A piano trio is a group of piano and two other instruments, usually a violin and a cello, or a piece of music written for such a group. It is one of the most common forms found in classicalchamber music. The term can also refer to a group of musicians who regularly play this repertoire together; for a number of well-known piano trios, see below.
The term "piano trio" is also used for jazz trios, where it most commonly designates a pianist accompanied by bass and drums, though guitar or saxophone may figure as well.
Works titled "Piano Trio" tend to be in the same overall shape as a sonata. Initially this was in the three movement form, though some of Haydn's have two movements. Mozart, in five late works, is generally credited with transforming the accompanied keyboard sonata, in which the essentially optional cello doubles the bass of the keyboard left hand, into the balanced trio which has since been a central form of chamber music. With the early 19th century, particularly Beethoven, this genre was felt to be more appropriate to cast in the four movement form. Piano trios that are set in the Sonata tradition share the general concerns of such works for their era, and often are reflective directly of symphonic practice with individual movements laid out according to the composer's understanding of the sonata form.
In the Classical era, home music-making made the piano trio a very popular genre for arrangements of other works. For example, Beethoven transcribed his first two symphonies for piano trio. Thus a large number of works exist for the arrangement of piano, violin and violoncello which are not generally titled or numbered as piano trios, but which are nonetheless part of the overall genre. These include single movements as well as sets of variations such as Beethoven's Variations on 'Ich bin der Schneider Kakadu' Op. 121a and Variations in E flat major Op. 44.
After the Classical era, works for piano and two instruments continue to be written which are not presented as in the sonata tradition, or are arrangements of other works. Many of these individual works are popular on concert programs, for example Suk's Elegie.
The piano trios of the Classical era, notably those of Haydn, are dominated by the piano part.[1] The violin plays the melody only a certain amount of the time, and when it does, is often doubled by the piano. The cello part is very much subordinated, usually just doubling the bass line in the piano. It is thought that this practice was related to the sonority of the instruments of Haydn's day: the piano was fairly weak and "tinkling" in tone, and benefited from the tonal strengthening of other instruments.[2] Mozart's five late (K.496 and later) trios are generally felt to mark the assured arrival of the form, attentive to balanced voices and three-part dialogue.
Beethoven's trios continued the compositional objectives inaugurated by Mozart. The new idea of equality was never implemented completely; the extent to which it is realized varies from one composition to the next, as well as among movements within a single composition. Certainly, by the mid-nineteenth century, all three instruments had been modified to have a very powerful sound,[citation needed] and each can hold its own in a modern ensemble.
The earlier trios are now frequently performed and recorded using authentic instruments, of the kind for which they were originally written. Such performances restore the sonic balance the composer would have expected, and have proven popular.
Other combinationsedit
Some rather rare combinations of instruments have nonetheless inspired a few outstanding works.
Mikhail Glinka wrote his Trio pathétique in D minor for clarinet, bassoon and piano, although is also performed with a violin or cello substituting the clarinet or the bassoon, respectively.
Ignaz Lachner wrote all of his six piano trios for violin, viola and piano.
The jazz trio formation of saxophone, piano and percussion has been taken up as an alternative "piano trio" in the field of contemporary classical music, initially by Trio Accanto who since 1994 have commissioned more than 100 works for this combination. Several other trios have been formed to perform this repertoire.
Example piano trios, extant and defunctedit
Istomin-Stern-Rose Trio playing at Caesarea theatre, 1961
Among the best known of such groups are or have been:
The Beaux Arts Trio (United States), whose commitment to using the same players in every concert pioneered a new generation of similarly committed groups; defunct
^Wheelock, Gretchen (1999). "The classical repertory revisited: instruments, players, and styles (pp.109–131)". In Parakilas, James (ed.). Piano roles: Three hundred years of life with the piano. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 115.
^Rosen, Charles (1997). "VI.2". The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven. New York: Norton. p. 353.
