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Pierre Leroux

April 26, 2024

For the Canadian novelist, journalist and screenwriter, see Pierre Leroux (author).

Pierre Henri Leroux (7 April 1797 – 12 April 1871) was a French philosopher and political economist. He was born at Bercy, now a part of Paris, the son of an artisan.

Pierre Leroux
Leroux, 1865
BornPierre Henri Leroux
(1797-04-07)7 April 1797
Paris, France
Died12 April 1871(1871-04-12) (aged 74)
Paris, France
OccupationPhilosopher, economist

Life edit

 
Pierre Leroux in exile, 1856.

His education was interrupted by the death of his father, which compelled him to support his mother and family. Having worked first as a mason and then as a compositor, he joined P. Dubois in the foundation of Le Globe which became in 1831 the official organ of the Saint-Simonian community, of which he became a prominent member. In November of the same year, when Prosper Enfantin became leader of the Saint-Simonians and preached the enfranchisement of women and the functions of the couple-prêtre, Leroux separated himself from the sect.[1] In 1834, he published an essay entitled "Individualism and Socialism" which, despite its message of scepticism towards both tendencies, introduced the term socialism in French political discourse.[2]: 105  In 1838, with Jean Reynaud, who had seceded with him, he founded the Encyclopédie nouvelle (eds. 1838–1841). Amongst the articles which he inserted in it were De l'égalité and Refutation de l'éclectisme, which afterwards appeared as separate works.[1]

 
Statue of Pierre Leroux at Boussac.

In 1840, he published his treatise De l'humanité (2nd ed. 1845), which contains the fullest exposition of his system, and was regarded as the philosophical manifesto of the Humanitarians. In 1841 he established the Revue indépendante, with the aid of George Sand, over whom he had great influence. Her Spiridion, which was dedicated to him, Sept cordes de la lyre, Consuelo, and La Comtesse de Rudolstadt, were written under the Humanitarian inspiration.[1] Leroux also became embroiled in the philosophical controversy between F.W.J. Schelling and the Young Hegelians in the early 1840s. A favourable comment about Schelling prompted a public reply from Hegel's disciple Karl Rosenkranz.[3]

In 1843, he established at Boussac (Creuse) a printing association organized according to his systematic ideas, and founded the Revue sociale.[1] At the outbreak of the Revolution of 1848 Leroux proclaimed the republic in the town of Boussac, becoming its mayor on February 25.[citation needed] Subsequently, he was elected to the Constituent Assembly, and in 1849 to the Legislative Assembly,[1] where he sat with the radical socialist deputies and often spoke, though his speeches were criticised as abstract and mystical. Within the Assembly, Leroux represented the Seine Department.[4]

An opponent of Louis Bonaparte, Leroux went into exile after the coup d'état of 1851, settling with his family in Jersey, where he pursued agricultural experiments and wrote his socialist poem La Grève de Samarez.[2]: 106  Karl Marx nominated Leroux for the Central Committee of the International Workingmen's Association.[5] On the definitive amnesty of 1869 he returned to Paris.[1]

Views edit

 
Caricature of Leroux in 1848–49 by Cham.

Leroux's fundamental philosophical principle is that of what he calls the "triad"—a triplicity which he finds to pervade all things, which in God is "power, intelligence and love," in man "sensation, sentiment and knowledge".[1]

Leroux was described as a Protestant.[6] His religious doctrine is pantheistic; and, rejecting the belief in a future life as commonly conceived, he substitutes for it a theory of metempsychosis. In social economy he preserves the family, country and property, but finds in all three, as they now are, a despotism which must be eliminated. He imagines certain combinations by which this triple tyranny can be abolished. His solution seems to require the creation of families without heads, countries without governments and property without right of possession. In politics he advocates absolute equality — a democracy.[1]

