stramenopiles. Plasmopara halstedii is a plant pathogen infecting sunflowers The species is one of many pathogens commonly referred to as downy mildew 1 P halstedii originated in North America Plasmopara halstedii Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Clade Diaphoretickes Clade SAR Clade Stramenopiles Phylum Oomycota Order Peronosporales Family Peronosporaceae Genus Plasmopara Species P halstedii Binomial name Plasmopara halstedii Farl Berl amp De Toni 1888 Synonyms Peronospora halstedii Farl 1882 Plasmopara halstedii oospores produce a thin wall which are resistant structures sexually produced that are essential for its continuation After entering an area the eradication of the pathogen is difficult due to the formation of oospores which can remain viable in soil for many years 2 Contents 1 Hosts and symptoms 2 Detection 3 Disease cycle 4 Management and control 5 References 6 Further readingHosts and symptoms editPlasmopara halstedii is an obligate biotroph that attacks the flowering plants of the family Asteraceae found to infect the genus Helianthus Bidens Artemisia and Xanthium The pathogen has the strongest impact on Helianthus degrading flower yields in the species H argophyllus H debilis H petiolaris and H annuus 3 H annuus the common sunflower is also the most common host of P halstedii Xanthium strumarium 4 the common cocklebur and Ambrosia artemisiifolia 5 or ragweed have been shown to act as significant wild hosts Plasmopara halstedii causes significant yield losses due to the production of infertile sunflowers Infertility due to P halstedii is a result of sporulation on the flowering bodies as well as seed damping off due to root infection 3 6 Other symptoms include plant stunting chlorosis root browning and alteration of secondary metabolism of infected plants 7 As an oomycete P halstedii releases motile zoospores as secondary inoculum In these cases secondary infection symptoms are much less severe than primary symptoms 8 A sign of the disease is the typical downy appearance resulting from sporulation on the bottom surface of the leaves 8 9 Detection editSystemically infected sunflower plants may have some degree of stunting and the leaves show pale green or chlorotic mottling which spreads along the main veins and over the lamella Disease cycle editPlasmopara halstedii is a plant pathogenic oomycete capable of overwintering in soil due to survival structures called oospores For this reason P halstedii is a soil borne pathogen infecting the roots of the host plant 10 Oospores have the potential to live in soil up to 10 years 9 while oospore germination takes 10 30 days 11 Germination length depends on environmental condition and typically occurs in the spring 11 The germinating oospores form zoosporangia that release motile zoospores that germinate upon contact with root exudates 12 After primary infection zoospores serve as a main source of inoculum throughout the rest of the season 13 Zoospores germinate in about two hours and have two means of infection direct penetration of the root through the use of an appresorium or infection due to an already present wound Hyphae extend throughout the intercellular space forming parasitic haustoria The pathogen breaks through the surface of leaves and flowering structures through stomata Asexual reproduction structures called zoosporangiaphores form at these sites These structures release zoosporangia containing zoospores to other plants the primary means of dissemination 3 Sexual reproduction be either homothallic or heterothallic Homothallic reproduction is characterized by the fusion of the asexual oogonium and antheridium This fusion leads to the formation and release of sexual oospores the primary inoculum for the next season Heterothallic sexual reproduction is the fusion of sexual cells from two separate organisms leading to outcrossing 11 14 Management and control editOnce the pathogen has been detected in an area management is essential as P halstedii is nearly impossible to eradicate Between long surviving resting spores and high levels of secondary inoculum P halstedii can infect from 50 to 95 of sunflower yields in a single season 6 Resistant sunflower strains are available as two types of dominant major resistance genes have been identified denoted as Pl 3 Type 1 resistance lacks infection above the base of the hypocotyl Type 2 is characterized by a weak infection with sporulation never reaching the upper region of the host 3 Resistant genes have been overcome in the past as the pathogen evolves and mutates suggesting that resistance may not give the best results 15 However due to the constant search for resistant sources from wild Helianthus the gene pool of cultivars is frequently being used to produce new commercially resistant strains 16 17 Seed treatment has been shown to be effective in controlling the disease as the establishment of P halstedii in an area of soil is nearly irreversible The compounds metalaxyl and oxadixyl have been shown to protect seeds in the case of infection and treatments containing these compounds are commercially available 18 Fungicides seed dressings of this nature