A phonocardiogram (or PCG) is a plot of high-fidelity recording of the sounds and murmurs made by the heart with the help of the machine called the phonocardiograph; thus, phonocardiography is the recording of all the sounds made by the heart during a cardiac cycle.[2][3]
Heart sounds result from vibrations created by the closure of the heart valves. There are at least two; the first (S1) is produced when the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) close at the beginning of systole and the second (S2) when the aortic valve and pulmonary valve (semilunar valves) close at the end of systole.[4] Phonocardiography allows the detection of subaudible sounds and murmurs and makes a permanent record of these events.[5] In contrast, the stethoscope cannot always detect all such sounds or murmurs and provides no record of their occurrence. The ability to quantitate the sounds made by the heart provides information not readily available from more sophisticated tests and provides vital information about the effects of certain drugs on the heart. It is also an effective method for tracking the progress of a patient's disease.[medical citation needed]
Discrete and the packet wavelet transformedit
According to a review by Cherif et al., discrete wavelet transform DWT is better at not affecting S1 or S2 while filtering heart murmurs. Packet wavelet transform affects internal components structure much more than DWT does.[6]
Historyedit
William Birnbaum with a Phonocardiogram System for use in Project Gemini, 1965
Awareness of the sounds made by the heart dates to ancient times. The idea of developing an instrument to record it may date back to Robert Hooke (1635–1703), who wrote: "There may also be a possibility of discovering the internal motions and actions of bodies - whether animal, vegetable, or mineral, by the sound they make". The earliest known examples of phonocardiography date to the 1800s.[7]
Monitoring and recording equipment for phonocardiography was developed through the 1930s and 1940s. Standardization began by 1950, when the first international conference was held in Paris.[7]
A phonocardiogram system manufactured by Beckman Instruments was used on at least one of the Project Gemini manned spaceflights (1965-1966) to monitor the heartbeat of astronauts on the flight. It was one of many Beckman Instruments specialized for and used by NASA.[8]
John Keefer filed a patent for a phonocardiogram simulator in 1970 while he was an employee of the U.S. government. The original patent description indicates that it is a device which via electrical voltage mimics the human heart's sounds.[9]
Fetal Phonocardiogramedit
A fetal phonocardiogram (or fPCG) is a specialized application of phonocardiography designed to be a non-invasive diagnostic technique to capture the sounds of the fetal heart in utero. These fetalphonocardiograms can be analyzed to detect any abnormalities in the fetal heart. Fetal phonocardiography has become an important tool in prenatal care, as it allows clinicians to detect and monitor potential heart problems in the fetus before birth.[10]
The use of phonocardiography to study the fetal heart dates back to the 1960s, when researchers first began to explore the feasibility of detecting fetal heart sounds using external microphones.[10] Early studies focused on using phonocardiography to measure fetal heart rate and rhythm. Over time, advances in technology and techniques have enabled researchers to use fetal phonocardiography to detect a wider range of fetal heart abnormalities.[11][12]Fetal phonocardiography is typically performed during routine prenatal visits, starting around 18–20 weeks of gestation. The procedure involves placing a small microphone on the mother's abdomen over the fetal heart. The microphone captures the sounds of the fetal heart, which are then amplified and recorded for analysis. Khandoker et al. developed a multi-channel fetal phonocardiogram (fPCG) with four sound transducers applied in a simple and consistent pattern across the maternal abdomen.[13][14] The intellectual property (IP) technology license was given to the home-based monitoring device, the Emirati startup, that helps pregnant mothers monitor fetal heartbeat and the baby’s cardiac activity.[15]
^Tang, Hong; Zhang, Jinhui; Sun, Jian; Qiu, Tianshuang; Park, Yongwan (2016-04-01). "Phonocardiogram signal compression using sound repetition and vector quantization". Computers in Biology and Medicine. 71: 24–34. doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.01.017. ISSN 0010-4825. PMID 26871603.
^Silverman, Mark E.; Fleming, Peter R.; Hollman, Arthur; Julian, Desmond G.; Krikler, Dennis M. (2012-12-06). British Cardiology in the 20th Century. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN9781447107736.Chapter 8/no Google page given
^Hall, John E. (2015-04-23). Pocket Companion to Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 283. ISBN9780323375238.
