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Peter John Olivi

August 23, 2023

Peter John Olivi, also Pierre de Jean Olivi or Petrus Joannis Olivi[a] (1248 – 14 March 1298), was a French Franciscan theologian and philosopher who, although he died professing the faith of the Roman Catholic Church, remained a controversial figure in the arguments surrounding poverty at the beginning of the 14th century. In large part, this was due to his view that the Franciscan vow of poverty also entailed usus pauper (i.e., 'poor' or 'restricted' use of goods). While contemporary Franciscans generally agreed that usus pauper was important to the Franciscan way of life, they disagreed that it was part of their vow of poverty. His support of the rigorous view of ecclesiastical poverty played a part in the ideology of the groups coming to be known as the Spiritual Franciscans or Fraticelli.

Biography

Born at Sérignan, Diocese of Béziers, 1247/48, at twelve he entered the Friars Minor at Béziers, studied at Montpellier, and later attended the University at Paris. He was present there in 1268, when Bonaventure gave his Collationes de septem donis Spiritus sancti, and was probably still there in 1273 for Bonaventure's Collationes in Hexaemeron.[1] Returning to his native province, he taught in different places, and was probably in Narbonne around 1277–79.

During the preparation of Nicholas III's Bull Exiit qui seminat, in the summer of 1279, Olivi accompanied his provincial minister to Italy, but was not himself part of the commission that worked on the Bull. He was asked to express briefly his opinion with regard to Franciscan poverty, but composed much longer questions on the evangelical perfection. Upon his return to Languedoc, he was accepted as lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Montpellier, but later turned to Scripture Studies. He produced a number of biblical commentaries: Genesis, Isaiah, Job, Matthew, John, Romans, and Revelation, among others.[2] One opponent (described as "brother Ar.", to be identified with Arnaud Gaillard, then a formed bachelor back from Paris) voiced his opposition to Olivi's views on the Franciscan vow of poverty, which prompted him to write a Treatise on poor use (De usu paupere).[3] The controversy between the two young theologians raged on many different issues,[4] which attracted the attention of the General Chapter of Strasbourg in 1282. Although we know only of Olivi's fate, both were probably suspended from teaching. His doctrine was examined by seven Franciscan theologians at Paris, who first drew up a list of errors (Littera septem sigillorum) and then substantiated it by a roll (rotulus)[5] of citations from Olivi's writings.

Olivi defended himself in several responses (1283–85), and finally the General Chapter of Montpellier (1287) decided in his favor. The new general superior, Matthew of Aquasparta, sent him as lector in theology to the convent of Santa Croce in Florence. Next, Matthew's successor, Raymond Gaufredi, sent Olivi back to Montpellier as lector in theology. At the General Chapter of Paris in 1292, Olivi again gave explanations, which were apparently satisfactory. He spent his last years in the convent of Narbonne lecturing and writing his masterwork on the Apocalypse of John, revising his commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, corresponding, and acting as pastor to a community of "Spiritual" Franciscans and devout laypersons. He died surrounded by his friends, who familiarly called him "Saint Peter," after an earnest profession of his Catholic Faith (published by Wadding ad a. 1297, n. 33) on 14 March 1298.

Characteristic Teaching

A glance at Olivi’s literary output indicates—considering his relatively short life of fifty years, full-time teaching duties, and lost years when he lived under the cloud that “Friar Ar.” cast over him—that he was remarkably productive.  A near contemporary stated, not quite accurately, that he had written commentaries on every book in the Bible: he never fulfilled his plan to comment on the prophecy of Daniel or the epistles to the Corinthians.

Olivi commented on the Lombard’s Sentences—much of Book III and IV, and all of Book II in which he demonstrated himself to be an unsurpassed proponent of human free will. He was also a prominent critic of Averroës. His indirect, fragmentary commentary on Lombard Book I, De Deo Cognoscendo, is published as an appendix to the commentary on the Lombard's Sentences Book II (pp. 525–554). His argument there carries Anselm’s ontological argument to its fullness by affirming the superlative perfection (summe infinitum) of all of God’s attributes in a way analogous to, and reflective of, Olivi’s “superabundant hermeneutics” of the Apocalypse (See Lewis, Olivi’s Revelation, “Olivi’s Superabundant Hermeneutics”).

Olivi’s thinking and large body of writing on “evangelical poverty” has been much discussed, and made of him the leader of the so-called “Spiritual Franciscans,” oft maligned by the 14th-century papacy and others more interested in wealth than in the spirituality of Gospel self-control. He was a consistent believer in, and practitioner of, the holy life as taught by Jesus, lived by the Apostles, and restored to the church by Francis of Assisi, without, however, indulging in the personal extremism that characterized certain skeletal figures. Olivi’s work on contracts demonstrates his ability to think outside the realm of religion, and his balanced and reasonable attitude towards the appropriate use of money. Olivi was interested in practical matters as well as philosophy. His work On Sale, Purchase, Usury and Restitution, or more simply On Contracts (as in the latest edition by S. Piron, 2012), contains a subtle discussion of the pricing of risks and probabilities in connection with valuing compensation due for compulsory requisitioning of property.[6] This work has earned for Olivi a place in the history of the development of thinking about the right use of capital.

