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Pimelia

May 02, 2024

Not to be confused with the plant genus Pimelea.

Pimelia is a genus of darkling beetles in the subfamily Pimeliinae.[1][2][3]

Pimelia
Pimelia obsoleta
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Family: Tenebrionidae
Subfamily: Pimeliinae
Tribe: Pimeliini
Genus: Pimelia
Fabricius, 1775

Species edit

  • Pimelia aculeata Klug, 1830
  • Pimelia akbesiana Fairmaire, 1884
  • Pimelia angulata Fabricius, 1775
  • Pimelia angusticollis Solier, 1836
  • Pimelia arabica Klug, 1830
  • Pimelia arenacea Solier, 1836
  • Pimelia ascendens Wollaston, 1864
  • Pimelia baetica Solier, 1836
  • Pimelia bajula Klug, 1830
  • Pimelia barmerensis Kulzer, 1956
  • Pimelia bipunctata Fabricius, 1781
  • Pimelia boyeri Solier, 1836
  • Pimelia brevicollis Solier, 1836
  • Pimelia canariensis Brullé, 1838
  • Pimelia capito Krynicky, 1832
  • Pimelia cephalotes (Pallas, 1781)
  • Pimelia costata Waltl, 1835
  • Pimelia cribra Solier, 1836
  • Pimelia elevata Sénac, 1887
  • Pimelia estevezi Oromí, 1990
  • Pimelia fairmairei Kraatz, 1865
  • Pimelia fernandezlopezi Machado, 1979
  • Pimelia fornicata Herbst, 1799
  • Pimelia goryi Solier, 1836
  • Pimelia graeca Brullé, 1832
  • Pimelia grandis Klug, 1830
  • Pimelia granulata Solier, 1836
  • Pimelia granulicollis Wollaston, 1864
  • Pimelia grossa Fabricius, 1792
  • Pimelia incerta Solier, 1836
  • Pimelia indica Sénac, 1882
  • Pimelia integra Rosenhauer, 1856
  • Pimelia interjecta Solier, 1836
  • Pimelia laevigata Brullé, 1838
  • Pimelia lutaria Brullé, 1838
  • Pimelia maura Solier, 1836
  • Pimelia minos Lucas, 1853
  • Pimelia modesta Herbst, 1799
  • Pimelia monticola Rosenh., 1856
  • Pimelia nazarena Miller, 1861
  • Pimelia orientalis Senac, 1886
  • Pimelia payraudi Latreille, 1829
  • Pimelia perezi Sénac, 1887
  • Pimelia punctata Solier, 1836
  • Pimelia radula Solier, 1836
  • Pimelia repleta Reitter, 1915
  • Pimelia rotundata Solier, 1836
  • Pimelia rotundipennis Kraatz, 1865
  • Pimelia rugosa Fabricius, 1792
  • Pimelia rugulosa Germar, 1824
  • Pimelia ruida Solier, 1836
  • Pimelia scabrosa Solier, 1836
  • Pimelia sericea Olivier, 1795
  • Pimelia simplex Solier, 1836
  • Pimelia sparsa Brullé, 1838
  • Pimelia subglobosa (Pallas, 1781)
  • Pimelia testudo Kraatz, 1885
  • Pimelia undulata Solier, 1836
  • Pimelia variolosa Solier, 1836
  • Pimelia ventricosa Falderm., 1837
  • Pimelia verruculifera Soliér, 1836
  • Pimelia villanovae Sénac, 1887

[4]

Reproduction edit

Pimelia are univoltine, with one generation per year. Species in North Africa emerge in January to begin mating, synchronously with floral bloom. Normally Pimelia are detrivores, but during mating season they may cannibalize other adults, larvae, and eggs. This behavior may be due to need for extra nutrients or simply to eliminate competitors. Following behavior[5] [failed verification] and mating take place on the slip face of a sand dune. After mating, the female digs a shallow hole and deposits a single egg, which closely resembles a grain of white rice. As the temperature rises above 50 °C the adult population dies off. Immature stages remain below the surface until maturity. During the winter the adults emerge.[6]

Desert adaptations edit

Many Pimelia species are conspicuous as they cross sand dunes. Locomotion in this difficult terrain is facilitated by numerous tarsal setae that allow for rapid tumbling behavior.[7]

