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Cardiomyopathy

May 05, 2023

Cardiomyopathy is a group of diseases that affect the heart muscle.[1] Early on there may be few or no symptoms.[1] As the disease worsens, shortness of breath, feeling tired, and swelling of the legs may occur, due to the onset of heart failure.[1] An irregular heart beat and fainting may occur.[1] Those affected are at an increased risk of sudden cardiac death.[2]

Cardiomyopathy
Opened left ventricle showing thickening, dilatation, and subendocardial fibrosis noticeable as increased whiteness of the inside of the heart.
SpecialtyCardiology
Symptoms
Complications
Types
Causes
TreatmentDepends on type and symptoms[5]
Frequency2.5 million with myocarditis (2015)[6]
Deaths354,000 with myocarditis (2015)[7]

Types of cardiomyopathy include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome).[3] In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the heart muscle enlarges and thickens.[3] In dilated cardiomyopathy the ventricles enlarge and weaken.[3] In restrictive cardiomyopathy the ventricle stiffens.[3]

In many cases, the cause cannot be determined.[4] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is usually inherited, whereas dilated cardiomyopathy is inherited in about one third of cases.[4] Dilated cardiomyopathy may also result from alcohol, heavy metals, coronary artery disease, cocaine use, and viral infections.[4] Restrictive cardiomyopathy may be caused by amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, and some cancer treatments.[4] Broken heart syndrome is caused by extreme emotional or physical stress.[3]

Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and the severity of symptoms.[5] Treatments may include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery.[5] Surgery may include a ventricular assist device or heart transplant.[5] In 2015 cardiomyopathy and myocarditis affected 2.5 million people.[6] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy affects about 1 in 500 people while dilated cardiomyopathy affects 1 in 2,500.[3][8] They resulted in 354,000 deaths up from 294,000 in 1990.[7][9] Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia is more common in young people.[2]

Signs and symptoms

 
The arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation, seen on an ECG

Symptoms of cardiomyopathies may include fatigue, swelling of the lower extremities and shortness of breath after exertion.[10] Additional symptoms of the condition may include arrhythmia, fainting, and dizziness.[10]

Causes

Cardiomyopathies can be of genetic (familial) or non-genetic (acquired) origin.[11] Genetic cardiomyopathies usually are caused by sarcomere or cytoskeletal diseases, neuromuscular disorders, inborn errors of metabolism, malformation syndromes and sometimes are unidentified.[12][13] Non-genetic cardiomyopathies can have a definitive causes such as viral infections, myocarditis and others.[14][15]

Cardiomyopathies are either confined to the heart or are part of a generalized systemic disorder, both often leading to cardiovascular death or progressive heart failure-related disability. Other diseases that cause heart muscle dysfunction are excluded, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, or abnormalities of the heart valves.[16] Often, the underlying cause remains unknown, but in many cases the cause may be identifiable.[17] Alcoholism, for example, has been identified as a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, as has drug toxicity, and certain infections (including Hepatitis C).[18][19][20] Untreated celiac disease can cause cardiomyopathies, which can completely reverse with a timely diagnosis.[21] In addition to acquired causes, molecular biology and genetics have given rise to the recognition of various genetic causes.[19][22]

A more clinical categorization of cardiomyopathy as 'hypertrophied', 'dilated', or 'restrictive',[23] has become difficult to maintain because some of the conditions could fulfill more than one of those three categories at any particular stage of their development.

The current American Heart Association (AHA) definition divides cardiomyopathies into primary, which affect the heart alone, and secondary, which are the result of illness affecting other parts of the body. These categories are further broken down into subgroups which incorporate new genetic and molecular biology knowledge.[24]

Mechanism

The pathophysiology of cardiomyopathies is better understood at the cellular level with advances in molecular techniques. Mutant proteins can disturb cardiac function in the contractile apparatus (or mechanosensitive complexes). Cardiomyocyte alterations and their persistent responses at the cellular level cause changes that are correlated with sudden cardiac death and other cardiac problems.[25]

