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Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville

April 17, 2024

Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville[a] (16 July 1661 – 9 July 1706)[1][2] or Sieur d'Iberville[a] was a French soldier, explorer, colonial administrator, and trader. He is noted for founding the colony of Louisiana in New France. He was born in Montreal to French colonist parents.

Early life edit

Pierre Le Moyne was born in July 1661 at Fort Ville-Marie (now Montreal), in the French colony of Canada, the third son[1] of Charles le Moyne de Longueuil et de Châteauguay, a native of Dieppe or of Longueuil near Dieppe, Normandy in France and lord of Longueuil in Canada, and of Catherine Thierry [fr] (called Catherine Primot in some sources) from Rouen.[1][3] He is also known as Sieur d'Iberville (et d'Ardillières).[1][2]

He had eleven brothers, most of whom became soldiers. One, Jacques Le Moyne de Sainte-Hélène, led French and Indian forces in the Schenectady massacre in present-day New York's Mohawk Valley. Charles le Moyne de Longueuil, Baron de Longueuil, was governor of Montreal. Another, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne Bienville, founded New Orleans. Jacques and Paul LeMoyne were with him on James Bay, and Joseph LeMoyne was with him in Louisiana.

Le Moyne d'Iberville was raised Catholic under the Jesuit order. Parish records indicate that he made his First Communion at the age of 12.[4] Like most young men of his background, who received a classical and religious education, d'Iberville was educated in a Sulpician seminary.[5]

Destined for the priesthood, he chose the military vocation. At the age of 12, he became a cabin boy on his uncle's ship trading to Port Royal, Acadia. A few years later he was in the fur trade at Sault Ste. Marie in Canada, where he would have learned something of canoe travel in the wilderness. He later became quartermaster on one of his father's ships.

Hudson Bay expeditions edit

Main article: Anglo-French conflicts on Hudson Bay

The Hudson's Bay Company was founded in 1670. This company diverted furs away from Quebec and threatened further expansion into French territory. In 1682, the Compagnie du Nord was founded to compete with the English on the Bay. In 1686, the aggressive Governor General Denonville decided to drive out the English even though the two countries were at peace.

 
French forces led by d'Iberville, managed to defeat an English squadron, and capture York Factory during the Battle of Hudson's Bay.
 
Moose Fort (later known as Moose Factory), was called Fort St-Louis after its capture by the French in 1696; it was recaptured by the British in 1696

Under the command of Pierre de Troyes, Chevalier de Troyes, d'Iberville his brothers Paul and Jacques led the Canadian woodsmen on a 1686 expedition to Hudson Bay. He played a heroic part in the capture of the fort at Moose Factory. At Fort-Rupert, he captured the sloop Craven and killed at least one unarmed sailor. As a result, the French seized all three English posts on James Bay, leaving the English only York Factory which was far to the northwest and inaccessible by land. De Troyes left in August 1686, leaving d'Iberville in charge with 40 men. The following summer, when no supplies arrived, d'Iberville left 12 men at the forts and went first south to Quebec and then to France. In France, he lobbied for the Compagnie and obtained command of Soleil D'Afrique and returned to James Bay in the summer of 1688. There he captured three HBC ships that were trying to re-establish their position on James Bay.

Returning to Quebec, he was caught up in King William's War and sent south to attack the British colonies (see below). In July 1690, he left Quebec with three ships in the hope of capturing York Factory. Finding himself outgunned by a larger English ship, he fled south and captured the new HBC base at Fort Severn. In 1692 and 1693, he again planned to attack York Factory, but both times the needed ships were diverted. It was 1694 before he could effect the capture of York Factory. His work was undone when the English recaptured Fort Albany in 1693 and York Factory in 1695. 1695 and 1696 were spent in coastal raiding. In 1697 he captured York Factory a second time after winning his most heroic battle. It was too late in the season to capture Fort Albany, so he left Hudson Bay, never to return. York Factory remained French until 1713.

King William's War edit

 
The Avalon Peninsula campaign was a military operation led by d'Iberville, that saw English settlements throughout Newfoundland sacked by French forces.