Adaptations to arid climates and desert environments allow Pimelia to survive and reproduce in the dunes, but the relative importance of abiotic and biotic factors in this respect is not clear.[8] Environmental factors influencing these adaptations are extremes of temperature and humidity, excessive radiant energy, low and irregular rainfall, long periods of drought, strong winds, unstable sand substrates, and sparse, specialized vegetation.[9]

Several morphological adaptations allow Pimelia to survive in the desert, including the lipid layers of the epicuticle, fused sclerites, the subelytral cavity, and the texture of the body surface. Much of the success of tenebrionid beetles in desert habitats is due to the development of impermeable cuticles.[10] The fused sclerites of desert tenebrionids minimize water loss,[11] but they result in flightlessness.[12] The main barrier to the outward flow of water through insect integument is the lipid layer of the epicuticle.[13] In many terrestrial arthropods, the temperature affects the permeability of the cuticle. There is a sudden increase in the rate of transpiration at what is known as the transition temperature. This may coincide with a physical change, perhaps the disorientation of the lipid molecules in the epicuticle.[14] In tenebrionid beetles, the spiracles open into a humid subelytral cavity rather than directly to the atmosphere, thus reducing water loss. Water retention by intact elytral covers is greater at 0% relative humidity than at 97%. The size of the cavity is not important. Transpiration increases if the elytra are removed, emphasizing the importance of the epicuticle and subelytral cavity.[15] Pimelia have tubercles on the surface of their elytra which scatter and reflect incident energy.

Burrowing is probably the most important behavior modification for heat regulation in Pimelia, because it permits access to a broad range of ambient temperatures.[16] Pimelia are diurnal, emerging in early morning and late evening but remaining under the sand during the hot hours of the day.[17]

Gallery edit

  •  
    Pimelia angulata
  •  
    Pimelia bipunctata
  • Pimelia bipunctata on dune near beach
  •  
    Pimelia punctata
  •  
    Pimelia (Piesterotarsa) obsoleta
  •  
    Pimelia ascendens
  •  
    Pimelia baluja
  •  
    Pimelia confusa
  •  
    Pimelia laevigata
  •  
    Pimelia senegalensis
  •  
    Pimelia sparsa
  •  
    Pimelia subglobosa

References edit

  1. ^ "Pimelia". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  2. ^ "Pimelia Fabricius, 1775". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  3. ^ Pons, Joan; Petitpierre, Eduard; Juan, Carlos (2002). "Evolutionary dynamics of satellite DNA family PIM357 in species of the genus Pimelia (Tenebrionidae, Coleoptera)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19 (8): 1329–1340. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004194. hdl:10261/99890. PMID 12140245.
  4. ^ Biolib
  5. ^ Ramussen, J.L., et al. (1991). The reproductive behavior of six species of Namib Desert tenebrionid beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Insect Behavior 4(5) 567-82.
  6. ^ Lillig, M. and T. Pavlicek. Die schwarzkafer des Sinai (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Moscow, Russia. Pensoft. 2002.
  7. ^ Rech, N. D. (1997). Comparison of the tumbling movement found in two species of Adesmia Fischer-Waldheim (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Coleopterists Bulletin 51(1) 86-92.
  8. ^ Ayal, Y. and O. Merkl. (1993). Spatial and temporal distribution of tenebrionid species (Coleoptera) in the Negev Highlands, Israel. Journal of Arid Environments 27 347-61.
  9. ^ Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. (1979). Adaptive functions of the colours of desert animals. Journal of Arid Environments 2 95-104.
  10. ^ Adhearn, G.A. (1970). The control of water loss in desert tenebrionid beetles. Journal of Experimental Biology 53 573-95.
  11. ^ Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. (1968). Respiratory function and thermal acclimation in tropical invertebrates. Nature 218 685.
  12. ^ Buxton, P. A. (1923). Heat, moisture, and animal's life in deserts. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 96 123-31.
  13. ^ Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. (1956). Studies in diurnal rhythms; bioclimatic observation in Tunisia and their significance in relation to the physiology of the fauna, especially woodlice, centipedes, scorpions and beetles. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 12(9) 305-29.
  14. ^ Hadley, N. F. (1972). Desert species and adaptation. American Scientist 60 338-47.
  15. ^ Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. (1964). On the function of the sub-elytral cavity in desert Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 100 148-51.
  16. ^ Hamilton, W. J. Coloration and its Thermal Consequences for Diurnal Desert Insects. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross. 1975.
  17. ^ Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. and C. C. Constantinou. (1980). Circadian rhythmicity in Adesmia cancellata L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from Kuwait. Journal of Arid Environments 3 319-24.