Cardiomyopathies are generally varied individually. Different factors can cause Cardiomyopathies in adults as well as children. To exemplify, Dilated Cardiomyopathy in adults is associated with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy, Hypertension, Valvular diseases, and Genetics. While in Children, Neuromuscular diseases such as Becker muscular dystrophy, including X-linked genetic disorder, are directly linked with their Cardiomyopathies.[26]

Diagnosis

 
Normal sinus rhythm on EKG

Among the diagnostic procedures done to determine a cardiomyopathy are:[10]

Classification

 
Structural categories of cardiomyopathy
 
Stained microscopic section of heart muscle in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathies can be classified using different criteria:[27]

Treatment

Treatment may include suggestion of lifestyle changes to better manage the condition. Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and condition of disease, but may include medication (conservative treatment) or iatrogenic/implanted pacemakers for slow heart rates, defibrillators for those prone to fatal heart rhythms, ventricular assist devices (VADs) for severe heart failure, or catheter ablation for recurring dysrhythmias that cannot be eliminated by medication or mechanical cardioversion. The goal of treatment is often symptom relief, and some patients may eventually require a heart transplant.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy?". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  2. ^ a b c "Who Is at Risk for Cardiomyopathy?". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Types of Cardiomyopathy". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e "What Causes Cardiomyopathy?". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d "How Is Cardiomyopathy Treated?". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  6. ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  7. ^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  8. ^ Practical Cardiovascular Pathology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2010. p. 148. ISBN 9781605478418. from the original on 14 September 2016.
  9. ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  10. ^ a b c d "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy? - NHLBI, NIH". nhlbi.nih.gov. from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  11. ^ Bakalakos, Athanasios; Ritsatos, Konstantinos; Anastasakis, Aris (1 September 2018). "Current perspectives on the diagnosis and management of dilated cardiomyopathy Beyond heart failure: a Cardiomyopathy Clinic Doctor's point of view". Hellenic Journal of Cardiology. 59 (5): 254–261. doi:10.1016/j.hjc.2018.05.008. ISSN 1109-9666. PMID 29807197. S2CID 44146977.
  12. ^ Rath, Anika; Weintraub, Robert (23 July 2021). "Overview of Cardiomyopathies in Childhood". Frontiers in Pediatrics. 9: 708732. doi:10.3389/fped.2021.708732. ISSN 2296-2360. PMC 8342800. PMID 34368032.
  13. ^ Gorla, Sudheer; Raja, Kishore; Garg, Ashish; Barbouth, Deborah; Rusconi, Paolo (December 2018). "Infantile Onset Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Secondary to PRKAG2 Gene Mutation is Associated with Poor Prognosis". Journal of Pediatric Genetics. 07 (4): 180–184. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1657763. ISSN 2146-4596. PMC 6234042. PMID 30430036.
  14. ^ Law, Michelle L.; Cohen, Houda; Martin, Ashley A.; Angulski, Addeli Bez Batti; Metzger, Joseph M. (February 2020). "Dysregulation of Calcium Handling in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Associated Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutic Strategies". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9 (2): 520. doi:10.3390/jcm9020520. ISSN 2077-0383. PMC 7074327. PMID 32075145.
  15. ^ Cimiotti, Diana; Budde, Heidi; Hassoun, Roua; Jaquet, Kornelia (8 January 2021). "Genetic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Causes and Consequences—An Integrative Approach". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (2): 558. doi:10.3390/ijms22020558. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 7827163. PMID 33429969.
  16. ^ Lakdawala, NK; Stevenson, LW; Loscalzo, J (2015). "Chapter 287". In Kasper, DL; Fauci, AS; Hauser, SL; Longo, DL; Jameson, JL; Loscalzo, J (eds.). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (19th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 1553. ISBN 978-0-07-180215-4.
  17. ^ Pathophysiology of heart disease : a collaborative project of medical students and faculty. Lilly, Leonard S., Harvard Medical School. (5th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011. ISBN 978-1605477237. OCLC 649701807.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  18. ^ Adam A, Nicholson C, Owens L (2008). "Alcoholic dilated cardiomyopathy". Nurs Stand (Review). 22 (38): 42–7. doi:10.7748/ns2008.05.22.38.42.c6565. PMID 18578120.
  19. ^ a b Westphal JG, Rigopoulos AG, Bakogiannis C, Ludwig SE, Mavrogeni S, Bigalke B, et al. (2017). "The MOGE(S) classification for cardiomyopathies: current status and future outlook". Heart Fail Rev (Review). 22 (6): 743–752. doi:10.1007/s10741-017-9641-4. PMID 28721466. S2CID 36117047.
  20. ^ Domont F, Cacoub P (2016). "Chronic hepatitis C virus infection, a new cardiovascular risk factor?". Liver Int (Review). 36 (5): 621–7. doi:10.1111/liv.13064. PMID 26763484.
  21. ^ Ciaccio EJ, Lewis SK, Biviano AB, Iyer V, Garan H, Green PH (2017). "Cardiovascular involvement in celiac disease". World J Cardiol (Review). 9 (8): 652–666. doi:10.4330/wjc.v9.i8.652. PMC 5583538. PMID 28932354.
  22. ^ Simpson S, Rutland P, Rutland CS (2017). "Genomic Insights into Cardiomyopathies: A Comparative Cross-Species Review". Vet Sci (Review). 4 (1): 19. doi:10.3390/vetsci4010019. PMC 5606618. PMID 29056678.
  23. ^ Valentin Fuster; John Willis Hurst (2004). Hurst's the heart. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 1884. ISBN 978-0-07-143225-2. from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
  24. ^ McCartan C, Maso R, Jayasinghe SR, Griffiths LR (2012). "Cardiomyopathy Classification: Ongoing Debate in the Genomics Era". Biochem Res Int. 2012: 796926. doi:10.1155/2012/796926. PMC 3423823. PMID 22924131.
  25. ^ Harvey, Pamela A.; Leinwand, Leslie A. (8 August 2011). "Cellular mechanisms of cardiomyopathy". The Journal of Cell Biology. 194 (3): 355–365. doi:10.1083/jcb.201101100. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 3153638. PMID 21825071.
  26. ^ Braunwald, Eugene (15 September 2017). "Cardiomyopathies: An Overview". Circulation Research. 121 (7): 711–721. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311812. ISSN 1524-4571. PMID 28912178. S2CID 36384619.
  27. ^ Vinay, Kumar (2013). Robbins Basic Pathology. Elsevier. p. 396. ISBN 978-1-4377-1781-5.
  28. ^ a b c Maron, Barry J.; Towbin, Jeffrey A.; Thiene, Gaetano; Antzelevitch, Charles; Corrado, Domenico; Arnett, Donna; Moss, Arthur J.; Seidman, Christine E.; Young, James B. (11 April 2006). "Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies". Circulation. 113 (14): 1807–1816. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287. ISSN 0009-7322. PMID 16567565. from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  29. ^ a b Séguéla PE, Iriart X, Acar P, Montaudon M, Roudaut R, Thambo JB (2015). "Eosinophilic cardiac disease: Molecular, clinical and imaging aspects". Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases. 108 (4): 258–68. doi:10.1016/j.acvd.2015.01.006. PMID 25858537.
  30. ^ Rose NR (2016). "Viral myocarditis". Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 28 (4): 383–9. doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000303. PMC 4948180. PMID 27166925.
  31. ^ Lipshultz, Steven E.; Messiah, Sarah E.; Miller, Tracie L. (5 April 2012). Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: Comprehensive Clinical Review and Related Health Issues. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 200. ISBN 9781447123651. from the original on 29 May 2016.