Olivi’s rethinking of the meaning of the Bible on it own terms, apart from Aristotelian categories, in some cases led to a refreshing reliance on the simple meaning of the text, and in other cases to an unparalleled theological inventiveness. Olivi was unique in the 13th century, for example, in his realization of the Jewish quality of the Apocalypse (cf. Lewis, Olivi’s Revelation, “Olivi and the Jews”). He identified the “144,000 Friends of the Lamb” (Rev 7:4-8,14:1-5) as a Jewish, militant wing of the Church of the Endtime. Fascinated by Jewish music, Olivi, described the two wings of the Apocalyptic army, Jew and Gentile, as playing their harps and singing a twofold song in unison, the Song of Moses and the Lamb (Rev 15:3). Olivi foresaw a reunion of Jew and Gentile in the one People of God at the End as it had been at the Beginning. Quite the reverse of the Churchmen and Royals who in 1306, scarcely eight years after Olivi’s death, led France and Olivi’s neighbors into yet another spasm of European anti-semitism.  

Legacy and controversy

Controversy continued after his death. His friends, friars and laity alike, venerated their leader, and even honored his tomb as that of a saint; on the other hand, the General Chapter of Lyon in 1299, ordered his writings to be collected and burned as heretical.

The General Council of Vienne in 1312 established in the Decretal Fidei catholicæ fundamento (Bull. Franc., V, 86) the Catholic doctrine against three points of Olivi's teaching, howbeit without mentioning the author. These points referred to the moment when Christ's body on the cross was transfixed by the lance, the manner in which the soul is united to the body, and the baptism of infants. In 1318, anti-Olivi Friars went so far as to destroy Olivi's tomb, a desecration, and it is presumed they threw his body in the Rôhne River. In the next year, two further steps were taken against him: His writings were absolutely forbidden by the General Chapter of Marseilles, and a special commission of theologians examined Olivi's Lectura super Apocalypsim and marked sixty sentences as heretical, chiefly citations of Joachim of Flora (see Joachim of Flora. For text, see Baluzius-Mansi, "Miscellanea", II, Lucca, 1761, 258–70; cf. also Denifle, "Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis", II, i, Paris, 1891, 238–9). In 1326, those sentences were condemned by Pope John XXII when the use of them by Emperor Louis IV the Bavarian in his Appeal of Sachsenhausen (1324) came to the attention to the Pope.[7] Though Olivi was never officially condemned as a heretic, his name was included as a banned author in several editions of the Index of Prohibited Books.[8] Franz Ehrle considers (Archiv, III, 440) that Olivi was not the impious heretic that he was painted to be in some writings of his opponents, and states (ibid., 448) that the denunciation of his theological doctrine was rather a tactical measure of the adversaries of the rigorous principles of poverty and reform professed by Olivi. It is clear that Olivi follows in many points the doctrine of St. Bonaventure, but equally clear that in his Lectura super Apocalypsim he was a thoroughgoing follower of Joachim, which, for some, was enough to mark him as a heretic.

Writings

The numerous works of Olivi, many of them now critically edited, can be divided into six classes:

1. Philosophic works

  • Bernhard Jansen (ed.). Quaestiones in secundum librum Sententiarum 3 vols. [= Summa Quaestionum, II]. Quaracchi, Collegium S. Bonaventurae, 1922-1926.
  • Ferdinand Delorme (ed.). De perlegendis philosophorum libris. Antonianum 16 (1941): 31-44.
  • Ferdinand Delorme (ed.).Quid ponat ius vel dominium. Antonianum 20 (1945): 309-330. Revised edition, S. Piron, Oliviana, 5, 2016, on line : http://journals.openedition.org/oliviana/882
  • Stephen Brown (ed.).Quaestiones logicales. Traditio 42 (1986): 337-388.
  • Sylvain Piron (ed.). Quaestio de locutionibus angelorum. Oliviana, 1, 2003.
  • Sylvain Piron (ed., trans.) Tractatus de contractibus.Traité des contrats. Paris, Les Belles-Lettres, 2012. English translation : Ryan Thornton, Michael Cusato (trans.) A Treatise on Contracts, Saint Bonaventure (NY), Franciscan Institute Publications, 2016. Portuguese translation : Joice Beatriz da Costa, Luis Alberto de Boni (trans). Tratado sobre os Contrato. Porto, Edições Afrontamento, 2016.
  • S. Piron (ed.). Quaestio de divino velle et scire, Quaestio de ideis, Oliviana, 6, 2020, on line : http://journals.openedition.org/oliviana/977