In 1690, he was second in command to his brother Jacques in a raid south to New York that culminated in the Schenectady Massacre. In 1692, he convoyed supply ships from France and harassed English coastal settlements, taking three prizes. In 1694, he returned to Hudson Bay and captured York Factory for the first time. In the spring of 1696, he sailed from France with three ships. Sending one to Quebec, he led the other two to the aid of the governor of Acadia, Joseph Robineau de Villebon, whom the English were blockading at the mouth of the Saint John River. He captured one enemy ship and drove the other two away. He then went 200 miles west and captured the most northerly settlement in New England, Pemaquid (Siege of Pemaquid (1696), 14 August). He then sailed east to Placentia, the French capital of Newfoundland, and began the Avalon Peninsula Campaign on 1 November. On this expedition he captured St. John's and ruined most of the English fishing villages. During four months of raids, Iberville was responsible for the destruction of 36 settlements. The Newfoundland campaign was one of the cruelest and most destructive of Iberville's career. Before he could consolidate his hold on Newfoundland, he was diverted north to capture York Factory for a second time during the summer of 1697. Soon after his departure, the English arrived in Newfoundland with 2,000 troops and restored their position. Hostilities ended with the Treaty of Ryswick in September 1697.

Exploring Louisiana edit

In 1682, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle was the first European to travel from the Great Lakes down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. The French began dreaming of building a great empire by linking the Saint Lawrence and Mississippi basins, thereby bottling up the English on the Atlantic coast. This presented diplomatic problems; the Gulf coast was claimed, though not occupied, by Spain.

Pontchartrain, the minister for naval affairs and colonies, gave d'Iberville the task of locating the mouth of the Mississippi River, which La Salle had failed to find on his last expedition, and building a fort which would block the river to other nations. D'Iberville left Brest with four ships in October 1698. He sailed along the Florida coast, past the base the Spanish were building at Pensacola. In March 1699, he entered the Birdfoot Delta. It was only after meeting some Indians who remembered La Salle that he was sure that this was the Mississippi. Having achieved his first aim and finding no good sites in the delta, he built a temporary fort Fort Maurepas at Ocean Springs, Mississippi, left a garrison of 81 men, and returned to France.

 
Depiction of d'Iberville and Cavelier de La Salle exploring Louisiana.

On his second voyage, he reached Biloxi in January 1700. He built a second "Fort Maurepas" 40 miles up the Mississippi River. On his return journey, he is said to have stopped at New York City and sold 9,000 furs that coureurs des bois had given him, in preference to hauling them back to Montreal. (This story illustrates the benefits of the future New Orleans area as a port, the size of the French presence on the Mississippi at this early date, and d'Iberville's questionable business practices.) On his third voyage in February 1701, he built a fort at Mobile. Here, Henri de Tonti aided him in establishing good relations with the Indians. He left Louisiana for the last time in April 1702. His brother Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville founded New Orleans in 1718.

Queen Anne's War and his death edit

In 1702, England and France were again at war (War of the Spanish Succession, 1701–1714, the North American theater of which was Queen Anne's War). D'Iberville had contracted malaria on the Gulf coast, and both his health and judgment seem to have deteriorated. Early in 1706, he left France in command of twelve vessels. A squadron under Henri-Louis de Chavagnac devastated Saint Kitts. From 1 to 22 April, d'Iberville and Chavagnac devastated the island of Nevis and took much of the population prisoner.[6] He went to Havana, where he was involved in planning an expedition against Charles Town, Carolina (an English colonial settlement), when he died suddenly, perhaps of yellow fever, in July, 1706. D'Iberville was buried at Church of San Cristóbal (Havana Cathedral); the burial records identify him under his French name, and as El General Dom Pedro Berbila.[7][8]

After his death, his estate became involved in an inquiry that dragged on for more than thirty years. D'Iberville had acquired a large fortune by uncertain means. The accounts of the West Indian expedition were hopelessly disorganized; there were accusations of embezzlement. His widow, Marie Thérèse Pollet (1672–1740) was forced to pay back a large part of her inheritance.

D'Iberville was perhaps the first great soldier born in Canada. Students of the art of war may see his career as an example of the importance of following up after a victory, for he won all his battles but never was able to consolidate what he had won.

Honours edit

Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville was a knight of the Order of Saint-Louis.[2]

Legacy edit

 
 
Statues of d'Iberville at Quebec's Parliament Building in Quebec City (left), and at Valiants Memorial in Ottawa.