Further reading

  • Boudina, Sihem; Abel, Evan Dale (1 March 2010). "Diabetic cardiomyopathy, causes and effects". Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. 11 (1): 31–39. doi:10.1007/s11154-010-9131-7. ISSN 1389-9155. PMC 2914514. PMID 20180026.
  • Marian, A. J.; Roberts, Robert (1 April 2001). "The Molecular Genetic Basis for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 33 (4): 655–670. doi:10.1006/jmcc.2001.1340. ISSN 0022-2828. PMC 2901497. PMID 11273720.
  • Acton, Q. Ashton (2013). Advances in Heart Research and Application: 2013 Edition. Scholarly Editions. ISBN 978-1-481-68280-0.
  • Towbin, JA (2014). "Inherited cardiomyopathies". Circulation Journal. 78 (10): 2347–56. doi:10.1253/circj.cj-14-0893. ISSN 1347-4820. PMC 4467885. PMID 25186923.
  • Maron, Barry J.; Udelson, James E.; Bonow, Robert O.; Nishimura, Rick A.; Ackerman, Michael J.; Estes, N. A. Mark; Cooper, Leslie T.; Link, Mark S.; Maron, Martin S. (1 December 2015). "Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 3: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy and Other Cardiomyopathies, and Myocarditis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology". Circulation. 132 (22): e273–280. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000239. ISSN 1524-4539. PMID 26621644. S2CID 207639288.