Further reading edit

  • Watt, J. C. (1974). A revised subfamily classification of Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 1(4). doi:10.1080/03014223.1974.9517846
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pimelia.

May 02, 2024
pimelia, confused, with, plant, genus, pimelea, genus, darkling, beetles, subfamily, pimeliinae, obsoleta, scientific, classification, domain, eukaryota, kingdom, animalia, phylum, arthropoda, class, insecta, order, coleoptera, infraorder, cucujiformia, family. Not to be confused with the plant genus Pimelea Pimelia is a genus of darkling beetles in the subfamily Pimeliinae 1 2 3 Pimelia Pimelia obsoleta Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Coleoptera Infraorder Cucujiformia Family Tenebrionidae Subfamily Pimeliinae Tribe Pimeliini Genus PimeliaFabricius 1775 Contents 1 Species 2 Reproduction 3 Desert adaptations 4 Gallery 5 References 6 Further readingSpecies editPimelia aculeata Klug 1830 Pimelia akbesiana Fairmaire 1884 Pimelia angulata Fabricius 1775 Pimelia angusticollis Solier 1836 Pimelia arabica Klug 1830 Pimelia arenacea Solier 1836 Pimelia ascendens Wollaston 1864 Pimelia baetica Solier 1836 Pimelia bajula Klug 1830 Pimelia barmerensis Kulzer 1956 Pimelia bipunctata Fabricius 1781 Pimelia boyeri Solier 1836 Pimelia brevicollis Solier 1836 Pimelia canariensis Brulle 1838 Pimelia capito Krynicky 1832 Pimelia cephalotes Pallas 1781 Pimelia costata Waltl 1835 Pimelia cribra Solier 1836 Pimelia elevata Senac 1887 Pimelia estevezi Oromi 1990 Pimelia fairmairei Kraatz 1865 Pimelia fernandezlopezi Machado 1979 Pimelia fornicata Herbst 1799 Pimelia goryi Solier 1836 Pimelia graeca Brulle 1832 Pimelia grandis Klug 1830 Pimelia granulata Solier 1836 Pimelia granulicollis Wollaston 1864 Pimelia grossa Fabricius 1792 Pimelia incerta Solier 1836 Pimelia indica Senac 1882 Pimelia integra Rosenhauer 1856 Pimelia interjecta Solier 1836 Pimelia laevigata Brulle 1838 Pimelia lutaria Brulle 1838 Pimelia maura Solier 1836 Pimelia minos Lucas 1853 Pimelia modesta Herbst 1799 Pimelia monticola Rosenh 1856 Pimelia nazarena Miller 1861 Pimelia orientalis Senac 1886 Pimelia payraudi Latreille 1829 Pimelia perezi Senac 1887 Pimelia punctata Solier 1836 Pimelia radula Solier 1836 Pimelia repleta Reitter 1915 Pimelia rotundata Solier 1836 Pimelia rotundipennis Kraatz 1865 Pimelia rugosa Fabricius 1792 Pimelia rugulosa Germar 1824 Pimelia ruida Solier 1836 Pimelia scabrosa Solier 1836 Pimelia sericea Olivier 1795 Pimelia simplex Solier 1836 Pimelia sparsa Brulle 1838 Pimelia subglobosa Pallas 1781 Pimelia testudo Kraatz 1885 Pimelia undulata Solier 1836 Pimelia variolosa Solier 1836 Pimelia ventricosa Falderm 1837 Pimelia verruculifera Solier 1836 Pimelia villanovae Senac 1887 4 Reproduction editPimelia are univoltine with one generation per year Species in North Africa emerge in January to begin mating synchronously with floral bloom Normally Pimelia are detrivores but during mating season they may cannibalize other adults larvae and eggs This behavior may be due to need for extra nutrients or simply to eliminate competitors Following behavior 5 failed verification and mating take place on the slip face of a sand dune After mating the female digs a shallow hole and deposits a single egg which closely resembles a grain of white rice As the temperature rises above 50 C the adult population dies off Immature stages remain below the surface until maturity During the winter the adults emerge 6 Desert adaptations editMany Pimelia species are conspicuous as they cross sand dunes Locomotion in this difficult terrain is facilitated by numerous tarsal setae that allow for rapid tumbling behavior 7 Adaptations to arid climates and desert environments allow Pimelia to survive and reproduce in the dunes but the relative importance of abiotic and biotic factors in this respect is not clear 8 Environmental factors influencing these adaptations are extremes of temperature and humidity excessive radiant energy low and irregular rainfall long periods of drought strong winds unstable sand substrates and sparse specialized vegetation 9 Several morphological adaptations allow Pimelia to survive in the desert including the lipid layers of the epicuticle fused sclerites the subelytral cavity and the texture of the body surface Much of the success of tenebrionid beetles in desert habitats is due to the development of impermeable cuticles 10 The fused sclerites of desert tenebrionids