2. Exegetical and Hermeneutical works

  • Marco Bartoli, Super Lamentationum Ieremie (ed.). in La Caduta di Gerusalemme. Il commento al Libro delle Lamentazioni di Pietro di Giovanni Olivi. Roma, ISIME, 1991.
  • David Flood, Gedeon Gal (eds.). Peter of John Olivi on the Bible. Principia quinque in Sacram Scripturam, Postilla in Isaiam et in I ad Corinthios. St. Bonaventure, NY, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1997.
  • Johannes Schlageter (ed.). Expositio in Canticum Canticorum. Grottaferrata, Frati editori di Quaracchi, 1999.
  • David Flood (ed.). Peter of John Olivi on the Acts of the Apostles. St Bonaventure, NY, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2001.
  • Johannes Schlageter (ed.). Lectura super Proverbia, Lectura super Ecclesiasten. Grottaferrata, Frati editori di Quaracchi, 2003.
  • David Flood (ed.). Peter of John Olivi on Genesis. St Bonaventure, NY, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2006.
  • Alain Boureau (ed.). Lecturae super Pauli Epistolas, Brepols (Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis, 233), 2010.
  • Fortunato Iozzelli (ed.). Lectura Super Lucam et Lectura Super Marcum, Grottaferrata, Frati Editori di Quaracchi-Fondazione Collegio San Bonaventura, 2010.
  • Sylvain Piron (ed.). Lectura super Mattheum, prologus, Oliviana 4 (2012) : http://oliviana.revues.org/498
  • Warren Lewis (ed.), Lectura super Apocalypsim, Saint Bonaventure, NY, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2015; English edition, Peter of John Olivi: Commentary on the Apocalypse--Translation, Notes and Introduction, 2017.
  • Alain Boureau (ed.), Lectura super Iob, Brepols (Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis, 275), 2015.
  • Stefano Defraia (ed.).Quodlibeta quinque, inter alia, Questionibus de textualibus. Grottaferrata, Frati editori di Quaracchi, 2002.

3. Theological works

  • Bernhard Jansen (ed.). Quaestiones De Deo Cognoscendo (Appendix), pp. 453–554. in Quaestiones in secundum librum Sententiarum 3 vols. [= Summa Quaestionum, II]. Quaracchi, Collegium S. Bonaventurae, 1922-1926.
  • Ferdinand Delorme (ed.). Quaestio de angelicis influentiis, in Bonaventura. Collationes in Hexaemeron et bonaventuriana quaedam selecta. Quaracchi, 1934, pp. 363–412.
  • Aquilino Emmen, Ernst Stadter (eds.). Quaestiones de incarnatione et redemptione. Quaestiones de virtutibus. Grottaferrata, Collegium San Bonaventurae, 1981.
  • Pietro Maranesi (ed.). Quaestiones de novissimis ex Summa super IV Sententiarum. Grottaferrata: Editiones Collegii S. Bonaventurae, 2004.
  • Michele Maccarone. (ed.) "Una questione inedita dell'Olivi sull'infallibilità del Papa". (Quaestiones de perfectione evangelica 12 ). Rivista della Chiesa in Italia. 3 (1949): 309-343.
  • Livarius Oliger (ed.). "Petri Iohannis Olivi de renuntiatione papae Coelestini V quaestio et epistola". (QPE 13). Franciscanum Historicum. 11 (1918): 340-366.
  • Marco Bartoli (ed.). Quaestiones de Romano pontifice. Grottaferrata, Frati editori di Quaracchi, 2002.
  • Pierre Péano (ed.). "La Quaestio fr. Petri Iohannis Olivi sur l'indulgence de la Portiuncule", Archivum Franciscanum Historicum. 74 (1981): 64-76.