External links

 
Look up cardiomyopathy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Scholia has a topic profile for Cardiomyopathy.

May 05, 2023
cardiomyopathy, group, diseases, that, affect, heart, muscle, early, there, symptoms, disease, worsens, shortness, breath, feeling, tired, swelling, legs, occur, onset, heart, failure, irregular, heart, beat, fainting, occur, those, affected, increased, risk, . Cardiomyopathy is a group of diseases that affect the heart muscle 1 Early on there may be few or no symptoms 1 As the disease worsens shortness of breath feeling tired and swelling of the legs may occur due to the onset of heart failure 1 An irregular heart beat and fainting may occur 1 Those affected are at an increased risk of sudden cardiac death 2 CardiomyopathyOpened left ventricle showing thickening dilatation and subendocardial fibrosis noticeable as increased whiteness of the inside of the heart SpecialtyCardiologySymptomsShortness of breathFeeling tiredSwelling of the legs 1 ComplicationsHeart failureIrregular heart beatSudden cardiac death 1 2 TypesHypertrophic cardiomyopathyDilated cardiomyopathyRestrictive cardiomyopathyArrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasiaTakotsubo cardiomyopathy 3 CausesUnknownGeneticAlcoholHeavy metalsAmyloidosisStress 3 4 TreatmentDepends on type and symptoms 5 Frequency2 5 million with myocarditis 2015 6 Deaths354 000 with myocarditis 2015 7 Types of cardiomyopathy include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy dilated cardiomyopathy restrictive cardiomyopathy arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy broken heart syndrome 3 In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the heart muscle enlarges and thickens 3 In dilated cardiomyopathy the ventricles enlarge and weaken 3 In restrictive cardiomyopathy the ventricle stiffens 3 In many cases the cause cannot be determined 4 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is usually inherited whereas dilated cardiomyopathy is inherited in about one third of cases 4 Dilated cardiomyopathy may also result from alcohol heavy metals coronary artery disease cocaine use and viral infections 4 Restrictive cardiomyopathy may be caused by amyloidosis hemochromatosis and some cancer treatments 4 Broken heart syndrome is caused by extreme emotional or physical stress 3 Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and the severity of symptoms 5 Treatments may include lifestyle changes medications or surgery 5 Surgery may include a ventricular assist device or heart transplant 5 In 2015 cardiomyopathy and myocarditis affected 2 5 million people 6 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy affects about 1 in 500 people while dilated cardiomyopathy affects 1 in 2 500 3 8 They resulted in 354 000 deaths up from 294 000 in 1990 7 9 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia is more common in young people 2 Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 3 Mechanism 4 Diagnosis 4 1 Classification 5 Treatment 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksSigns and symptoms Edit The arrhythmia ventricular fibrillation seen on an ECG Symptoms of cardiomyopathies may include fatigue swelling of the lower extremities and shortness of breath after exertion 10 Additional symptoms of the condition may include arrhythmia fainting and dizziness 10 Causes EditCardiomyopathies can be of genetic familial or non genetic acquired origin 11 Genetic cardiomyopathies usually are caused by sarcomere or cytoskeletal diseases neuromuscular disorders inborn errors of metabolism malformation syndromes and sometimes are unidentified 12 13 Non genetic cardiomyopathies can have a definitive causes such as viral infections myocarditis and others 14 15 Cardiomyopathies are either confined to the heart or are part of a generalized systemic disorder both often leading to cardiovascular death or progressive heart failure related disability Other diseases that cause heart muscle dysfunction are excluded such as coronary artery disease hypertension or abnormalities of the heart valves 16 Often the underlying cause remains unknown but in many cases the cause may be identifiable 17 Alcoholism for example has been identified as