Filippo Giuseppe Maria Ludovico Buonarroti, more usually referred to under the French version Philippe Buonarroti (11 November 1761 – 16 September 1837), was an Italian utopian socialist, writer, agitator, freemason, and conspirator; he was active in Corsica, France, and Geneva. His History of Babeuf’s Conspiracy of Equals (1828) became a quintessential text for revolutionaries, inspiring such socialists as Blanqui and Marx. He proposed a mutualist strategy that would revolutionize society by stages, starting from monarchy to liberalism, then to radicalism, and finally to communism.
It is thought that he joined a Masonic Lodge some time in 1786.[1]
Though under constant surveillance by the authorities, he expressed support for the French Revolution when it broke out. He traveled to Corsica to spread the revolutionary message with the Giornale Patriottico di Corsica, the first Italian-language paper to openly support the French Revolution. In Corsica, Buonarroti joined the Jacobin Club, and became a friend of the Bonapartes.
Under the Convention
Buonarroti was expelled from the island in June 1791 and returned to his native Tuscany whereupon he was arrested and imprisoned.
In 1793 he traveled to Paris and became a member of the Society of the Panthéon. Maximilien Robespierre placed him in charge of organizing the expatriate Italian revolutionaries, which he did from a base in Nice. After denouncing Pasquale Paoli to the National Convention, he was rewarded for his revolutionary activities by a special decree of French citizenship in May 1793.
He was recalled to Paris in 1795, after the Thermidorian Reaction, whereupon he was imprisoned in the Plessis prison after his friends in office had been deposed by the Thermidorian Reaction. There he met Gracchus Babeuf, and became one of his most fervent supporters and co-conspirators during the time of their mutual imprisonment from March to October.
Buonarotti was rearrested by the French Directory on 8 May 1796, along with Babeuf and other conspirators.[2] Babeuf was guillotined, and Buonarotti formally imprisoned in February 1797, and held on the island of Oléron. Napoleon Bonaparte allowed him to go free after he had become First Consul in 1799.
He exiled himself to Geneva during the Empire, and to Brussels during the Bourbon Restoration. In 1808 Buonarroti formed a Masonic Lodge, Les Sublimes Maîtres Parfaits (The Sublime Perfect Masters), to which only serving freemasons were admitted. Within this lodge he formed an inner circle which he used to further his political dreams and aspirations. He returned to Paris after the 1830 July Revolution.
Buonarroti's revolutionary principles were to prove important during the 1830s and early 1840s; Auguste Blanqui learned many of his insurrectionary skills and tactics from Buonarroti, and the Conspiration pour l'Egalité dite de Babeuf, suivie du procès auquel elle donna lieu may be seen as an important text in this respect.
Later, the 1848 revolutionaries in France and elsewhere placed much emphasis on this work as a cornerstone.
Mikhail Bakunin praised Buonarroti as "the greatest conspirator of his age",[3] and was heavily influenced by the revolutionary practice of Buonarroti. The Bakunin scholar Arthur Lehning has written of Buonarroti: “He too built up on an international scale, though over a much longer period, an elaborate underground network, on a freemason pattern, sometimes using Masonic institutions, to work for his egalitarian creed of 1796, for a social revolution and for the republicanisation of Europe. For forty years the principles remained the same: the leadership was secret;[4] the existence of the higher grades was unknown to the lower; protean in character, this network took advantage of and used other societies.”[5] Some argue that these principles are clearly evident in Bakunin's writings.
^Elizabeth L. Einsenstein, The First Professional Revolutionist: Filippo Michele Buonarroti (1761–1837) (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959)
^Phillips, Walter Alison (1911). "Babeuf, François Noel" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–94.
^Villari, Luigi (1911). "Confalonieri, Federico, Count" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 898.
^Arthur Lehning, “Bakunin’s Conceptions of Revolutionary Organisations and Their Role: A Study of His ‘Secret Societies’,” in Essays in Honour of E.H. Carr, ed. C. Abramsky (London: The Macmillan Press, 1974), 58.
References
Alexander Philippe Andryane (1839). Mémoires d'un prisonnier d'état.
Souvenirs de Genève (1839).
Eisenstein, Elizabeth (1959). The First Professional Revolutionist: Filippo Michele Buonarroti. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-30400-0.
Libero Federici (2007). L'egualitarismo di Filippo Buonarroti. Il Prato. Saonara, Padova.