The following works and sites are named for d'Iberville:

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b The name Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville is pronounced /piˈɛər lə ˈmwɑːn ˌdiːbɛərˈviːl, -ˈvɪl/ pee-AIR lə MWAHN DEE-bair-VEEL, -⁠VIL, French: [pjɛʁ lə mwan dibɛʁvil]. The title Sieur is pronounced /sjɜːr/ SYUR, French: [sjœʁ]. However, residents of the Mississippi Gulf Coast pronounce the city of D'Iberville as /diˈaɪbərvɪl/ dee-EYE-bər-vil.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Fortier, Alcée (1910). "Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'Iberville" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  2. ^ a b c Pothier, Bernard (1979) [1969]. "Le Moyne d'Iberville at d'Ardillières, Pierre". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  3. ^ She was baptized at Saint-Denis-la-Petite parish church (now destroyed)
  4. ^ Crouse, Nellis Maynard (2001) [1954]. Lemoyne d'Iberville: Soldier of New France (reprint ed.). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-8071-2700-1.
  5. ^ Crouse (2001), p. 9
  6. ^ Hubbard, Vincent K. (2002). Swords, Ships & Sugar: History of Nevis. Corvallis, Oregon: Premiere, ISBN 1891519050, pp. 113–120.
  7. ^ "Pierre le Moyne d'Iberville 1686–1702 | Virtual Museum of New France".
  8. ^ Un héros québécois à La Havane, Pierre Lahoud, 2015
  9. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 164.
  10. ^ "Ibervillea Greene | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 15 May 2021.

Bibliography edit

  • Frégault, Guy. Iberville le conquérant. (Montréal, 1944).

External links edit

  • "Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'Iberville". Catholic Encyclopedia. New Advent.
  • Iberville Prospectus at The Historic New Orleans Collection