^Daniels, Rick (2009). Delmar's Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests. Cengage Learning. p. 800. ISBN978-1418020668. Retrieved 27 November 2016. phonocardiogram purpose.
^Cherif, L. Hamza; Debbal, S. M.; Bereksi-Reguig, F. (1 March 2010). "Choice of the wavelet analyzing in the phonocardiogram signal analysis using the discrete and the packet wavelet transform". Expert Systems with Applications. 37 (2): 913–918. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2009.09.036.
^ abSprague, H. B. (December 1957). "History and Present Status of Phonocardiography". IRE Transactions on Medical Electronics. PGME-9: 2–3. doi:10.1109/IRET-ME.1957.5008615. ISSN 0097-1049.
^"Beckman Instruments Supplying Medical Flight Monitoring Equipment" (PDF). Space News Roundup. March 3, 1965. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
^M, Keefer John (Apr 28, 1970), Phonocardiogram simulator, retrieved 2016-06-02
^ abMorgenstern, J; Abels, T; Leblanc, R; Naumann, U; Schettler, H; Wolf, P (1986-01-01), Rolfe, Peter (ed.), "Chapter 19 - The fetal phonocardiogram", Fetal Physiological Measurements, Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 115–123, doi:10.1016/b978-0-407-00450-4.50021-6, ISBN978-0-407-00450-4, retrieved 2023-08-30
^Koutsiana, Elisavet; Hadjileontiadis, Leontios J.; Chouvarda, Ioanna; Khandoker, Ahsan H. (2017-09-08). "Fetal Heart Sounds Detection Using Wavelet Transform and Fractal Dimension". Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 5: 49. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2017.00049. ISSN 2296-4185. PMC5596097. PMID 28944222.
^Marzbanrad, Faezeh; Kimura, Yoshitaka; Endo, Miyuki; Palaniswami, Marimuthu; Khandoker, Ahsan H. (August 2015). "Transfer entropy analysis of maternal and fetal heart rate coupling". 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). Vol. 2015. IEEE. pp. 7865–7868. doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7320215. ISBN978-1-4244-9271-8. PMID 26738115. S2CID 32510704.
^Khandoker, Ahsan; Ibrahim, Emad; Oshio, Sayaka; Kimura, Yoshitaka (2018-09-11). "Validation of beat by beat fetal heart signals acquired from four-channel fetal phonocardiogram with fetal electrocardiogram in healthy late pregnancy". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 13635. Bibcode:2018NatSR...813635K. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31898-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC6134006. PMID 30206289.
^"Novel digital device to detect heart murmurs". gulfnews.com. 2015-03-28. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
^National, The (2020-03-18). "Khalifa University grants IP licence to Emirati startup". The National. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
Further readingedit
Almasi, Ali; Shamsollahi, Mohammad-Bagher; Senhadji, Lotfi (2011-08-01). "A dynamical model for generating synthetic Phonocardiogram signals". 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol. 2011. pp. 5686–5689. doi:10.1109/IEMBS.2011.6091376. ISBN978-1-4577-1589-1. ISSN 1557-170X. PMC3390312. PMID 22255630.