a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy as has drug toxicity and certain infections including Hepatitis C 18 19 20 Untreated celiac disease can cause cardiomyopathies which can completely reverse with a timely diagnosis 21 In addition to acquired causes molecular biology and genetics have given rise to the recognition of various genetic causes 19 22 A more clinical categorization of cardiomyopathy as hypertrophied dilated or restrictive 23 has become difficult to maintain because some of the conditions could fulfill more than one of those three categories at any particular stage of their development The current American Heart Association AHA definition divides cardiomyopathies into primary which affect the heart alone and secondary which are the result of illness affecting other parts of the body These categories are further broken down into subgroups which incorporate new genetic and molecular biology knowledge 24 Mechanism EditThe pathophysiology of cardiomyopathies is better understood at the cellular level with advances in molecular techniques Mutant proteins can disturb cardiac function in the contractile apparatus or mechanosensitive complexes Cardiomyocyte alterations and their persistent responses at the cellular level cause changes that are correlated with sudden cardiac death and other cardiac problems 25 Cardiomyopathies are generally varied individually Different factors can cause Cardiomyopathies in adults as well as children To exemplify Dilated Cardiomyopathy in adults is associated with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Hypertension Valvular diseases and Genetics While in Children Neuromuscular diseases such as Becker muscular dystrophy including X linked genetic disorder are directly linked with their Cardiomyopathies 26 Diagnosis Edit Normal sinus rhythm on EKG Among the diagnostic procedures done to determine a cardiomyopathy are 10 Physical exam Family history Blood test ECG Echocardiogram Stress test Genetic testingClassification Edit Structural categories of cardiomyopathy Stained microscopic section of heart muscle in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathies can be classified using different criteria 27 Primary intrinsic cardiomyopathies 28 Congenital Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy HCM Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy ARVC Left ventricular noncompaction Ion Channelopathies like the Long QT syndrome and the very rare Short QT syndrome Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia Mixed Dilated cardiomyopathy DCM Restrictive cardiomyopathy RCM Brugada syndrome Acquired Stress cardiomyopathy Myocarditis inflammation of and injury to heart tissue due in part to its infiltration by lymphocytes and monocytes 29 30 Eosinophilic myocarditis inflammation of and injury to heart tissue due in part to its infiltration by eosinophils 29 Ischemic cardiomyopathy not formally included in the classification due to ischemic cardiomyopathy being a direct result of another cardiac problem 28 Secondary extrinsic cardiomyopathies 28 Metabolic storage Fabry s disease Hemochromatosis Endomyocardial Endomyocardial fibrosis Hypereosinophilic syndrome Endocrine Diabetes mellitus Hyperthyroidism Acromegaly Cardiofacial Noonan syndrome Neuromuscular Muscular dystrophy Friedreich s ataxia Other Obesity associated cardiomyopathy 31 Treatment EditTreatment may include suggestion of lifestyle changes to better manage the condition Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and condition of disease but may include medication conservative treatment or iatrogenic implanted pacemakers for slow heart rates defibrillators for those prone to fatal heart rhythms ventricular assist devices VADs for severe heart failure or catheter ablation for recurring dysrhythmias that cannot be eliminated by medication or mechanical cardioversion The goal of treatment is often symptom relief and some patients may eventually require a heart transplant 10 See also EditMyopathy a condition affecting skeletal muscles Fibrosing cardiomyopathy a disease in great apes Basic Research in CardiologyReferences Edit a b c d e f What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy NHLBI 22 June 2016 Archived from the original on 15 September 