His views might be considered anti-Semitic in present times. Leroux believed that Jewish-controlled banks had replaced the social institution of the churches with modern values which he had a negative view of: "We are destined to a future where individualism and egoism will triumph at the expense of the social good; the Jews, a people who epitomize individualism and egoism, are thus predestined to triumph over others." Leroux is highly critical of the modern capitalist economic system which he blames on Jews. According to Leroux Jews, who had once crucified Jesus, were crucifying the Christian world with capitalist tyranny.[7]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Chisholm 1911, p. 485.
  2. ^ a b Griffiths, David A. (1983). "Pierre Leroux Redivivus". Nineteenth-Century French Studies. 12 (1–2). University of Nebraska Press: 105–115. JSTOR 23536496.
  3. ^ Rosenkranz, K., Über Schelling und Hegel. Ein Sendschreiben an Pierre Leroux. Königsberg, 1843. An online version of the German text of Rosenkranz' piece can be found at: https://archive.org/details/ueberschellingu00rosegoog. Karl Marx, in an 1843 letter to Ludwig Feuerbach, attempted to gain the latter's co-operation with the Franco-German Annals and proposed that Feuerbach write a critique of Schelling. Marx wrote: "How cunningly Herr von Schelling enticed the French, first of all the weak, eclectic Cousin, then even the gifted Leroux. For Pierre Leroux and his like still regard Schelling as the man who replaced transcendental idealism by rational realism, abstract thought by thought with flesh and blood, specialised philosophy by world philosophy! To the French romantics and mystics he cries: "I, the union of philosophy and theology," to the French materialists: "I, the union of flesh and idea," to the French sceptics: "I, the destroyer of dogmatism," in a word, "I ... Schelling!" Cp. Marx to Feuerbach, October 3, 1843. Marx/Engels Collected Works, Vol. 27, Moscow, 1962. Online at: http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/df-jahrbucher/feuer.htm.
  4. ^ "Pierre, Henri Leroux" (in French). National Assembly. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  5. ^ Breckman, Warren (2013). Adventures of the Symbolic: Postmarxism and Democratic Theory. Columbia University Press. p. 58. ISBN 9780231143943.
  6. ^ "Pierre Leroux(1797-1871)". Welcome to Ohio University. 2004-10-20. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  7. ^ Brustein, William L.; Roberts, Louisa (2015). The Socialism of Fools: Leftist Origins of Modern Anti-Semitism. Cambridge University Press. p. 38.

References edit

  •   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Leroux, Pierre". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 485. This work in turn cites:
    • Raillard, Célestin (1899). Pierre Leroux at ses œuvres. Paris.
    • Reybaud, Louis (1842). Études sur les réformateurs et socialistes modernes. Brussels.
    • Thomas, Pierre-Félix (1904). Pierre Leroux: sa vie, son œuvre, sa doctrine. Paris.
    • article in R. H. Inglis Palgrave (ed). Dictionary of Political Economy.

Further reading edit

  • J. Maîtron (ed. by), Dictionnaire biographique du mouvement ouvrier français. Première partie: 1789-1864 (Paris, 1964): t. II, pp. 501–503.
  • Jack Bakunin, Pierre Leroux and the birth of democratic socialism, 1797-1848 (New York, 1976)
  • Jacques Viard, Pierre Leroux et les socialistes européens (Arles, 1982)
  • Armelle Le Bras-Chopard, De l'égalité dans la différence : le socialisme de Pierre Leroux (Paris, 1986)
  • Marisa Forcina, I diritti dell’esistente. La filosofia della “Encyclopédie nouvelle” (1833-1847) (Lecce, 1987)
  • Barbel Kuhn, Pierre Leroux: Sozialismus zwischen analytischer Gesellschaftskritik und sozialphilosophischer Synthese: ein Beitrag zur methodischen Erforschung des vormarxistischen Sozialismus (Frankfurt am Main, 1988)
  • Miguel Abensour, Le Procès des maîtres rêveurs (Paris, 2000)
  • Bruno Viard, Pierre Leroux, penseur de l’humanité (Aix-en-Provence, 2009)
  • Andrea Lanza, All'abolizione del proletariato! Il discorso socialista fraternitario. Parigi 1839-1847 (Milano, 2010)