Mizuno, Atsushi; Niwa, Koichiro; Shirai, Takeaki; Shiina, Yumi (1 January 2015). "Phonocardiogram in adult patients with tetralogy of Fallot". Journal of Cardiology. 65 (1): 82–86. doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2014.03.011. ISSN 0914-5087. PMID 24842232. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
Chernecky, Cynthia C.; Berger, Barbara J. (2007). Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN978-1416066835. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
December 02, 2023
phonocardiogram, phonocardiogram, plot, high, fidelity, recording, sounds, murmurs, made, heart, with, help, machine, called, phonocardiograph, thus, phonocardiography, recording, sounds, made, heart, during, cardiac, cycle, jugular, venous, pulse, tracing, fr. A phonocardiogram or PCG is a plot of high fidelity recording of the sounds and murmurs made by the heart with the help of the machine called the phonocardiograph thus phonocardiography is the recording of all the sounds made by the heart during a cardiac cycle 2 3 PhonocardiogramPhonocardiogram and jugular venous pulse tracing from a middle aged man with pulmonary hypertension pulmonary artery pressure 70 mm Hg caused by cardiomyopathy The jugular venous pulse tracing demonstrates a prominent a wave without a c or v wave being observed The phonocardiograms fourth left interspace and cardiac apex show a murmur of tricuspid insufficiency and ventricular and atrial gallops 1 SynonymsPCGICD 9 CM89 55Phonocardiograms of common murmurs Contents 1 Medical use 1 1 Discrete and the packet wavelet transform 2 History 3 Fetal Phonocardiogram 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingMedical use edit nbsp Wiggers diagram of various events of a cardiac cycle including a phonocardiogram at bottom Heart sounds result from vibrations created by the closure of the heart valves There are at least two the first S1 is produced when the atrioventricular valves tricuspid and mitral close at the beginning of systole and the second S2 when the aortic valve and pulmonary valve semilunar valves close at the end of systole 4 Phonocardiography allows the detection of subaudible sounds and murmurs and makes a permanent record of these events 5 In contrast the stethoscope cannot always detect all such sounds or murmurs and provides no record of their occurrence The ability to quantitate the sounds made by the heart provides information not readily available from more sophisticated tests and provides vital information about the effects of certain drugs on the heart It is also an effective method for tracking the progress of a patient s disease medical citation needed Discrete and the packet wavelet transform edit According to a review by Cherif et al discrete wavelet transform DWT is better at not affecting S1 or S2 while filtering heart murmurs Packet wavelet transform affects internal components structure much more than DWT does 6 History edit nbsp William Birnbaum with a Phonocardiogram System for use in Project Gemini 1965Awareness of the sounds made by the heart dates to ancient times The idea of developing an instrument to record it may date back to Robert Hooke 1635 1703 who wrote There may also be a possibility of discovering the internal motions and actions of bodies whether animal vegetable or mineral by the sound they make The earliest known examples of phonocardiography date to the 1800s 7 Monitoring and recording equipment for phonocardiography was developed through the 1930s and 1940s Standardization began by 1950 when the first international conference was held in Paris 7 A phonocardiogram system manufactured by Beckman Instruments was used on at least one of the Project Gemini manned spaceflights 1965 1966 to monitor the heartbeat of astronauts on the flight It was one of many Beckman Instruments specialized for and used by NASA 8 John Keefer filed a patent for a phonocardiogram simulator in 1970 while he was an employee of the U S government The original patent description indicates that it is a device which via electrical voltage mimics the human heart s sounds 9 Fetal Phonocardiogram editA fetal phonocardiogram or fPCG is a specialized application of phonocardiography designed to be a non invasive diagnostic technique to capture the sounds of the fetal heart in utero These fetal phonocardiograms can be analyzed to detect any abnormalities in the fetal heart Fetal phonocardiography has become an important tool in prenatal care as it allows clinicians to detect and monitor potential heart problems in the fetus before birth 10 The use of phonocardiography to study the fetal heart dates back to the 1960s when researchers first began to explore the feasibility of detecting fetal heart sounds using external microphones 10 Early studies focused on using phonocardiography to measure fetal heart rate and rhythm Over