April 17, 2024
pierre, moyne, iberville, july, 1661, july, 1706, sieur, iberville, french, soldier, explorer, colonial, administrator, trader, noted, founding, colony, louisiana, france, born, montreal, french, colonist, parents, national, library, archives, quebecborn, 1661. Pierre Le Moyne d Iberville a 16 July 1661 9 July 1706 1 2 or Sieur d Iberville a was a French soldier explorer colonial administrator and trader He is noted for founding the colony of Louisiana in New France He was born in Montreal to French colonist parents Pierre Le Moyne d IbervilleNational Library and Archives of QuebecBorn 1661 07 16 16 July 1661Ville Marie New FranceDied9 July 1706 1706 07 09 aged 44 Havana Spanish CubaAllegiance Kingdom of FranceYears of service1686 1706Battles warsKing William s War Hudson Bay Campaign Battle of Fort Albany Raid on Schenectady Capture of York Factory Action of 14 July 1696 Siege of Pemaquid Avalon Peninsula Campaign Battle of Hudson s BayWar of the Spanish Succession Capture of NevisAwardsOrder of Saint LouisSignature Contents 1 Early life 2 Hudson Bay expeditions 3 King William s War 4 Exploring Louisiana 5 Queen Anne s War and his death 6 Honours 6 1 Legacy 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External linksEarly life editPierre Le Moyne was born in July 1661 at Fort Ville Marie now Montreal in the French colony of Canada the third son 1 of Charles le Moyne de Longueuil et de Chateauguay a native of Dieppe or of Longueuil near Dieppe Normandy in France and lord of Longueuil in Canada and of Catherine Thierry fr called Catherine Primot in some sources from Rouen 1 3 He is also known as Sieur d Iberville et d Ardillieres 1 2 He had eleven brothers most of whom became soldiers One Jacques Le Moyne de Sainte Helene led French and Indian forces in the Schenectady massacre in present day New York s Mohawk Valley Charles le Moyne de Longueuil Baron de Longueuil was governor of Montreal Another Jean Baptiste Le Moyne Bienville founded New Orleans Jacques and Paul LeMoyne were with him on James Bay and Joseph LeMoyne was with him in Louisiana Le Moyne d Iberville was raised Catholic under the Jesuit order Parish records indicate that he made his First Communion at the age of 12 4 Like most young men of his background who received a classical and religious education d Iberville was educated in a Sulpician seminary 5 Destined for the priesthood he chose the military vocation At the age of 12 he became a cabin boy on his uncle s ship trading to Port Royal Acadia A few years later he was in the fur trade at Sault Ste Marie in Canada where he would have learned something of canoe travel in the wilderness He later became quartermaster on one of his father s ships Hudson Bay expeditions editMain article Anglo French conflicts on Hudson Bay The Hudson s Bay Company was founded in 1670 This company diverted furs away from Quebec and threatened further expansion into French territory In 1682 the Compagnie du Nord was founded to compete with the English on the Bay In 1686 the aggressive Governor General Denonville decided to drive out the English even though the two countries were at peace nbsp French forces led by d Iberville managed to defeat an English squadron and capture York Factory during the Battle of Hudson s Bay nbsp Moose Fort later known as Moose Factory was called Fort St Louis after its capture by the French in 1696 it was recaptured by the British in 1696Under the command of Pierre de Troyes Chevalier de Troyes d Iberville his brothers Paul and Jacques led the Canadian woodsmen on a 1686 expedition to Hudson Bay He played a heroic part in the capture of the fort at Moose Factory At Fort Rupert he captured the sloop Craven and killed at least one unarmed sailor As a result the French seized all three English posts on James Bay leaving the English only York Factory which was far to the northwest and inaccessible by land De Troyes left in August 1686 leaving d Iberville in charge with 40 men The following summer when no supplies arrived d Iberville left 12 men at the forts and went first south to Quebec and then to France In France he lobbied for the Compagnie and obtained command of Soleil D Afrique and returned to James Bay in the summer of 1688 There he captured three HBC ships that were trying to re establish their position on James Bay Returning to Quebec he was caught up in King William s War and sent south to attack the British colonies see below In July 1690 he left Quebec with three ships in the hope of capturing York Factory Finding himself outgunned by a larger English ship he fled south and captured the new HBC base at Fort Severn In 1692 and 1693 he again planned to attack York Factory but both times the needed ships were diverted It was 1694 before he could effect the capture of York Factory His work was undone when the English recaptured Fort Albany in 1693 and York Factory in 1695 1695 and 1696 were spent in coastal raiding In 1697 he captured York Factory a second time after winning his most heroic battle It was too late in the season to capture Fort Albany so he left Hudson Bay never to return York Factory remained French until 1713 King William s War edit nbsp The Avalon Peninsula campaign was a military operation led by d Iberville that saw English settlements throughout Newfoundland sacked by French forces In 1690 he was second in command to his brother Jacques in a raid south to New York that culminated in the Schenectady Massacre In 1692 he convoyed supply ships from France and harassed English coastal settlements taking three prizes In 1694 he returned to Hudson Bay and captured York Factory for the first time In the spring of 1696 he sailed from France with three ships Sending one to Quebec he led the other two to the aid of the governor of Acadia Joseph Robineau de Villebon whom the English were blockading at the mouth of the Saint John River He captured one enemy ship and drove the other two away He then went 200 miles west and captured the most northerly settlement in New England Pemaquid Siege of Pemaquid 1696 14 August He then sailed east to Placentia the French capital of Newfoundland and began the Avalon Peninsula Campaign on 1 November On this expedition he captured St John s and ruined most of the English fishing villages During four months of raids Iberville was responsible for the destruction of 36 settlements The Newfoundland campaign was one of the cruelest and most destructive of Iberville s career Before he could consolidate his hold on Newfoundland he was diverted north to capture York Factory for a second time during the summer of 1697 Soon after his departure the English arrived in Newfoundland with 2 000 troops and restored their position Hostilities ended with the Treaty of Ryswick in September 1697 Exploring Louisiana editIn 1682 Rene Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle was the first European to travel from the Great Lakes