minimize water loss 11 but they result in flightlessness 12 The main barrier to the outward flow of water through insect integument is the lipid layer of the epicuticle 13 In many terrestrial arthropods the temperature affects the permeability of the cuticle There is a sudden increase in the rate of transpiration at what is known as the transition temperature This may coincide with a physical change perhaps the disorientation of the lipid molecules in the epicuticle 14 In tenebrionid beetles the spiracles open into a humid subelytral cavity rather than directly to the atmosphere thus reducing water loss Water retention by intact elytral covers is greater at 0 relative humidity than at 97 The size of the cavity is not important Transpiration increases if the elytra are removed emphasizing the importance of the epicuticle and subelytral cavity 15 Pimelia have tubercles on the surface of their elytra which scatter and reflect incident energy Burrowing is probably the most important behavior modification for heat regulation in Pimelia because it permits access to a broad range of ambient temperatures 16 Pimelia are diurnal emerging in early morning and late evening but remaining under the sand during the hot hours of the day 17 Gallery edit nbsp Pimelia angulata nbsp Pimelia bipunctata source source source source source source source source Pimelia bipunctata on dune near beach nbsp Pimelia punctata nbsp Pimelia Piesterotarsa obsoleta nbsp Pimelia ascendens nbsp Pimelia baluja nbsp Pimelia confusa nbsp Pimelia laevigata nbsp Pimelia senegalensis nbsp Pimelia sparsa nbsp Pimelia subglobosaReferences edit Pimelia National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI Retrieved 11 December 2023 Pimelia Fabricius 1775 Global Biodiversity Information Facility Retrieved 11 December 2023 Pons Joan Petitpierre Eduard Juan Carlos 2002 Evolutionary dynamics of satellite DNA family PIM357 in species of the genus Pimelia Tenebrionidae Coleoptera Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 8 1329 1340 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals molbev a004194 hdl 10261 99890 PMID 12140245 Biolib Ramussen J L et al 1991 The reproductive behavior of six species of Namib Desert tenebrionid beetles Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Journal of Insect Behavior 4 5 567 82 Lillig M and T Pavlicek Die schwarzkafer des Sinai Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Moscow Russia Pensoft 2002 Rech N D 1997 Comparison of the tumbling movement found in two species of Adesmia Fischer Waldheim Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Coleopterists Bulletin 51 1 86 92 Ayal Y and O Merkl 1993 Spatial and temporal distribution of tenebrionid species Coleoptera in the Negev Highlands Israel Journal of Arid Environments 27 347 61 Cloudsley Thompson J L 1979 Adaptive functions of the colours of desert animals Journal of Arid Environments 2 95 104 Adhearn G A 1970 The control of water loss in desert tenebrionid beetles Journal of Experimental Biology 53 573 95 Cloudsley Thompson J L 1968 Respiratory function and thermal acclimation in tropical invertebrates Nature 218 685 Buxton P A 1923 Heat moisture and animal s life in deserts Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 96 123 31 Cloudsley Thompson J L 1956 Studies in diurnal rhythms bioclimatic observation in Tunisia and their significance in relation to the physiology of the fauna especially woodlice centipedes scorpions and beetles Annals and Magazine of Natural History 12 9 305 29 Hadley N F 1972 Desert species and adaptation American Scientist 60 338 47 Cloudsley Thompson J L 1964 On the function of the sub elytral cavity in desert Tenebrionidae Coleoptera Entomologist s Monthly Magazine 100 148 51 Hamilton W J Coloration and its Thermal Consequences for Diurnal Desert Insects Stroudsburg PA Dowden Hutchinson amp Ross 1975 Cloudsley Thompson J L and C C Constantinou 1980 Circadian rhythmicity in Adesmia cancellata L Coleoptera Tenebrionidae from Kuwait Journal of Arid Environments 3 319 24 Further reading editWatt J C 1974 A revised subfamily classification of Tenebrionidae Coleoptera New Zealand Journal of Zoology 1 4 doi 10 1080 03014223 1974 9517846 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pimelia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pimelia amp oldid 1193614903, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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