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A piano trio is a group of piano and two other instruments usually a violin and a cello or a piece of music written for such a group It is one of the most common forms found in classical chamber music The term can also refer to a group of musicians who regularly play this repertoire together for a number of well known piano trios see below The term piano trio is also used for jazz trios where it most commonly designates a pianist accompanied by bass and drums though guitar or saxophone may figure as well Contents 1 Form 2 The role of the three instruments 3 Other combinations 4 Example piano trios extant and defunct 5 Famous works for piano trio 6 See also 7 ReferencesForm editWorks titled Piano Trio tend to be in the same overall shape as a sonata Initially this was in the three movement form though some of Haydn s have two movements Mozart in five late works is generally credited with transforming the accompanied keyboard sonata in which the essentially optional cello doubles the bass of the keyboard left hand into the balanced trio which has since been a central form of chamber music With the early 19th century particularly Beethoven this genre was felt to be more appropriate to cast in the four movement form Piano trios that are set in the Sonata tradition share the general concerns of such works for their era and often are reflective directly of symphonic practice with individual movements laid out according to the composer s understanding of the sonata form In the Classical era home music making made the piano trio a very popular genre for arrangements of other works For example Beethoven transcribed his first two symphonies for piano trio Thus a large number of works exist for the arrangement of piano violin and violoncello which are not generally titled or numbered as piano trios but which are nonetheless part of the overall genre These include single movements as well as sets of variations such as Beethoven s Variations on Ich bin der Schneider Kakadu Op 121a and Variations in E flat major Op 44 After the Classical era works for piano and two instruments continue to be written which are not presented as in the sonata tradition or are arrangements of other works Many of these individual works are popular on concert programs for example Suk s Elegie For individual articles treating works for piano trio see Category Compositions for piano trio The role of the three instruments editThe piano trios of the Classical era notably those of Haydn are dominated by the piano part 1 The violin plays the melody only a certain amount of the time and when it does is often doubled by the piano The cello part is very much subordinated usually just doubling the bass line in the piano It is thought that this practice was related to the sonority of the instruments of Haydn s day the piano was fairly weak and tinkling in tone and benefited from the tonal strengthening of other instruments 2 Mozart s five late K 496 and later trios are generally felt to mark the assured arrival of the form attentive to balanced voices and three part dialogue Beethoven s trios continued the compositional objectives inaugurated by Mozart The new idea of equality was never implemented completely the extent to which it is realized varies from one composition to the next as well as among movements within a single composition Certainly by the mid nineteenth century all three instruments had been modified to have a very powerful sound citation needed and each can hold its own in a modern ensemble The earlier trios are now frequently performed and recorded using authentic instruments of the kind for which they were originally written Such performances restore the sonic balance the composer would have expected and have proven popular Other combinations editSome rather rare combinations of instruments have nonetheless inspired a few outstanding works Haydn wrote three trios for flute cello and piano H 15 15 17 a combination for which Carl Maria von Weber also wrote one work op 63 Beethoven wrote his Trio in G major WoO 37 1786 for flute bassoon and piano Mikhail Glinka wrote his Trio pathetique in D minor for clarinet bassoon and piano although is also performed with a violin or cello substituting the clarinet or the bassoon respectively Francis Poulenc s Trio for oboe bassoon and piano op 43 1926 The Horn violin piano trio is exemplified by Brahms Trio Op 40 in E flat and Gyorgy Ligeti s 1982 Trio for Violin Horn