4. Works on Observance of the Rule of Saint Francis and Evangelical Perfection

  • David Flood (ed.). Peter Olivi's Rule Commentary. Edition and Presentation. Wiesbaden, F. Steiner, 1972.
  • Aquilinus Emmen, Feliciano Simoncioli (ed.). "La dottrina dell'Olivi sulla contemplazione, la vita attiva e mista". (QPE 1-4 ). Studi Francescani, 60 (1963) : 382-445; 61 (1964): 108-167.
  • Aquilinus Emmen (ed.). "La dottrina dell'Olivi sul valore religioso dei voti". (QPE 5). Francescani, 63 (1966): 88-108.
  • Aquilinus Emmen (ed.). "Verginità e matrimonio nella valutazione dell'Olivi". (QPE 6). Studi Francescani, 64 (1967): 11-57.
  • Johannes Schlageter (ed.). Das Heil der Armen und das Verderben der Reichen. Petrus Johannis Olivi, OFM, Die Frage nach der höchsten Armut. (QPE 8). Werl i. Westphalen, Dietrich-Coelde-Verlag, 1989.
  • David Burr (ed.). De usu paupere. The Quaestio and the Tractatus, (QPE 9). Firenze-Perth, Leo S. Olschki-University of Western Australia Press, 1992.
  • David Flood (ed.) "Peter Olivi Quaestio de mendicitate, critical édition". (QPE 10/15 ). Franciscanum Historicum, 87 (1994): 299-347.
  • David Burr, David Flood (eds.). "Peter Olivi: On property and revenue". (QPE 16). Franciscan Studies, 40 (1980): 18-58.
  • Ferdinand Delorme (ed.). "Fr. P. J. Olivi questio de voto regulam aliquam profitentis". (QPE 17 ).16 (1941): 131-164.

5. Apologetical works and letters

  • Franz Ehrle (ed.). Epistola ad regis Siciliae filios. Archiv für Literatur- und Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters, 3 (1887): 534-540.
  • Albanus Heysse (ed.). De obitu fratris Petri Iohannis et quid receptis sacramentis dixit. "Descriptio codicis Bibliothecae Laurentaniae S. Crucis plut. 31 sin. cod. 3," Archivum franciscanum historicum, 11 (1918): 267-269.
  • Damase Laberge (ed.). "Fr. Petri Iohannis Olivi, O.F.M., tria scripta sui ipsius apologetica annorum 1283 et 1285", Archivum Franciscanum Historicum, 28 (1935): 115-155, 374-407, 29 (1936): 98-141, 365-395.
  • Sylvain Piron, Elsa Marmursztejn, Cynthia Kilmer (eds)."ad fratrem R.". Archivum Franciscanum Historicum, 91 (1998): 33-64.

6. Devotional works

  • Dionisio Pacetti (ed.). Quaestiones quatuor de Domina. Quaracchi, Collegium S. Bonaventurae, 1954.
  • Raoul Manselli (ed.). Modus quomodo quilibet postest referre gratias Deo de beneficiis ab eo receptis, Miles armatus, Informatio Petri Iohannis, Remedia contra temptationes spirituales. Roma, Spirituali e beghini in Provenza. ISIME, 1959, pp. 274–290.
  • Antonio Montefusco. "L’opuscolo Miles armatus di Pierre de Jean Olieu. Edizione critica e commento". Studi Francescani. 108 (2011): 50-171.

Notes

  1. ^ Several different French reconstructions of the Latin name Petrus Joannis Olivi have been proposed, including Pierre de Jean Olieu, Pierre Déjean Olieu, Pierre Janolieu, etc. He came from an Occitan-speaking region and in Occitan his name would be Peire Johan-Oliu.

References

  1. ^ Piron, Sylvain (2003). "The Formation of Olivi's Intellectual Project". Oliviana.
  2. ^ Burr, David (1976). "The Date of Olivi's Commentary on Matthew". Collectanea Franciscana.
  3. ^ Burr, David (1989). Olivi and Franciscan Poverty The Origins of the Usus Pauper Controversy. University of Pennsylvania Press.
  4. ^ Burr, David (1976). The Persecution of Peter Olivi. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. ISBN 9780871696656.
  5. ^ Piron, Sylvain (2006). "Censures et condamnation de Pierre de Jean Olivi : enquête dans les marges du Vatican". Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Moyen Âge. 118–2 (2): 313. doi:10.3406/mefr.2006.9421.
  6. ^ J. Franklin, The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 265-267.
  7. ^ Piron, Sylvain (2002). Bonagrazia de Bergame, auteur des Allegationes sur les articles extraits par Jean XXII de la Lectura super Apocalipsim d'Olivi. pp. 1065–1087. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Alexander VII (1664). Index Librorum Prohibitorum. Rome: Ex Typographia Reuerendae Camerae Apostolicae. p. 128.

