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Cadophora malorum

January 01, 1970

Cadophora malorum is a saprophytic plant pathogen that causes side rot in apple[3] and pear[4] and can also cause disease on asparagus[5] and kiwifruit.[6] C. malorum has been found parasitizing shrimp and other fungal species in the extreme environments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and can be categorized as a halophilic psychrotrophic fungus[7] and a marine fungus.[8]

Cadophora malorum
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Leotiomycetes
Order: Helotiales
Family: Ploettnerulaceae
Genus: Cadophora
Species:
C. malorum
Binomial name
Cadophora malorum
(Kidd & Beaumont) W. Gams, (2000)[1]
Synonyms[2]

Phialophora malorum (Kidd & Beaumont) McColloch, (1944)
Sporotrichum carpogenum Ruehle, (1931)
Sporotrichum malorum Kidd & Beaumont, (1924)
Phialophora atra J.F.H.Beyma, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1942)
Torula heteroderae Jacz., Bull. (1934)
Phialophora heteroderae (J.F.H.Beyma) J.F.H.Beyma(1937)
Cadophora heteroderae J.F.H.Beyma (1937)

Taxonomy edit

Cadophora malorum was first described as Sporotrichum malorum in 1924 by Mary Nest Kidd and Albert Beaumont,[1][9] from a specimen collected on an apple tree in Britain,[10] but in 2000 was transferred to the genus, Cadophora, by Walter Gams, a German mycologist.[1] Extensive gene analysis has been done confirming the work of Walter Gams and categorizing C. malorum in the genus of Cadophora and distinguishing it from the previously named genus Phialophora.[11]

Description edit

C. malorum is classified as a part of the Ascomycota division, because of the presence of asci and ascospores in its sexual reproductive lifecycle. C. malorum also shares typical morphological qualities with the Leotiomycetes class, Helotiales order, and the Ploettnerulaceae family. The Capophora genus has also been shown to be classified as ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM fungi)[12] and as dark septate endophytes (DSE).[13]

Pathogenicity edit

C. malorum has been observed to infect pears during the post-harvest stage. C. malorum does not however infect pears until after some decay has already occurred.[4] The source of inoculum for C. malorum has been shown to be in the soil, where the spores can overwinter and survive all year round off of nutrients released into the soil from decaying fruit. C. malorum can infect wounded bark and cause cankers to form in the trunk of the infected tree.[4] C. malorum also can cause dieback in the leaves and fruit through wilting, yellowing, and necrosis of the plant. This has been known to happen on sunflower plants[14] and kiwi trees.[15]

Research has been conducted with isolation of C. malorum from shrimp[7] and other fungal species,[8] but research was not specific about how C. malorum infects organisms outside of the plantae kingdom. There is a lot of potential for further research in this area as it is rare for fungal species to be able to infect both plants and animals.[16]

Geographical Distribution edit

C. malorum has been documented to be found parasitizing organisms all over the globe, showing up in research done in Slovenia,[17] Russia,[14] Chile,[15] United States,[3] Germany,[18] Italy,[19] along with various other countries. C. malorum has also been found in moderate to extreme environments such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge[7] and Antarctica.[20]

Future research potential edit

Marine-derived fungi, like C. malorum, have been used to research biotechnological advances for a long time. Fungi have been used to create many modern products that are still used today, such as: dyes, flavors, fragrances, hallucinogens, poisons, and pesticides.[21]

Medical edit

Marine fungi produce valuable secondary metabolites that can lead to innovations in potential drug-therapies.[8] The secondary metabolites in C. malorum give an advantage for its own pathogenicity, but can also be used in developing beneficial pharmaceuticals, different food additives, and types of perfumes.[21]