2016 Retrieved 31 August 2016 a b c Who Is at Risk for Cardiomyopathy NHLBI 22 June 2016 Archived from the original on 16 August 2016 Retrieved 31 August 2016 a b c d e f g h Types of Cardiomyopathy NHLBI 22 June 2016 Archived from the original on 28 July 2016 Retrieved 31 August 2016 a b c d e What Causes Cardiomyopathy NHLBI 22 June 2016 Archived from the original on 15 September 2016 Retrieved 31 August 2016 a b c d How Is Cardiomyopathy Treated NHLBI 22 June 2016 Archived from the original on 15 September 2016 Retrieved 31 August 2016 a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators 8 October 2016 Global regional and national incidence prevalence and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries 1990 2015 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 Lancet 388 10053 1545 1602 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 16 31678 6 PMC 5055577 PMID 27733282 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link a b GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators 8 October 2016 Global regional and national life expectancy all cause mortality and cause specific mortality for 249 causes of death 1980 2015 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 Lancet 388 10053 1459 1544 doi 10 1016 s0140 6736 16 31012 1 PMC 5388903 PMID 27733281 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Practical Cardiovascular Pathology Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins 2010 p 148 ISBN 9781605478418 Archived from the original on 14 September 2016 GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators 17 December 2014 Global regional and national age sex specific all cause and cause specific mortality for 240 causes of death 1990 2013 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Lancet 385 9963 117 71 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 14 61682 2 PMC 4340604 PMID 25530442 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link a b c d What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy NHLBI NIH nhlbi nih gov Archived from the original on 28 July 2016 Retrieved 25 July 2016 Bakalakos Athanasios Ritsatos Konstantinos Anastasakis Aris 1 September 2018 Current perspectives on the diagnosis and management of dilated cardiomyopathy Beyond heart failure a Cardiomyopathy Clinic Doctor s point of view Hellenic Journal of Cardiology 59 5 254 261 doi 10 1016 j hjc 2018 05 008 ISSN 1109 9666 PMID 29807197 S2CID 44146977 Rath Anika Weintraub Robert 23 July 2021 Overview of Cardiomyopathies in Childhood Frontiers in Pediatrics 9 708732 doi 10 3389 fped 2021 708732 ISSN 2296 2360 PMC 8342800 PMID 34368032 Gorla Sudheer Raja Kishore Garg Ashish Barbouth Deborah Rusconi Paolo December 2018 Infantile Onset Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Secondary to PRKAG2 Gene Mutation is Associated with Poor Prognosis Journal of Pediatric Genetics 07 4 180 184 doi 10 1055 s 0038 1657763 ISSN 2146 4596 PMC 6234042 PMID 30430036 Law Michelle L Cohen Houda Martin Ashley A Angulski Addeli Bez Batti Metzger Joseph M February 2020 Dysregulation of Calcium Handling in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Associated Dilated Cardiomyopathy Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutic Strategies Journal of Clinical Medicine 9 2 520 doi 10 3390 jcm9020520 ISSN 2077 0383 PMC 7074327 PMID 32075145 Cimiotti Diana Budde Heidi Hassoun Roua Jaquet Kornelia 8 January 2021 Genetic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Causes and Consequences An Integrative Approach International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22 2 558 doi 10 3390 ijms22020558 ISSN 1422 0067 PMC 7827163 PMID 33429969 Lakdawala NK Stevenson LW Loscalzo J 2015 Chapter 287 In Kasper DL Fauci AS Hauser SL Longo DL Jameson JL Loscalzo J eds Harrison s Principles of Internal Medicine 19th ed McGraw Hill p 1553 ISBN 978 0 07 180215 4 Pathophysiology of heart disease a collaborative project of medical students and faculty Lilly Leonard S Harvard Medical School 5th ed Baltimore MD Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins 2011 ISBN 978 1605477237 OCLC 649701807 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Adam A Nicholson C Owens L 2008 Alcoholic dilated cardiomyopathy Nurs