Further reading

  • David Burr, The Persecution of Peter Olivi, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n.s., 66, part 5, 1976.
  • David Burr, Olivi and Franciscan Poverty: The Origins of the Usus Pauper Controversy. (Middle Ages Series.) Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989.
  • David Burr, Olivi's Peaceable Kingdom. A Reading of the Apocalypse Commentary, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993.
  • Alain Boureau et Sylvain Piron (éd.), Pierre de Jean Olivi. Pensée scolastique, dissidence spirituelle et société, Paris: Vrin, 1999.
  • Robert J. Karris, "Peter of John Olivi: Commentary on the Gospel of Mark", St. Bonaventure, NY: Franciscan Institute Publications, 2011. ISBN 978-1-57659-234-2.
  • Catherine König-Pralong, Olivier Ribordy, Tiziana Suarez-Nani (dir.), Pierre de Jean Olivi. Philosophe et théologien, Berlin, De Gruyter (Scrinium Friburgense 29), 2010; cf. S. Piron, Le métier de théologien selon Olivi. Philosophie, théologie, exégèse et pauvreté, pp. 17–85 - available on line : http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00530925/
  • Warren Lewis, Olivi's Revelation: An Introduction to the Lectura super Apocalpsim of Peter John Olivi, St. Bonaventure, NY: Franciscan Institute Publications, 2022.
  • Kevin Madigan, Olivi and the Interpretation of Matthew in the High Middle Ages, University of Notre Dame Press, 2003.
  • Antonio Montefusco, Per l’edizione degli opuscula di Pierre de Jean Olivi : sul corpus e la cronologia, Oliviana, 4 (2012), online : http://oliviana.revues.org/555
  • Sylvain Piron, Olivi et les averroïstes, Freiburger Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Theologie, 53-1 2006, pp. 251–309 - available on line : http://halshs.ccsd.cnrs.fr/halshs-00089021
  • S. Piron, Censures et condamnation de Pierre de Jean Olivi : enquête dans les marges du Vatican, Mélanges de l'École française de Rome, Moyen Âge118/2, 2006, pp. 313–373, available on line : http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00179543/
  • S. Piron, « Chronologie des écrits de Pierre de Jean Olivi », Oliviana, 6, 2020, on line : http://journals.openedition.org/oliviana/1035
  • S. Piron, Pietro di Giovanni Olivi e gli Spirituali francescani, Milano: Edizioni Biblioteca Francescana, 2021.

External links

  • David Burr,
  • Pasnau, Robert; Toivanen, Juhana. "Peter John Olivi". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  • Oliviana. Mouvements et dissidences spirituelles, XIIIe et XIVe siècles (electronic journal devoted to Olivi and his circle)
  •   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pierre Jean Olivi". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. [1]