External links edit

April 26, 2024
pierre, leroux, canadian, novelist, journalist, screenwriter, author, pierre, henri, leroux, april, 1797, april, 1871, french, philosopher, political, economist, born, bercy, part, paris, artisan, leroux, 1865bornpierre, henri, leroux, 1797, april, 1797paris, . For the Canadian novelist journalist and screenwriter see Pierre Leroux author Pierre Henri Leroux 7 April 1797 12 April 1871 was a French philosopher and political economist He was born at Bercy now a part of Paris the son of an artisan Pierre LerouxLeroux 1865BornPierre Henri Leroux 1797 04 07 7 April 1797Paris FranceDied12 April 1871 1871 04 12 aged 74 Paris FranceOccupationPhilosopher economist Contents 1 Life 2 Views 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksLife edit nbsp Pierre Leroux in exile 1856 His education was interrupted by the death of his father which compelled him to support his mother and family Having worked first as a mason and then as a compositor he joined P Dubois in the foundation of Le Globe which became in 1831 the official organ of the Saint Simonian community of which he became a prominent member In November of the same year when Prosper Enfantin became leader of the Saint Simonians and preached the enfranchisement of women and the functions of the couple pretre Leroux separated himself from the sect 1 In 1834 he published an essay entitled Individualism and Socialism which despite its message of scepticism towards both tendencies introduced the term socialism in French political discourse 2 105 In 1838 with Jean Reynaud who had seceded with him he founded the Encyclopedie nouvelle eds 1838 1841 Amongst the articles which he inserted in it were De l egalite and Refutation de l eclectisme which afterwards appeared as separate works 1 nbsp Statue of Pierre Leroux at Boussac In 1840 he published his treatise De l humanite 2nd ed 1845 which contains the fullest exposition of his system and was regarded as the philosophical manifesto of the Humanitarians In 1841 he established the Revue independante with the aid of George Sand over whom he had great influence Her Spiridion which was dedicated to him Sept cordes de la lyre Consuelo and La Comtesse de Rudolstadt were written under the Humanitarian inspiration 1 Leroux also became embroiled in the philosophical controversy between F W J Schelling and the Young Hegelians in the early 1840s A favourable comment about Schelling prompted a public reply from Hegel s disciple Karl Rosenkranz 3 In 1843 he established at Boussac Creuse a printing association organized according to his systematic ideas and founded the Revue sociale 1 At the outbreak of the Revolution of 1848 Leroux proclaimed the republic in the town of Boussac becoming its mayor on February 25 citation needed Subsequently he was elected to the Constituent Assembly and in 1849 to the Legislative Assembly 1 where he sat with the radical socialist deputies and often spoke though his speeches were criticised as abstract and mystical Within the Assembly Leroux represented the Seine Department 4 An opponent of Louis Bonaparte Leroux went into exile after the coup d etat of 1851 settling with his family in Jersey where he pursued agricultural experiments and wrote his socialist poem La Greve de Samarez 2 106 Karl Marx nominated Leroux for the Central Committee of the International Workingmen s Association 5 On the definitive amnesty of 1869 he returned to Paris 1 Views edit nbsp Caricature of Leroux in 1848 49 by Cham Leroux s fundamental philosophical principle is that of what he calls the triad a triplicity which he finds to pervade all things which in God is power intelligence and love in man sensation sentiment and knowledge 1 Leroux was described as a Protestant 6 His religious doctrine is pantheistic and rejecting the belief in a future life as commonly conceived he substitutes for it a theory of metempsychosis In social economy he preserves the family country and property but finds in all three as they now are a despotism which must be eliminated He imagines certain combinations by which this triple tyranny can be abolished His solution seems to require the creation of families without heads countries without governments and property without right of possession In politics he advocates absolute equality