have also been shown to give significant control over the pathogen 19 However some strains of P halstedii have begun to show resistance to metalaxyl based fungicides reported in multiple countries 15 20 Alternate forms of resistance are being developed for the future including the use of biological antagonists 16 and defense related proteins 21 Australia is the leader in pest control of P halstedii In Australia any imported seed is subject to hot water treatment fungicide dusting and monitoring for up to 3 years 22 References edit Friskop Andrew Markell Sam Gulya Tom 2009 Downy Mildew of Sunflower PDF Sunflower Publications Fargo North Dakota North Dakota State University Extension Service Retrieved 4 March 2016 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help Maria Villas Boas de Campos Leite Regina Assis Henning Ademir Rosa Rodrigues Silvia Fernandes de Oliveira Marcelo December 2007 Deteccao e variabilidade de Plasmopara halstedii no Brasil e avaliacao da resistencia de genotipos de girassol ao mildio Detection and variability of Plasmopara halstedii in Brazil and resistance of sunflower genotypes to downy mildew Summa Phytopathologica ISSN 0100 5405 a b c d e Gascuel Quentin Martinez Yves Boniface Marie Claude Vear Felicity Pichon Magalie Godiard Laurence 2015 The sunflower downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara halstedii Molecular Plant Pathology 16 2 109 122 doi 10 1111 mpp 12164 PMC 6638465 PMID 25476405 Komjati H Walcz I Viranyi F Zipper R Thines M Spring O 2007 Characteristics of a Plasmopara angustiterminalis isolate from Xanthium strumarium European Journal of Plant Pathology 119 4 421 428 http springerlink metapress com link asp id 100265 Walcz I Bogssr K Virssnyi F 2000 Study on an Ambrosia isolate of Plasmopara halstedii Helia 23 33 19 24 8 ref a b Sackston W E 1981 Downy mildew of sunflower In The Downy Mildews Spencer D M ed pp 545 575 London Academic Press Mouzeyar S Tourvieille de Labrouhe D and Vear F 1993 Histopathological studies of resistance of sunflower Helianthus annuus L to downy mildew Plasmopara halstedii J Phytopathol 139 289 297 a b Gulya T J Tourvieille de Labrouhe D Masirevic S Penaud A Rashid K and Viranyi F 1998 Proposal for the standardized nomenclature and identification of races of Plasmopara halstedii sunflower downy mildew In Sunflower Downy Mildew Symposium Proceedings of Sunflower Downy Mildew Symposium International Sunflower Association Symposium III Fargo ND USA pp 130 136 a b Harveson R M May 2011 Downy Mildew of Sunflower in Nebraska PDF Ioos R Laugustin L Rose S Tourvieille J and de Labrouhe D T 2007 Development of a PCR test to detect the downy mildew causal agent Plasmopara halstedii in sunflower seeds Plant Pathol 56 209 218 a b c Spring O and Zipper R 2000 Isolation of oospores of sunflower downy mildew Plasmopara halstedii and microscopical studies on oospore germination J Phytopathol 148 227 231 Harveson R M Markell S G Block C C Gulya T J eds 2016 Compendium of Sunflower Diseases and Pests pp 18 20 doi 10 1094 9780890545096 ISBN 978 0 89054 509 6 Grenville Briggs L J and Van West P 2005 The biotrophic stages of oomycete plant interactions Adv Appl Microbiol 57 217 243 Spring O 2000 Homothallic sexual reproduction in Plasmopara halstedii the downy mildew of sunflower Helia 23 19 26 a b Gulya T J Sackston W E Viranyi F Masirevic S Rashid K Y 1991 New races of the sunflower downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara halstedii in Europe and North and South America Journal of Phytopathology 132 303 311 a b Sackston WE 1992 On a treadmill breeding sunflowers for resistance to disease Annual Review of Phytopathology 30 529 551 123 ref Skoric D 1994 Sunflower breeding for resistance to dominant diseases In Proceedings of the EUCARPIA Oil and Protein Crops Section Symposium on Breeding of Oil and Protein Crops Albena Bulgaria 30 48 Achbani EH Lamrhari A Serrhini MN Douira A Tourvieille de Labrouche D 1999 Evaluation of the efficacy of seed treatments against Plasmopara halstedii Bulletin OEPP 29 4 443 449 15 ref Oros G Viranyi F 1987 Glasshouse evaluation of fungicides for the control of sunflower downy mildew Plasmopara halstedii Annals of Applied Biology 110 1 53 63 Lafon S Penaud A Walser P De Guenin M Ch Molinero V Mestres R Tourvieille D 1996 Le mildiou du tournesol toujour sou surveillance Phytoma 484 35 36 Nandeeshkumar P Ramachandra K Prakash HS Niranjana SR Shetty H 2008 Induction of resistance against downy mildew on sunflower by rhizobacteria 3 4 255 262 Anon 1981 Sunflower downy mildew Plant Quarantine Leaflet No 13 Commonwealth Department of Health Canberra Australia Further reading editSakr Nachaat December 2012 Diversity in Plasmopara halstedii the Causal Agent of Sunflower Downy Mildew Cryptogamie Mycologie 33 4 463 480 doi 10 7872 crym v33 iss4 2012 463 S2CID 85621984 PM 7 85 2 Plasmopara halstedii EPPO Bulletin 44 3 350 359 2014 doi 10 1111 epp 12160 diagnostic protocol Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Plasmopara halstedii amp oldid 1218929009, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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