August 23, 2023
peter, john, olivi, also, pierre, jean, olivi, petrus, joannis, olivi, 1248, march, 1298, french, franciscan, theologian, philosopher, although, died, professing, faith, roman, catholic, church, remained, controversial, figure, arguments, surrounding, poverty,. Peter John Olivi also Pierre de Jean Olivi or Petrus Joannis Olivi a 1248 14 March 1298 was a French Franciscan theologian and philosopher who although he died professing the faith of the Roman Catholic Church remained a controversial figure in the arguments surrounding poverty at the beginning of the 14th century In large part this was due to his view that the Franciscan vow of poverty also entailed usus pauper i e poor or restricted use of goods While contemporary Franciscans generally agreed that usus pauper was important to the Franciscan way of life they disagreed that it was part of their vow of poverty His support of the rigorous view of ecclesiastical poverty played a part in the ideology of the groups coming to be known as the Spiritual Franciscans or Fraticelli Contents 1 Biography 2 Characteristic Teaching 3 Legacy and controversy 4 Writings 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksBiography EditBorn at Serignan Diocese of Beziers 1247 48 at twelve he entered the Friars Minor at Beziers studied at Montpellier and later attended the University at Paris He was present there in 1268 when Bonaventure gave his Collationes de septem donis Spiritus sancti and was probably still there in 1273 for Bonaventure s Collationes in Hexaemeron 1 Returning to his native province he taught in different places and was probably in Narbonne around 1277 79 During the preparation of Nicholas III s Bull Exiit qui seminat in the summer of 1279 Olivi accompanied his provincial minister to Italy but was not himself part of the commission that worked on the Bull He was asked to express briefly his opinion with regard to Franciscan poverty but composed much longer questions on the evangelical perfection Upon his return to Languedoc he was accepted as lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Montpellier but later turned to Scripture Studies He produced a number of biblical commentaries Genesis Isaiah Job Matthew John Romans and Revelation among others 2 One opponent described as brother Ar to be identified with Arnaud Gaillard then a formed bachelor back from Paris voiced his opposition to Olivi s views on the Franciscan vow of poverty which prompted him to write a Treatise on poor use De usu paupere 3 The controversy between the two young theologians raged on many different issues 4 which attracted the attention of the General Chapter of Strasbourg in 1282 Although we know only of Olivi s fate both were probably suspended from teaching His doctrine was examined by seven Franciscan theologians at Paris who first drew up a list of errors Littera septem sigillorum and then substantiated it by a roll rotulus 5 of citations from Olivi s writings Olivi defended himself in several responses 1283 85 and finally the General Chapter of Montpellier 1287 decided in his favor The new general superior Matthew of Aquasparta sent him as lector in theology to the convent of Santa Croce in Florence Next Matthew s successor Raymond Gaufredi sent Olivi back to Montpellier as lector in theology At the General Chapter of Paris in 1292 Olivi again gave explanations which were apparently satisfactory He spent his last years in the convent of Narbonne lecturing and writing his masterwork on the Apocalypse of John revising his commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard corresponding and acting as pastor to a community of Spiritual Franciscans and devout laypersons He died surrounded by his friends who familiarly called him Saint Peter after an earnest profession of his Catholic Faith published by Wadding ad a 1297 n 33 on 14 March 1298 Characteristic Teaching EditA glance at Olivi s literary output indicates considering his relatively short life of fifty years full time teaching duties and lost years when he lived under the cloud that Friar Ar cast over him that he was remarkably productive A near contemporary stated not quite accurately that he had written commentaries on every book in the Bible he never fulfilled his plan to comment on the prophecy of Daniel or the epistles to the Corinthians Olivi commented on the Lombard s Sentences much of Book III and IV and all of Book II in which he demonstrated himself to be an unsurpassed proponent of human free will He was also a prominent critic of Averroes His indirect fragmentary commentary on Lombard Book I De Deo Cognoscendo is published as an appendix to the commentary on the Lombard s Sentences Book II pp 525 554 His argument there carries Anselm s ontological argument to its fullness by affirming the superlative perfection summe infinitum of all of God s attributes in a way analogous to and reflective of Olivi s superabundant hermeneutics of the Apocalypse See Lewis Olivi s Revelation Olivi s Superabundant Hermeneutics Olivi s thinking and large body of writing on evangelical poverty has been much discussed and made of him the leader of the so called Spiritual Franciscans oft maligned by the 14th century papacy and others more interested in wealth than in the spirituality of Gospel self control He was a consistent believer in and practitioner of the holy life as taught by Jesus lived by the Apostles and restored to the church by Francis of Assisi without however indulging in the personal extremism that characterized certain skeletal figures Olivi s work on contracts demonstrates his ability to think outside the realm of religion and his balanced and reasonable attitude towards the appropriate use of money Olivi was interested in practical matters as well as philosophy His work On Sale Purchase