Biotechnological edit

C. malorum was discovered to possess these secondary metabolites along with genes encoding for carbohydrate-active enzymes, signifying that these genes have been adapted to extreme environments and thus have high biotechnological potential.[8][7] C. malorum secondary metabolites can be used to develop various pesticides such as insecticides.[21] Using living organisms as a pest control mechanism has been proven to be a useful, environmentally conscious, and sustainable method rather than the typical chemicals used.[22]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c "Index Fungorum - Names Record - Cadophora malorum". www.indexfungorum.org. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  2. ^ "Mycobank: Cadophora malorum". Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  3. ^ a b McColloch, L. P. (1944). "A Study of the Apple Rot Fungus Phialophora malorum". Mycologia. 36 (6): 576–590. doi:10.2307/3754837. ISSN 0027-5514. JSTOR 3754837.
  4. ^ a b c Sugar, David (1992). "Sources of Inoculum ofPhialophora malorum,Causal Agent of Side Rot of Pear". Phytopathology. 82 (7): 735. doi:10.1094/phyto-82-735. ISSN 0031-949X.
  5. ^ Frisullo, Salvatore (2002). "First report of Cadophora malorum on Asparagus officinalis in Italy". Phytopathologia Mediterranea.
  6. ^ "U.S. National Fungus Collections Database :Hosts - Cadophora malorum". nt.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d Rédou, Vanessa; Kumar, Abhishek; Hainaut, Matthieu; Henrissat, Bernard; Record, Eric; Barbier, Georges; Burgaud, Gaëtan (25 August 2016). "Draft Genome Sequence of the Deep-Sea Ascomycetous Filamentous Fungus Cadophora malorum Mo12 from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Reveals Its Biotechnological Potential". Genome Announcements. 4 (4): e00467–16. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00467-16. ISSN 2169-8287. PMC 4939777. PMID 27389260.
  8. ^ a b c d Almeida, Celso; Eguereva, Ekaterina; Kehraus, Stefan; Siering, Carsten; König, Gabriele M. (26 March 2010). "Hydroxylated Sclerosporin Derivatives from the Marine-Derived Fungus Cadophora malorum". Journal of Natural Products. 73 (3): 476–478. doi:10.1021/np900608d. ISSN 0163-3864. PMC 2846207. PMID 20052971.
  9. ^ Kidd, M.N.; Beaumont, A. (1924). "Apple rot fungi in storage". Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 10 (1–2): 111. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(24)80008-6.
  10. ^ "Index Fungorum - Names Record: Sporotrichum malorum". www.indexfungorum.org. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  11. ^ Harrington, Thomas C. (2003). "Phylogenetc analysis places the Phialophora-like anamorph genus Cadophora in the Helotiales". Mycotaxon. 87.