Stand Review 22 38 42 7 doi 10 7748 ns2008 05 22 38 42 c6565 PMID 18578120 a b Westphal JG Rigopoulos AG Bakogiannis C Ludwig SE Mavrogeni S Bigalke B et al 2017 The MOGE S classification for cardiomyopathies current status and future outlook Heart Fail Rev Review 22 6 743 752 doi 10 1007 s10741 017 9641 4 PMID 28721466 S2CID 36117047 Domont F Cacoub P 2016 Chronic hepatitis C virus infection a new cardiovascular risk factor Liver Int Review 36 5 621 7 doi 10 1111 liv 13064 PMID 26763484 Ciaccio EJ Lewis SK Biviano AB Iyer V Garan H Green PH 2017 Cardiovascular involvement in celiac disease World J Cardiol Review 9 8 652 666 doi 10 4330 wjc v9 i8 652 PMC 5583538 PMID 28932354 Simpson S Rutland P Rutland CS 2017 Genomic Insights into Cardiomyopathies A Comparative Cross Species Review Vet Sci Review 4 1 19 doi 10 3390 vetsci4010019 PMC 5606618 PMID 29056678 Valentin Fuster John Willis Hurst 2004 Hurst s the heart McGraw Hill Professional p 1884 ISBN 978 0 07 143225 2 Archived from the original on 27 May 2013 Retrieved 11 November 2010 McCartan C Maso R Jayasinghe SR Griffiths LR 2012 Cardiomyopathy Classification Ongoing Debate in the Genomics Era Biochem Res Int 2012 796926 doi 10 1155 2012 796926 PMC 3423823 PMID 22924131 Harvey Pamela A Leinwand Leslie A 8 August 2011 Cellular mechanisms of cardiomyopathy The Journal of Cell Biology 194 3 355 365 doi 10 1083 jcb 201101100 ISSN 0021 9525 PMC 3153638 PMID 21825071 Braunwald Eugene 15 September 2017 Cardiomyopathies An Overview Circulation Research 121 7 711 721 doi 10 1161 CIRCRESAHA 117 311812 ISSN 1524 4571 PMID 28912178 S2CID 36384619 Vinay Kumar 2013 Robbins Basic Pathology Elsevier p 396 ISBN 978 1 4377 1781 5 a b c Maron Barry J Towbin Jeffrey A Thiene Gaetano Antzelevitch Charles Corrado Domenico Arnett Donna Moss Arthur J Seidman Christine E Young James B 11 April 2006 Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies Circulation 113 14 1807 1816 doi 10 1161 CIRCULATIONAHA 106 174287 ISSN 0009 7322 PMID 16567565 Archived from the original on 20 August 2016 Retrieved 1 August 2016 a b Seguela PE Iriart X Acar P Montaudon M Roudaut R Thambo JB 2015 Eosinophilic cardiac disease Molecular clinical and imaging aspects Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases 108 4 258 68 doi 10 1016 j acvd 2015 01 006 PMID 25858537 Rose NR 2016 Viral myocarditis Current Opinion in Rheumatology 28 4 383 9 doi 10 1097 BOR 0000000000000303 PMC 4948180 PMID 27166925 Lipshultz Steven E Messiah Sarah E Miller Tracie L 5 April 2012 Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome Comprehensive Clinical Review and Related Health Issues Springer Science amp Business Media p 200 ISBN 9781447123651 Archived from the original on 29 May 2016 Further reading EditBoudina Sihem Abel Evan Dale 1 March 2010 Diabetic cardiomyopathy causes and effects Reviews in Endocrine amp Metabolic Disorders 11 1 31 39 doi 10 1007 s11154 010 9131 7 ISSN 1389 9155 PMC 2914514 PMID 20180026 Marian A J Roberts Robert 1 April 2001 The Molecular Genetic Basis for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 33 4 655 670 doi 10 1006 jmcc 2001 1340 ISSN 0022 2828 PMC 2901497 PMID 11273720 Acton Q Ashton 2013 Advances in Heart Research and Application 2013 Edition Scholarly Editions ISBN 978 1 481 68280 0 Towbin JA 2014 Inherited cardiomyopathies Circulation Journal 78 10 2347 56 doi 10 1253 circj cj 14 0893 ISSN 1347 4820 PMC 4467885 PMID 25186923 Maron Barry J Udelson James E Bonow Robert O Nishimura Rick A Ackerman Michael J Estes N A Mark Cooper Leslie T Link Mark S Maron Martin S 1 December 2015 Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities Task Force 3 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy and Other Cardiomyopathies and Myocarditis A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Circulation 132 22 e273 280 doi 10 1161 CIR 0000000000000239 ISSN 1524 4539 PMID 26621644 S2CID 207639288 External links EditCardiomyopathy at Curlie Look up cardiomyopathy in Wiktionary the free dictionary Scholia has a topic profile for Cardiomyopathy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cardiomyopathy amp oldid 1150644162, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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