Usury and Restitution or more simply On Contracts as in the latest edition by S Piron 2012 contains a subtle discussion of the pricing of risks and probabilities in connection with valuing compensation due for compulsory requisitioning of property 6 This work has earned for Olivi a place in the history of the development of thinking about the right use of capital Olivi s rethinking of the meaning of the Bible on it own terms apart from Aristotelian categories in some cases led to a refreshing reliance on the simple meaning of the text and in other cases to an unparalleled theological inventiveness Olivi was unique in the 13th century for example in his realization of the Jewish quality of the Apocalypse cf Lewis Olivi s Revelation Olivi and the Jews He identified the 144 000 Friends of the Lamb Rev 7 4 8 14 1 5 as a Jewish militant wing of the Church of the Endtime Fascinated by Jewish music Olivi described the two wings of the Apocalyptic army Jew and Gentile as playing their harps and singing a twofold song in unison the Song of Moses and the Lamb Rev 15 3 Olivi foresaw a reunion of Jew and Gentile in the one People of God at the End as it had been at the Beginning Quite the reverse of the Churchmen and Royals who in 1306 scarcely eight years after Olivi s death led France and Olivi s neighbors into yet another spasm of European anti semitism Legacy and controversy EditControversy continued after his death His friends friars and laity alike venerated their leader and even honored his tomb as that of a saint on the other hand the General Chapter of Lyon in 1299 ordered his writings to be collected and burned as heretical The General Council of Vienne in 1312 established in the Decretal Fidei catholicae fundamento Bull Franc V 86 the Catholic doctrine against three points of Olivi s teaching howbeit without mentioning the author These points referred to the moment when Christ s body on the cross was transfixed by the lance the manner in which the soul is united to the body and the baptism of infants In 1318 anti Olivi Friars went so far as to destroy Olivi s tomb a desecration and it is presumed they threw his body in the Rohne River In the next year two further steps were taken against him His writings were absolutely forbidden by the General Chapter of Marseilles and a special commission of theologians examined Olivi s Lectura super Apocalypsim and marked sixty sentences as heretical chiefly citations of Joachim of Flora see Joachim of Flora For text see Baluzius Mansi Miscellanea II Lucca 1761 258 70 cf also Denifle Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis II i Paris 1891 238 9 In 1326 those sentences were condemned by Pope John XXII when the use of them by Emperor Louis IV the Bavarian in his Appeal of Sachsenhausen 1324 came to the attention to the Pope 7 Though Olivi was never officially condemned as a heretic his name was included as a banned author in several editions of the Index of Prohibited Books 8 Franz Ehrle considers Archiv III 440 that Olivi was not the impious heretic that he was painted to be in some writings of his opponents and states ibid 448 that the denunciation of his theological doctrine was rather a tactical measure of the adversaries of the rigorous principles of poverty and reform professed by Olivi It is clear that Olivi follows in many points the doctrine of St Bonaventure but equally clear that in his Lectura super Apocalypsim he was a thoroughgoing follower of Joachim which for some was enough to mark him as a heretic Writings EditThe numerous works of Olivi many of them now critically edited can be divided into six classes 1 Philosophic works Bernhard Jansen ed Quaestiones in secundum librum Sententiarum 3 vols Summa Quaestionum II Quaracchi Collegium S Bonaventurae 1922 1926 Ferdinand Delorme ed De perlegendis philosophorum libris Antonianum 16 1941 31 44 Ferdinand Delorme ed Quid ponat ius vel dominium Antonianum 20 1945 309 330 Revised edition S Piron Oliviana 5 2016 on line http journals openedition org oliviana 882 Stephen Brown ed Quaestiones logicales Traditio 42 1986 337 388 Sylvain Piron ed Quaestio de locutionibus angelorum Oliviana 1 2003 Sylvain Piron ed trans Tractatus de contractibus Traite des contrats Paris Les Belles Lettres 2012 English translation Ryan Thornton Michael Cusato trans A Treatise on Contracts Saint Bonaventure NY Franciscan Institute Publications 2016 Portuguese translation Joice Beatriz da Costa Luis Alberto de Boni trans Tratado sobre os Contrato Porto Edicoes Afrontamento 2016 S Piron ed Quaestio de divino velle et scire Quaestio de ideis Oliviana 6 2020 on line http journals openedition org oliviana 9772 Exegetical and Hermeneutical works Marco Bartoli Super Lamentationum Ieremie ed in La Caduta di Gerusalemme Il commento al Libro delle Lamentazioni di Pietro di Giovanni Olivi Roma ISIME 1991 David Flood Gedeon Gal eds Peter of John Olivi on the Bible Principia quinque in Sacram Scripturam Postilla in Isaiam et in I ad Corinthios St Bonaventure NY Franciscan Institute Publications 1997 Johannes Schlageter ed Expositio in Canticum Canticorum Grottaferrata Frati editori di Quaracchi 1999 David Flood ed Peter of John Olivi on the Acts of the Apostles St Bonaventure NY Franciscan Institute Publications 2001 Johannes Schlageter ed Lectura super Proverbia Lectura super Ecclesiasten Grottaferrata Frati editori di Quaracchi 2003 David Flood ed Peter of John Olivi on Genesis St Bonaventure NY Franciscan Institute Publications 2006 Alain Boureau ed Lecturae super Pauli Epistolas Brepols Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis 233 2010 Fortunato Iozzelli ed Lectura Super Lucam et Lectura Super Marcum Grottaferrata Frati Editori di Quaracchi Fondazione Collegio San Bonaventura 2010 Sylvain Piron ed Lectura super Mattheum prologus