  12. ^ Smith, Sally E.; Read, David (2008), "Structure and development of ectomycorrhizal roots", Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, Elsevier, pp. 191–X, doi:10.1016/b978-012370526-6.50008-8, ISBN 9780123705266, retrieved 7 May 2022
  13. ^ Poteri, Marja; Kasanen, Risto; Asiegbu, Fred O. (2021), "Mycobiome of forest tree nurseries", Forest Microbiology, Elsevier, pp. 305–325, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822542-4.00005-x, ISBN 9780128225424, S2CID 237967871, retrieved 7 May 2022
  14. ^ a b Martín-Sanz, A.; Rueda, S.; García-Carneros, A. B.; Molinero-Ruiz, L. (April 2018). "Cadophora malorum : A New Pathogen of Sunflower Causing Wilting, Yellowing, and Leaf Necrosis in Russia". Plant Disease. 102 (4): 823. doi:10.1094/PDIS-08-17-1182-PDN. ISSN 0191-2917.
  15. ^ a b Díaz, G. A.; Lolas, M.; Ferrada, E. E.; Latorre, B. A.; Zoffoli, J. P. (August 2016). "First Report of Cadophora malorum Associated With Cordon Dieback in Kiwi Plants in Chile". Plant Disease. 100 (8): 1776. doi:10.1094/PDIS-09-15-0986-PDN. ISSN 0191-2917.
  16. ^ Sexton, Adrienne C.; Howlett, Barbara J. (2006). "Parallels in Fungal Pathogenesis on Plant and Animal Hosts". Eukaryotic Cell. 5 (12): 1941–1949. doi:10.1128/EC.00277-06. ISSN 1535-9778. PMC 1694825. PMID 17041185.
  17. ^ "Cadophora malorum (Kidd & Beaumont) W. Gams 2000 - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  18. ^ Camele, I.; Mang, S. M. (April 2019). "First Report of Seimatosporium vitis Associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases on Vitis vinifera in Italy". Plant Disease. 103 (4): 771. doi:10.1094/pdis-09-18-1686-pdn. hdl:11563/136402. ISSN 0191-2917. S2CID 91614611.
  19. ^ Spadaro, Davide; Pellegrino, Cristina; Garibaldi, Angelo; Gullino, Maria Lodovica (2011). "Development of SCAR primers for the detection of Cadophora luteo-olivacea on kiwifruit and pome fruit and of Cadophora malorum on pome fruit". Phytopathologia Mediterranea. 50 (3): 430–441. ISSN 0031-9465. JSTOR 26556464.
  20. ^ Gonçalves, Vívian N.; Vaz, Aline B.M.; Rosa, Carlos A.; Rosa, Luiz H. (November 2012). "Diversity and distribution of fungal communities in lakes of Antarctica". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 82 (2): 459–471. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01424.x. PMID 22671312. S2CID 23997157.
  21. ^ a b c Wink, Michael (2000). Functions of Plant Secondary Metabolites and their Exploitation in Biotechnology. CRC Press. ISBN 1-84127-008-3. OCLC 475112520.
  22. ^ Bamisile, Bamisope Steve; Akutse, Komivi Senyo; Siddiqui, Junaid Ali; Xu, Yijuan (30 September 2021). "Model Application of Entomopathogenic Fungi as Alternatives to Chemical Pesticides: Prospects, Challenges, and Insights for Next-Generation Sustainable Agriculture". Frontiers in Plant Science. 12: 741804. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.741804. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 8514871. PMID 34659310.