a democracy 1 His views might be considered anti Semitic in present times Leroux believed that Jewish controlled banks had replaced the social institution of the churches with modern values which he had a negative view of We are destined to a future where individualism and egoism will triumph at the expense of the social good the Jews a people who epitomize individualism and egoism are thus predestined to triumph over others Leroux is highly critical of the modern capitalist economic system which he blames on Jews According to Leroux Jews who had once crucified Jesus were crucifying the Christian world with capitalist tyranny 7 See also editLiberte egalite fraternite French demonstration of 15 May 1848 Circulus theory Notes edit a b c d e f g h Chisholm 1911 p 485 a b Griffiths David A 1983 Pierre Leroux Redivivus Nineteenth Century French Studies 12 1 2 University of Nebraska Press 105 115 JSTOR 23536496 Rosenkranz K Uber Schelling und Hegel Ein Sendschreiben an Pierre Leroux Konigsberg 1843 An online version of the German text of Rosenkranz piece can be found at https archive org details ueberschellingu00rosegoog Karl Marx in an 1843 letter to Ludwig Feuerbach attempted to gain the latter s co operation with the Franco German Annals and proposed that Feuerbach write a critique of Schelling Marx wrote How cunningly Herr von Schelling enticed the French first of all the weak eclectic Cousin then even the gifted Leroux For Pierre Leroux and his like still regard Schelling as the man who replaced transcendental idealism by rational realism abstract thought by thought with flesh and blood specialised philosophy by world philosophy To the French romantics and mystics he cries I the union of philosophy and theology to the French materialists I the union of flesh and idea to the French sceptics I the destroyer of dogmatism in a word I Schelling Cp Marx to Feuerbach October 3 1843 Marx Engels Collected Works Vol 27 Moscow 1962 Online at http www marxists org archive marx works 1844 df jahrbucher feuer htm Pierre Henri Leroux in French National Assembly Retrieved 1 October 2021 Breckman Warren 2013 Adventures of the Symbolic Postmarxism and Democratic Theory Columbia University Press p 58 ISBN 9780231143943 Pierre Leroux 1797 1871 Welcome to Ohio University 2004 10 20 Retrieved 2022 10 14 Brustein William L Roberts Louisa 2015 The Socialism of Fools Leftist Origins of Modern Anti Semitism Cambridge University Press p 38 References edit nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Leroux Pierre Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 16 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 485 This work in turn cites Raillard Celestin 1899 Pierre Leroux at ses œuvres Paris Reybaud Louis 1842 Etudes sur les reformateurs et socialistes modernes Brussels Thomas Pierre Felix 1904 Pierre Leroux sa vie son œuvre sa doctrine Paris article in R H Inglis Palgrave ed Dictionary of Political Economy Further reading editJ Maitron ed by Dictionnaire biographique du mouvement ouvrier francais Premiere partie 1789 1864 Paris 1964 t II pp 501 503 Jack Bakunin Pierre Leroux and the birth of democratic socialism 1797 1848 New York 1976 Jacques Viard Pierre Leroux et les socialistes europeens Arles 1982 Armelle Le Bras Chopard De l egalite dans la difference le socialisme de Pierre Leroux Paris 1986 Marisa Forcina I diritti dell esistente La filosofia della Encyclopedie nouvelle 1833 1847 Lecce 1987 Barbel Kuhn Pierre Leroux Sozialismus zwischen analytischer Gesellschaftskritik und sozialphilosophischer Synthese ein Beitrag zur methodischen Erforschung des vormarxistischen Sozialismus Frankfurt am Main 1988 Miguel Abensour Le Proces des maitres reveurs Paris 2000 Bruno Viard Pierre Leroux penseur de l humanite Aix en Provence 2009 Andrea Lanza All abolizione del proletariato Il discorso socialista fraternitario Parigi 1839 1847 Milano 2010 External links editBiographical sketch in Italian Biographical sketch in French Site discusses intellectual background of George Sand http www amisdepierreleroux org in French Individualism and Socialism in English Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pierre Leroux amp oldid 1220808804, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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