February 15, 2023
philippe, buonarroti, also, filippo, buonarroti, 1661, 1733, filippo, giuseppe, maria, ludovico, buonarroti, more, usually, referred, under, french, version, november, 1761, september, 1837, italian, utopian, socialist, writer, agitator, freemason, conspirator. See also Filippo Buonarroti 1661 1733 Filippo Giuseppe Maria Ludovico Buonarroti more usually referred to under the French version Philippe Buonarroti 11 November 1761 16 September 1837 was an Italian utopian socialist writer agitator freemason and conspirator he was active in Corsica France and Geneva His History of Babeuf s Conspiracy of Equals 1828 became a quintessential text for revolutionaries inspiring such socialists as Blanqui and Marx He proposed a mutualist strategy that would revolutionize society by stages starting from monarchy to liberalism then to radicalism and finally to communism Philippe BuonarrotiBornFilippo Giuseppe Maria Ludovico Buonarroti 1761 11 11 November 11 1761Pisa Grand Duchy of TuscanyDiedSeptember 16 1837 1837 09 16 aged 75 Paris Kingdom of FranceOccupationWriter philosopher conspiratorSignature Contents 1 Life 1 1 Early activism 1 2 Under the Convention 1 3 Babeuf conspiracy and later life 2 Influence 3 Writings 4 See also 5 Notes 6 ReferencesLife EditEarly activism Edit Born in Pisa in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany to a family of local nobility Buonarroti studied jurisprudence at the University of Pisa where he founded what was seen by the authorities of Grand Duke Peter Leopold as a subversive paper the Gazetta Universale 1787 It is thought that he joined a Masonic Lodge some time in 1786 1 Though under constant surveillance by the authorities he expressed support for the French Revolution when it broke out He traveled to Corsica to spread the revolutionary message with the Giornale Patriottico di Corsica the first Italian language paper to openly support the French Revolution In Corsica Buonarroti joined the Jacobin Club and became a friend of the Bonapartes Under the Convention Edit Buonarroti was expelled from the island in June 1791 and returned to his native Tuscany whereupon he was arrested and imprisoned In 1793 he traveled to Paris and became a member of the Society of the Pantheon Maximilien Robespierre placed him in charge of organizing the expatriate Italian revolutionaries which he did from a base in Nice After denouncing Pasquale Paoli to the National Convention he was rewarded for his revolutionary activities by a special decree of French citizenship in May 1793 In April 1794 he was nominated National Commissioner in Oneglia Imperia s port the site of refuge for many pro French Italians during the French attack on Northern Italy Babeuf conspiracy and later life Edit He was recalled to Paris in 1795 after the Thermidorian Reaction whereupon he was imprisoned in the Plessis prison after his friends in office had been deposed by the Thermidorian Reaction There he met Gracchus Babeuf and became one of his most fervent supporters and co conspirators during the time of their mutual imprisonment from March to October Buonarotti was rearrested by the French Directory on 8 May 1796 along with Babeuf and other conspirators 2 Babeuf was guillotined and Buonarotti formally imprisoned in February 1797 and held on the island of Oleron Napoleon Bonaparte allowed him to go free after he had become First Consul in 1799 He exiled himself to Geneva during the Empire and to Brussels during the Bourbon Restoration In 1808 Buonarroti formed a Masonic Lodge Les Sublimes Maitres Parfaits The Sublime Perfect Masters to which only serving freemasons were admitted Within this lodge he formed an inner circle which he used to further his political dreams and aspirations He returned to Paris after the 1830 July Revolution He died suddenly in Paris Influence Edit Commemorative medal of Buonarroti by David d Angers Buonarroti s revolutionary principles were to prove important during the 1830s and early 1840s Auguste Blanqui learned many of his insurrectionary skills and tactics from Buonarroti and the Conspiration pour l Egalite dite de Babeuf suivie du proces auquel elle donna lieu may be seen as an important text in this respect Later the 1848 revolutionaries in France and elsewhere placed much emphasis on this work as a cornerstone Mikhail Bakunin praised Buonarroti as the greatest conspirator of his age 3 and was heavily influenced by the revolutionary practice of Buonarroti The Bakunin scholar Arthur Lehning has written of Buonarroti He too built up on an international scale though over a much longer period an elaborate underground network on a freemason pattern sometimes using Masonic institutions to work for his egalitarian creed of 1796 for a social revolution and for the republicanisation of Europe For forty years the principles remained the same the leadership was secret 4 the existence of the higher grades was unknown to the lower protean in character this network took advantage of and used other societies 5 Some argue that these principles are clearly evident in Bakunin s writings Writings EditLa Riforma dell Alcorano 1786 Conspiration des egaux 1828 Histoire de la Conspiration pour l Egalite dite de Babeuf 1828 Riflessi sul governo federativo applicato all Italia 1831 Del governo d un popolo in rivolta per conseguire la liberta 1833 Observations sur Maximilien Robespierre 1836 See also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philippe Buonarroti Conspiracy of the EqualsNotes Edit Elizabeth L Einsenstein The First Professional Revolutionist Filippo Michele Buonarroti 1761 1837 Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 1959 Phillips Walter Alison 1911 Babeuf Francois Noel In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 3 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 93 94 Avrich Bakunin and Nechaev 22 Villari Luigi 1911 Confalonieri Federico Count In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 6 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 898 Arthur Lehning Bakunin s Conceptions of Revolutionary Organisations and Their Role A Study of His Secret Societies in Essays in Honour of E H Carr ed C Abramsky London The Macmillan Press 1974 58 References EditAlexander Philippe Andryane 1839 Memoires d un prisonnier d etat Souvenirs de Geneve 1839 Eisenstein Elizabeth 1959 The First Professional Revolutionist Filippo Michele Buonarroti Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 30400 0 Libero Federici 2007 L egualitarismo di Filippo Buonarroti Il Prato Saonara Padova Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Philippe Buonarroti amp oldid 1122784973, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