January 01, 1970
cadophora, malorum, saprophytic, plant, pathogen, that, causes, side, apple, pear, also, cause, disease, asparagus, kiwifruit, malorum, been, found, parasitizing, shrimp, other, fungal, species, extreme, environments, atlantic, ridge, categorized, halophilic, . Cadophora malorum is a saprophytic plant pathogen that causes side rot in apple 3 and pear 4 and can also cause disease on asparagus 5 and kiwifruit 6 C malorum has been found parasitizing shrimp and other fungal species in the extreme environments of the Mid Atlantic Ridge and can be categorized as a halophilic psychrotrophic fungus 7 and a marine fungus 8 Cadophora malorum Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Fungi Division Ascomycota Class Leotiomycetes Order Helotiales Family Ploettnerulaceae Genus Cadophora Species C malorum Binomial name Cadophora malorum Kidd amp Beaumont W Gams 2000 1 Synonyms 2 Phialophora malorum Kidd amp Beaumont McColloch 1944 Sporotrichum carpogenum Ruehle 1931 Sporotrichum malorum Kidd amp Beaumont 1924 Phialophora atra J F H Beyma Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1942 Torula heteroderae Jacz Bull 1934 Phialophora heteroderae J F H Beyma J F H Beyma 1937 Cadophora heteroderae J F H Beyma 1937 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 2 1 Pathogenicity 3 Geographical Distribution 4 Future research potential 4 1 Medical 4 2 Biotechnological 5 ReferencesTaxonomy editCadophora malorum was first described as Sporotrichum malorum in 1924 by Mary Nest Kidd and Albert Beaumont 1 9 from a specimen collected on an apple tree in Britain 10 but in 2000 was transferred to the genus Cadophora by Walter Gams a German mycologist 1 Extensive gene analysis has been done confirming the work of Walter Gams and categorizing C malorum in the genus of Cadophora and distinguishing it from the previously named genus Phialophora 11 Description editC malorum is classified as a part of the Ascomycota division because of the presence of asci and ascospores in its sexual reproductive lifecycle C malorum also shares typical morphological qualities with the Leotiomycetes class Helotiales order and the Ploettnerulaceae family The Capophora genus has also been shown to be classified as ectomycorrhizal fungi ECM fungi 12 and as dark septate endophytes DSE 13 Pathogenicity edit C malorum has been observed to infect pears during the post harvest stage C malorum does not however infect pears until after some decay has already occurred 4 The source of inoculum for C malorum has been shown to be in the soil where the spores can overwinter and survive all year round off of nutrients released into the soil from decaying fruit C malorum can infect wounded bark and cause cankers to form in the trunk of the infected tree 4 C malorum also can cause dieback in the leaves and fruit through wilting yellowing and necrosis of the plant This has been known to happen on sunflower plants 14 and kiwi trees 15 Research has been conducted with isolation of C malorum from shrimp 7 and other fungal species 8 but research was not specific about how C malorum infects organisms outside of the plantae kingdom There is a lot of potential for further research in this area as it is rare for fungal species to be able to infect both plants and animals 16 Geographical Distribution editC malorum has been documented to be found parasitizing organisms all over the globe showing up in research done in Slovenia 17 Russia 14 Chile 15 United States 3 Germany 18 Italy 19 along with various other countries C malorum has also been found in moderate to extreme environments such as the Mid Atlantic Ridge 7 and Antarctica 20 Future research potential editMarine derived fungi like C malorum have been used to research biotechnological advances for a long time Fungi have been used to create many modern products that are still used today such as dyes flavors fragrances hallucinogens poisons and pesticides 21 Medical edit Marine fungi produce valuable secondary metabolites that can lead to innovations in potential drug therapies 8 The secondary metabolites in C malorum give an advantage for its own pathogenicity but can also be used in developing beneficial pharmaceuticals different food additives and types of perfumes 21 Biotechnological edit C malorum was discovered to possess these secondary metabolites along with genes encoding for carbohydrate active enzymes signifying that these genes have been adapted to extreme environments and thus have high biotechnological potential 8 7 C malorum secondary metabolites can be used to develop various pesticides such as insecticides 21 Using