time advances in technology and techniques have enabled researchers to use fetal phonocardiography to detect a wider range of fetal heart abnormalities 11 12 Fetal phonocardiography is typically performed during routine prenatal visits starting around 18 20 weeks of gestation The procedure involves placing a small microphone on the mother s abdomen over the fetal heart The microphone captures the sounds of the fetal heart which are then amplified and recorded for analysis Khandoker et al developed a multi channel fetal phonocardiogram fPCG with four sound transducers applied in a simple and consistent pattern across the maternal abdomen 13 14 The intellectual property IP technology license was given to the home based monitoring device the Emirati startup that helps pregnant mothers monitor fetal heartbeat and the baby s cardiac activity 15 See also editEKG EchocardiogramReferences edit https www ncbi nlm nih gov bookshelf br fcgi book cm amp part A622 amp rendertype figure amp id A633 Chapter 8 no page given Google Tang Hong Zhang Jinhui Sun Jian Qiu Tianshuang Park Yongwan 2016 04 01 Phonocardiogram signal compression using sound repetition and vector quantization Computers in Biology and Medicine 71 24 34 doi 10 1016 j compbiomed 2016 01 017 ISSN 0010 4825 PMID 26871603 Silverman Mark E Fleming Peter R Hollman Arthur Julian Desmond G Krikler Dennis M 2012 12 06 British Cardiology in the 20th Century Springer Science amp Business Media ISBN 9781447107736 Chapter 8 no Google page given Hall John E 2015 04 23 Pocket Companion to Guyton amp Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology Elsevier Health Sciences p 283 ISBN 9780323375238 Daniels Rick 2009 Delmar s Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests Cengage Learning p 800 ISBN 978 1418020668 Retrieved 27 November 2016 phonocardiogram purpose Cherif L Hamza Debbal S M Bereksi Reguig F 1 March 2010 Choice of the wavelet analyzing in the phonocardiogram signal analysis using the discrete and the packet wavelet transform Expert Systems with Applications 37 2 913 918 doi 10 1016 j eswa 2009 09 036 a b Sprague H B December 1957 History and Present Status of Phonocardiography IRE Transactions on Medical Electronics PGME 9 2 3 doi 10 1109 IRET ME 1957 5008615 ISSN 0097 1049 Beckman Instruments Supplying Medical Flight Monitoring Equipment PDF Space News Roundup March 3 1965 pp 4 5 Retrieved 7 August 2019 M Keefer John Apr 28 1970 Phonocardiogram simulator retrieved 2016 06 02 a b Morgenstern J Abels T Leblanc R Naumann U Schettler H Wolf P 1986 01 01 Rolfe Peter ed Chapter 19 The fetal phonocardiogram Fetal Physiological Measurements Butterworth Heinemann pp 115 123 doi 10 1016 b978 0 407 00450 4 50021 6 ISBN 978 0 407 00450 4 retrieved 2023 08 30 Koutsiana Elisavet Hadjileontiadis Leontios J Chouvarda Ioanna Khandoker Ahsan H 2017 09 08 Fetal Heart Sounds Detection Using Wavelet Transform and Fractal Dimension Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 5 49 doi 10 3389 fbioe 2017 00049 ISSN 2296 4185 PMC 5596097 PMID 28944222 Marzbanrad Faezeh Kimura Yoshitaka Endo Miyuki Palaniswami Marimuthu Khandoker Ahsan H August 2015 Transfer entropy analysis of maternal and fetal heart rate coupling 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society EMBC Vol 2015 IEEE pp 7865 7868 doi 10 1109 embc 2015 7320215 ISBN 978 1 4244 9271 8 PMID 26738115 S2CID 32510704 Khandoker Ahsan Ibrahim Emad Oshio Sayaka Kimura Yoshitaka 2018 09 11 Validation of beat by beat fetal heart signals acquired from four channel fetal phonocardiogram with fetal electrocardiogram in healthy late pregnancy Scientific Reports 8 1 13635 Bibcode 2018NatSR 813635K doi 10 1038 s41598 018 31898 1 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 6134006 PMID 30206289 Novel digital device to detect heart murmurs gulfnews com 2015 03 28 Retrieved 2023 08 30 National The 2020 03 18 Khalifa University grants IP licence to Emirati startup The National Retrieved 2023 08 30 Further reading editAlmasi Ali Shamsollahi Mohammad Bagher Senhadji Lotfi 2011 08 01 A dynamical model for generating synthetic Phonocardiogram signals 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Vol 2011 pp 5686 5689 doi 10 1109 IEMBS 2011 6091376 ISBN 978 1 4577 1589 1 ISSN 1557 170X PMC 3390312 PMID 22255630 Mizuno Atsushi Niwa Koichiro Shirai Takeaki Shiina Yumi 1 January 2015 Phonocardiogram in adult patients with tetralogy of Fallot Journal of Cardiology 65 1 82 86 doi 10 1016 j jjcc 2014 03 011 ISSN 0914 5087 PMID 24842232 Retrieved 2 June 2016 Chernecky Cynthia C Berger Barbara J 2007 Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures Elsevier Health Sciences ISBN 978 1416066835 Retrieved 27 November 2016 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Phonocardiogram amp oldid 1184912223, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
