Phenacoccus solenopsis, the cotton mealybug[1] or solenopsis mealybug, is a species of mealybug in the family Pseudococcidae.[2] Having originated in North America, it has spread to other parts of the world and become a major pest of cotton crops.
The adult female is ellipsoidal in shape, about 5 mm (0.2 in) long and 3 mm (0.12 in) wide, with a convex dorsal surface and a flat ventral surface. The body is yellowish-grey but this is largely obscured by the waxy secretions that cover the body, although the segmentation can still be seen. There is a transverse, darker bar on the dorsal surface. There are 18 pairs of very short, lateral wax filaments, and several slightly longer caudal filaments.[1][3]
Distribution and hostsedit
This species was discovered and first described in New Mexico in 1898 by the American entomologist J. D. Tinsley; he found it in an underground ants' nest where it was feeding on the roots and stems of Boerhavia spicata and Kallstroemia californica, and described it from stems of the four wing saltbush (Atriplex canescens).[3] It was not reported again until 1967 when it was detected in Arizona, California, Colorado, Mississippi, Texas and Washington D.C.. By 1988 it was found on cotton in a number of areas of Texas and had adapted to feed on 29 different species of plant. It continued to spread in North America and later to other parts of the world, being reported in India in 2004, Pakistan and Brazil in 2005, and China and Sri Lanka in 2008. It is now additionally present in other countries in Asia, Europe, Canada, South America, Africa and Australasia.[1] In India, where the mealybug has become a serious pest of cotton, the winter cherry Withania somnifera has been reported as a new reservoir host of the insect.[4]
Ecologyedit
The adult female cotton mealybug lays several hundred eggs in an ovisac. On hatching, the nymphs crawl away, dispersing to other parts of the plant. In dry conditions, they move to the roots and the lower leaves and stems, however in wetter conditions they prefer the upper parts of the plant. They may be carried inadvertently by birds or animals to other plants. The adults and nymphs suck sap from the host plant, and secrete the excess fluid as honeydew. Sooty mould tends to grow on the honeydew, and ants are often found among the mealybugs feeding on the secretion. Natural predators of adults and nymphs include ladybirds, and an encyrtid wasp is an effective parasitoid.[5]
Damageedit
An infestation of this mealybug on cotton causes stunting of plants and yellowing, distortion and premature shedding of leaves; the presence of sooty mould reduces photosynthesis, bolls may not develop properly and yields of lint are reduced by an average of 35% in India.[5]
Referencesedit
^ abc"Phenacoccus solenopsis (cotton mealybug)". Invasive Species Compendium. CABI. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
^"Phenacoccus solenopsis". GBIF. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
^ abTinsley, J.D. (1898). "An ants' nest coccid from New Mexico". The Canadian Entomologist. 30 (2): 47–48. doi:10.4039/Ent3047-2.
^Sharma, A.; Pati, P. K. (2013). "First record of Ashwagandha as a new host to the invasive mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley) in India". Entomological News. 123 (1): 59–62. doi:10.3157/021.123.0114. S2CID 85645762.
^ ab"Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley". Plant pests of the Middle East. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
January 01, 1970
phenacoccus, solenopsis, cotton, mealybug, solenopsis, mealybug, species, mealybug, family, pseudococcidae, having, originated, north, america, spread, other, parts, world, become, major, pest, cotton, crops, scientific, classification, domain, eukaryota, king. Phenacoccus solenopsis the cotton mealybug 1 or solenopsis mealybug is a species of mealybug in the family Pseudococcidae 2 Having originated in North America it has spread to other parts of the world and become a major pest of cotton crops Phenacoccus solenopsis Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Hemiptera Suborder Sternorrhyncha Family Pseudococcidae Genus Phenacoccus Species P solenopsis Binomial name Phenacoccus solenopsisTinsley 1898 Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution and hosts 3 Ecology 4 Damage 5 ReferencesDescription editThe adult female is ellipsoidal in shape about 5 mm 0 2 in long and 3 mm 0 12 in wide with a convex dorsal surface and a flat ventral surface The body is yellowish grey but this is largely obscured by the waxy secretions that cover the body although the segmentation can still be seen There is a transverse darker bar on the dorsal surface There are 18 pairs of very short lateral wax filaments and several slightly longer caudal filaments 1 3 Distribution and hosts editThis species was discovered and first described in New Mexico in 1898 by the American entomologist J D Tinsley he found it in an underground ants nest where it was feeding on the roots and stems of Boerhavia spicata and Kallstroemia californica and described it from stems of the four wing saltbush Atriplex canescens 3 It was not reported again until 1967 when it was detected in Arizona California Colorado Mississippi Texas and Washington D C By 1988 it was found on cotton in a number of areas of Texas and had adapted to feed on 29 different species of plant It continued to spread in North America and later to other parts of the world being reported in India in 2004 Pakistan and Brazil in 2005 and China and Sri Lanka in 2008 It is now additionally present in other countries in Asia Europe Canada South America Africa and Australasia 1 In India where the mealybug has become a serious pest of cotton the winter cherry Withania somnifera has been reported as a new reservoir host of the insect 4 Ecology editThe adult female cotton mealybug lays several hundred eggs in an ovisac On hatching the nymphs crawl away dispersing to other parts of the plant In dry conditions they move to the roots and the lower leaves and stems however in wetter conditions they prefer the upper parts of the plant They may be carried inadvertently by birds or animals to other plants The adults and nymphs suck sap from the host plant and secrete the excess fluid as honeydew Sooty mould tends to grow on the honeydew and ants are often found among the mealybugs feeding on the secretion Natural predators of adults and nymphs include ladybirds and an encyrtid wasp is an effective parasitoid 5 Damage editAn infestation of this mealybug on cotton causes stunting of plants and yellowing distortion and premature shedding of leaves the presence of sooty mould reduces photosynthesis bolls may not develop properly and yields of lint are reduced by an average of 35 in India 5 References edit a b c Phenacoccus solenopsis cotton mealybug Invasive Species Compendium CABI Retrieved 1 December 2019 Phenacoccus solenopsis GBIF Retrieved 1 December 2019 a b Tinsley J D 1898 An ants nest coccid from New Mexico The Canadian Entomologist 30 2 47 48 doi 10 4039 Ent3047 2 Sharma A Pati P K 2013 First record of Ashwagandha as a new host to the invasive mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley in India Entomological News 123 1 59 62 doi 10 3157 021 123 0114 S2CID 85645762 a b Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley Plant pests of the Middle East 9 March 2016 Retrieved 3 December 2019 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Phenacoccus solenopsis amp oldid 1167600158, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