living organisms as a pest control mechanism has been proven to be a useful environmentally conscious and sustainable method rather than the typical chemicals used 22 References edit a b c Index Fungorum Names Record Cadophora malorum www indexfungorum org Retrieved 19 February 2021 Mycobank Cadophora malorum Retrieved 20 February 2021 a b McColloch L P 1944 A Study of the Apple Rot Fungus Phialophora malorum Mycologia 36 6 576 590 doi 10 2307 3754837 ISSN 0027 5514 JSTOR 3754837 a b c Sugar David 1992 Sources of Inoculum ofPhialophora malorum Causal Agent of Side Rot of Pear Phytopathology 82 7 735 doi 10 1094 phyto 82 735 ISSN 0031 949X Frisullo Salvatore 2002 First report of Cadophora malorum on Asparagus officinalis in Italy Phytopathologia Mediterranea U S National Fungus Collections Database Hosts Cadophora malorum nt ars grin gov Retrieved 19 February 2021 a b c d Redou Vanessa Kumar Abhishek Hainaut Matthieu Henrissat Bernard Record Eric Barbier Georges Burgaud Gaetan 25 August 2016 Draft Genome Sequence of the Deep Sea Ascomycetous Filamentous Fungus Cadophora malorum Mo12 from the Mid Atlantic Ridge Reveals Its Biotechnological Potential Genome Announcements 4 4 e00467 16 doi 10 1128 genomeA 00467 16 ISSN 2169 8287 PMC 4939777 PMID 27389260 a b c d Almeida Celso Eguereva Ekaterina Kehraus Stefan Siering Carsten Konig Gabriele M 26 March 2010 Hydroxylated Sclerosporin Derivatives from the Marine Derived Fungus Cadophora malorum Journal of Natural Products 73 3 476 478 doi 10 1021 np900608d ISSN 0163 3864 PMC 2846207 PMID 20052971 Kidd M N Beaumont A 1924 Apple rot fungi in storage Trans Br Mycol Soc 10 1 2 111 doi 10 1016 S0007 1536 24 80008 6 Index Fungorum Names Record Sporotrichum malorum www indexfungorum org Retrieved 19 February 2021 Harrington Thomas C 2003 Phylogenetc analysis places the Phialophora like anamorph genus Cadophora in the Helotiales Mycotaxon 87 Smith Sally E Read David 2008 Structure and development of ectomycorrhizal roots Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Elsevier pp 191 X doi 10 1016 b978 012370526 6 50008 8 ISBN 9780123705266 retrieved 7 May 2022 Poteri Marja Kasanen Risto Asiegbu Fred O 2021 Mycobiome of forest tree nurseries Forest Microbiology Elsevier pp 305 325 doi 10 1016 b978 0 12 822542 4 00005 x ISBN 9780128225424 S2CID 237967871 retrieved 7 May 2022 a b Martin Sanz A Rueda S Garcia Carneros A B Molinero Ruiz L April 2018 Cadophora malorum A New Pathogen of Sunflower Causing Wilting Yellowing and Leaf Necrosis in Russia Plant Disease 102 4 823 doi 10 1094 PDIS 08 17 1182 PDN ISSN 0191 2917 a b Diaz G A Lolas M Ferrada E E Latorre B A Zoffoli J P August 2016 First Report of Cadophora malorum Associated With Cordon Dieback in Kiwi Plants in Chile Plant Disease 100 8 1776 doi 10 1094 PDIS 09 15 0986 PDN ISSN 0191 2917 Sexton Adrienne C Howlett Barbara J 2006 Parallels in Fungal Pathogenesis on Plant and Animal Hosts Eukaryotic Cell 5 12 1941 1949 doi 10 1128 EC 00277 06 ISSN 1535 9778 PMC 1694825 PMID 17041185 Cadophora malorum Kidd amp Beaumont W Gams 2000 Encyclopedia of Life eol org Retrieved 6 May 2022 Camele I Mang S M April 2019 First Report of Seimatosporium vitis Associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases on Vitis vinifera in Italy Plant Disease 103 4 771 doi 10 1094 pdis 09 18 1686 pdn hdl 11563 136402 ISSN 0191 2917 S2CID 91614611 Spadaro Davide Pellegrino Cristina Garibaldi Angelo Gullino Maria Lodovica 2011 Development of SCAR primers for the detection of Cadophora luteo olivacea on kiwifruit and pome fruit and of Cadophora malorum on pome fruit Phytopathologia Mediterranea 50 3 430 441 ISSN 0031 9465 JSTOR 26556464 Goncalves Vivian N Vaz Aline B M Rosa Carlos A Rosa Luiz H November 2012 Diversity and distribution of fungal communities in lakes of Antarctica FEMS Microbiology Ecology 82 2 459 471 doi 10 1111 j 1574 6941 2012 01424 x PMID 22671312 S2CID 23997157 a b c Wink Michael 2000 Functions of Plant Secondary Metabolites and their Exploitation in Biotechnology CRC Press ISBN 1 84127 008 3 OCLC 475112520 Bamisile Bamisope Steve Akutse Komivi Senyo Siddiqui Junaid Ali Xu Yijuan 30 September 2021 Model Application of Entomopathogenic Fungi as Alternatives to Chemical Pesticides Prospects Challenges and Insights for Next Generation Sustainable Agriculture Frontiers in Plant Science 12 741804 doi 10 3389 fpls 2021 741804 ISSN 1664 462X PMC 8514871 PMID 34659310 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cadophora malorum amp oldid 1197188303, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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