down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico The French began dreaming of building a great empire by linking the Saint Lawrence and Mississippi basins thereby bottling up the English on the Atlantic coast This presented diplomatic problems the Gulf coast was claimed though not occupied by Spain Pontchartrain the minister for naval affairs and colonies gave d Iberville the task of locating the mouth of the Mississippi River which La Salle had failed to find on his last expedition and building a fort which would block the river to other nations D Iberville left Brest with four ships in October 1698 He sailed along the Florida coast past the base the Spanish were building at Pensacola In March 1699 he entered the Birdfoot Delta It was only after meeting some Indians who remembered La Salle that he was sure that this was the Mississippi Having achieved his first aim and finding no good sites in the delta he built a temporary fort Fort Maurepas at Ocean Springs Mississippi left a garrison of 81 men and returned to France nbsp Depiction of d Iberville and Cavelier de La Salle exploring Louisiana On his second voyage he reached Biloxi in January 1700 He built a second Fort Maurepas 40 miles up the Mississippi River On his return journey he is said to have stopped at New York City and sold 9 000 furs that coureurs des bois had given him in preference to hauling them back to Montreal This story illustrates the benefits of the future New Orleans area as a port the size of the French presence on the Mississippi at this early date and d Iberville s questionable business practices On his third voyage in February 1701 he built a fort at Mobile Here Henri de Tonti aided him in establishing good relations with the Indians He left Louisiana for the last time in April 1702 His brother Jean Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville founded New Orleans in 1718 Queen Anne s War and his death editIn 1702 England and France were again at war War of the Spanish Succession 1701 1714 the North American theater of which was Queen Anne s War D Iberville had contracted malaria on the Gulf coast and both his health and judgment seem to have deteriorated Early in 1706 he left France in command of twelve vessels A squadron under Henri Louis de Chavagnac devastated Saint Kitts From 1 to 22 April d Iberville and Chavagnac devastated the island of Nevis and took much of the population prisoner 6 He went to Havana where he was involved in planning an expedition against Charles Town Carolina an English colonial settlement when he died suddenly perhaps of yellow fever in July 1706 D Iberville was buried at Church of San Cristobal Havana Cathedral the burial records identify him under his French name and as El General Dom Pedro Berbila 7 8 After his death his estate became involved in an inquiry that dragged on for more than thirty years D Iberville had acquired a large fortune by uncertain means The accounts of the West Indian expedition were hopelessly disorganized there were accusations of embezzlement His widow Marie Therese Pollet 1672 1740 was forced to pay back a large part of her inheritance D Iberville was perhaps the first great soldier born in Canada Students of the art of war may see his career as an example of the importance of following up after a victory for he won all his battles but never was able to consolidate what he had won Honours editPierre Le Moyne d Iberville was a knight of the Order of Saint Louis 2 Legacy edit nbsp nbsp Statues of d Iberville at Quebec s Parliament Building in Quebec City left and at Valiants Memorial in Ottawa The following works and sites are named for d Iberville D Iberville a 39 episode television series on Radio Canada from 1967 to 1968 The city of Iberville Quebec now a district of Saint Jean sur Richelieu A high school in Longueuil Quebec on the south shore of Montreal is named after him A secondary school in Rouyn Noranda Quebec bears the name D Iberville Avenue Iberville located in Shawinigan Quebec Canada Rue D Iberville and the adjacent D Iberville metro station in Montreal Quebec The provincial electoral district of Iberville Quebec Mont d Iberville the highest mountain in Quebec The city of D Iberville Mississippi Iberville Parish Louisiana 9 Iberville Street in New Orleans Louisiana Rue d Iberville in Chicoutimi Quebec Rue Iberville in Radisson Quebec Rue d Iberville in Alma Quebec D Iberville St in Carbonear Newfoundland A number of French ships notably A torpedo aviso one of the first French ships to be designated as a contre torpilleur destroyer A colonial sloop scuttled in Toulon harbor on 27 November 1942 CCGS D Iberville Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker Has a statue in Mobile erected in 2002 a gift from Hand Arendall L L C The cafeteria at Northwestern State University of Louisiana is named for him Ibervillea a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae from Central America and Mexico 10 See also edit nbsp Canada portal nbsp North America portal nbsp History portalFort Gaines Alabama D Iberville TV series Notes edit a b The name Pierre Le Moyne d Iberville is pronounced p i ˈ ɛer l e ˈ m w ɑː n ˌ d iː b ɛer ˈ v iː l ˈ v ɪ l pee AIR le MWAHN DEE bair VEEL VIL French pjɛʁ le mwan dibɛʁvil The title Sieur is pronounced s j ɜːr SYUR French sjœʁ However residents of the Mississippi Gulf Coast pronounce the city of D Iberville as d i ˈ aɪ b er v ɪ l dee EYE ber vil References edit a b c d Fortier Alcee 1910 Pierre Le Moyne Sieur d Iberville In Herbermann Charles ed Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 7 New York Robert Appleton Company a b c Pothier Bernard 1979 1969 Le Moyne d Iberville at d Ardillieres Pierre In Hayne David ed Dictionary of Canadian Biography Vol II 1701 1740 online ed University of Toronto Press She was baptized at Saint Denis la Petite parish church now destroyed Crouse Nellis Maynard 2001 1954 Lemoyne d Iberville Soldier of New France reprint ed Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press p 10 ISBN 978 0 8071 2700 1 Crouse 2001 p 9 Hubbard Vincent K 2002 Swords Ships amp Sugar History of Nevis Corvallis Oregon Premiere ISBN 1891519050 pp 113 120 Pierre le Moyne d Iberville 1686 1702 Virtual Museum of New France Un heros quebecois a La Havane Pierre Lahoud 2015 Gannett Henry 1905 The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States Govt Print Off p 164 Ibervillea Greene Plants of the World Online Kew Science Plants of the World Online Retrieved 15 May 2021 Bibliography editFregault Guy Iberville le conquerant Montreal 1944 External links edit Pierre Le Moyne Sieur d Iberville Catholic Encyclopedia New Advent Pierre Le Moyne d Iberville at the Valiants Memorial Iberville Prospectus at The Historic New Orleans Collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pierre Le Moyne d 27Iberville amp oldid 1216170917, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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