and Piano Trios with clarinet include masterpieces such as Mozart s Kegelstatt Trio and works by Beethoven Brahms and Bartok many more works are listed in Clarinet violin piano trio Clarinet viola piano trio and Clarinet cello piano trio Ignaz Lachner wrote all of his six piano trios for violin viola and piano The jazz trio formation of saxophone piano and percussion has been taken up as an alternative piano trio in the field of contemporary classical music initially by Trio Accanto who since 1994 have commissioned more than 100 works for this combination Several other trios have been formed to perform this repertoire Example piano trios extant and defunct edit nbsp Istomin Stern Rose Trio playing at Caesarea theatre 1961 Among the best known of such groups are or have been Altenberg Trio Austria Amatis Trio the Netherlands ATOS Trio de Berlin Germany Maria Baptist jazz Trio Berlin Germany Istomin Stern Rose Trio consisting of Eugene Istomin Isaac Stern and Leonard Rose United States One consisting of Alfred Cortot Jacques Thibaud and Pablo Casals earlier in the 20th century The Spivakovsky Trio consisting of Jascha Spivakovsky Tossy Spivakovsky and Edmund Kurtz earlier in the 20th century The Kalichstein Laredo Robinson Trio United States The Beaux Arts Trio United States whose commitment to using the same players in every concert pioneered a new generation of similarly committed groups defunct The Sitkovetsky Trio United Kingdom consisting of Alexander Sitkovetsky Wu Qian and Isang Enders Trio di Trieste Italy consisting of Dario De Rosa Renato Zanettovich and Libero Lana Amedeo Baldovino defunct The Ax Kim Ma trio consisting of Emanuel Ax Young Uck Kim and Yo Yo Ma United States Eroica Trio United States Ahn Trio United States Korea The Borodin Trio United States Trio Fontenay Germany Trio Celeste United States consisting of Kevin Kwan Loucks Iryna Krechkovsky and Ross Gasworth Suk Trio Czech Republic The Florestan Trio United Kingdom The Greenwich Trio United Kingdom The Gryphon Trio Canada The Oberlin Trio United States The Alma Trio United States Trio Vega Spain Trio Kandinsky United States Trio Wanderer France Haydn Trio Eisenstadt Austria Harald Kosik Hannes Gradwohl Bernd Gradwohl Verena Stourzh Bamberg Trio Germany Petrof Piano Trio Czech Republic Manhattan Piano Trio United States Spirale Piano Trio Belgium Xonor Trio United States Vanic Trio United States Vienna Piano Trio Austria Stuttgart Piano Trio German 3 The Dutch Trio Germany The Netherlands Famous works for piano trio editSee also Piano trio repertoire Anton Arensky s Piano Trio No 1 in D minor Ludwig van Beethoven s trios especially Piano Trio No 7 in B flat major Archduke Op 97 Johannes Brahms s Piano Trios No 1 in B major Op 8 No 2 in C major Op 87 and No 3 in C minor Op 101 Elliott Carter s Epigrams 2012 Frederic Chopin s Piano Trio in G minor Op 8 Antonin Dvorak s Piano Trio No 4 in E minor Dumky Op 90 Gabriel Faure s piano trio Op 120 Joseph Haydn s 45 piano trios particularly those composed from the mid 1780s onwards Charles Ives s Piano Trio 1911 Franz Liszt s Hungarian Rhapsodies No 9 and No 12 Felix Mendelssohn s two piano trios Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart s piano trios particularly No 3 4 and 5 Sergei Rachmaninoff s Elegiac Trios No 1 in G minor and No 2 in D minor Maurice Ravel s Trio for Piano Violin and Cello Camille Saint Saens s Piano Trio No 1 and Piano Trio No 2 Franz Schubert s Piano Trio No 1 and No 2 Clara Schumann s Piano Trio Robert Schumann s Piano Trio No 1 in D minor and Piano Trio No 3 in G minor Dmitri Shostakovich s Piano Trio No 2 in E minor Bedrich Smetana s Trio for Piano Violin and Cello Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky s Piano Trio in A minor Op 50See also editPiano six hands Violin Violoncello Piano trio repertoire Triple concerto for violin cello and piano Clarinet violin piano trio Clarinet viola piano trio Clarinet cello piano trio Oboe bassoon piano trio Piano quartet Piano quintet Piano sextetReferences edit Wheelock Gretchen 1999 The classical repertory revisited instruments players and styles pp 109 131 In Parakilas James ed Piano roles Three hundred years of life with the piano New Haven CT Yale University Press p 115 Rosen Charles 1997 VI 2 The Classical Style Haydn Mozart Beethoven New York Norton p 353 Foto touring Southern Africa Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Piano trio amp oldid 1220326835, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