Oliviana 4 2012 http oliviana revues org 498 Warren Lewis ed Lectura super Apocalypsim Saint Bonaventure NY Franciscan Institute Publications 2015 English edition Peter of John Olivi Commentary on the Apocalypse Translation Notes and Introduction 2017 Alain Boureau ed Lectura super Iob Brepols Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis 275 2015 Stefano Defraia ed Quodlibeta quinque inter alia Questionibus de textualibus Grottaferrata Frati editori di Quaracchi 2002 3 Theological works Bernhard Jansen ed Quaestiones De Deo Cognoscendo Appendix pp 453 554 in Quaestiones in secundum librum Sententiarum 3 vols Summa Quaestionum II Quaracchi Collegium S Bonaventurae 1922 1926 Ferdinand Delorme ed Quaestio de angelicis influentiis in Bonaventura Collationes in Hexaemeron et bonaventuriana quaedam selecta Quaracchi 1934 pp 363 412 Aquilino Emmen Ernst Stadter eds Quaestiones de incarnatione et redemptione Quaestiones de virtutibus Grottaferrata Collegium San Bonaventurae 1981 Pietro Maranesi ed Quaestiones de novissimis ex Summa super IV Sententiarum Grottaferrata Editiones Collegii S Bonaventurae 2004 Michele Maccarone ed Una questione inedita dell Olivi sull infallibilita del Papa Quaestiones de perfectione evangelica 12 Rivista della Chiesa in Italia 3 1949 309 343 Livarius Oliger ed Petri Iohannis Olivi de renuntiatione papae Coelestini V quaestio et epistola QPE 13 Franciscanum Historicum 11 1918 340 366 Marco Bartoli ed Quaestiones de Romano pontifice Grottaferrata Frati editori di Quaracchi 2002 Pierre Peano ed La Quaestio fr Petri Iohannis Olivi sur l indulgence de la Portiuncule Archivum Franciscanum Historicum 74 1981 64 76 4 Works on Observance of the Rule of Saint Francis and Evangelical Perfection David Flood ed Peter Olivi s Rule Commentary Edition and Presentation Wiesbaden F Steiner 1972 Aquilinus Emmen Feliciano Simoncioli ed La dottrina dell Olivi sulla contemplazione la vita attiva e mista QPE 1 4 Studi Francescani 60 1963 382 445 61 1964 108 167 Aquilinus Emmen ed La dottrina dell Olivi sul valore religioso dei voti QPE 5 Francescani 63 1966 88 108 Aquilinus Emmen ed Verginita e matrimonio nella valutazione dell Olivi QPE 6 Studi Francescani 64 1967 11 57 Johannes Schlageter ed Das Heil der Armen und das Verderben der Reichen Petrus Johannis Olivi OFM Die Frage nach der hochsten Armut QPE 8 Werl i Westphalen Dietrich Coelde Verlag 1989 David Burr ed De usu paupere The Quaestio and the Tractatus QPE 9 Firenze Perth Leo S Olschki University of Western Australia Press 1992 David Flood ed Peter Olivi Quaestio de mendicitate critical edition QPE 10 15 Franciscanum Historicum 87 1994 299 347 David Burr David Flood eds Peter Olivi On property and revenue QPE 16 Franciscan Studies 40 1980 18 58 Ferdinand Delorme ed Fr P J Olivi questio de voto regulam aliquam profitentis QPE 17 16 1941 131 164 5 Apologetical works and letters Franz Ehrle ed Epistola ad regis Siciliae filios Archiv fur Literatur und Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters 3 1887 534 540 Albanus Heysse ed De obitu fratris Petri Iohannis et quid receptis sacramentis dixit Descriptio codicis Bibliothecae Laurentaniae S Crucis plut 31 sin cod 3 Archivum franciscanum historicum 11 1918 267 269 Damase Laberge ed Fr Petri Iohannis Olivi O F M tria scripta sui ipsius apologetica annorum 1283 et 1285 Archivum Franciscanum Historicum 28 1935 115 155 374 407 29 1936 98 141 365 395 Sylvain Piron Elsa Marmursztejn Cynthia Kilmer eds ad fratrem R Archivum Franciscanum Historicum 91 1998 33 64 6 Devotional works Dionisio Pacetti ed Quaestiones quatuor de Domina Quaracchi Collegium S Bonaventurae 1954 Raoul Manselli ed Modus quomodo quilibet postest referre gratias Deo de beneficiis ab eo receptis Miles armatus Informatio Petri Iohannis Remedia contra temptationes spirituales Roma Spirituali e beghini in Provenza ISIME 1959 pp 274 290 Antonio Montefusco L opuscolo Miles armatus di Pierre de Jean Olieu Edizione critica e commento Studi Francescani 108 2011 50 171 Notes Edit Several different French reconstructions of the Latin name Petrus Joannis Olivi have been proposed including Pierre de Jean Olieu Pierre Dejean Olieu Pierre Janolieu etc He came from an Occitan speaking region and in Occitan his name would be Peire Johan Oliu References Edit Piron Sylvain 2003 The Formation of Olivi s Intellectual Project Oliviana Burr David 1976 The Date of Olivi s Commentary on Matthew Collectanea Franciscana Burr David 1989 Olivi and Franciscan Poverty The Origins of the Usus Pauper Controversy University of Pennsylvania Press Burr David 1976 The Persecution of Peter Olivi Transactions of the American Philosophical Society ISBN 9780871696656 Piron Sylvain 2006 Censures et condamnation de Pierre de Jean Olivi enquete dans les marges du Vatican Melanges de l Ecole francaise de Rome Moyen Age 118 2 2 313 doi 10 3406 mefr 2006 9421 J Franklin The Science of Conjecture Evidence and Probability Before Pascal Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press 2001 265 267 Piron Sylvain 2002 Bonagrazia de Bergame auteur des Allegationes sur les articles extraits par Jean XXII de la Lectura super Apocalipsim d Olivi pp 1065 1087 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Alexander VII 1664 Index Librorum Prohibitorum Rome Ex Typographia Reuerendae Camerae Apostolicae p 128 Further reading EditDavid Burr The Persecution of Peter Olivi Transactions of the American Philosophical Society n s 66 part 5 1976 David Burr Olivi and Franciscan Poverty The Origins of the Usus Pauper Controversy Middle Ages Series Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press 1989 David Burr Olivi s Peaceable Kingdom A Reading of the Apocalypse Commentary Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press 1993 Alain Boureau et Sylvain Piron ed Pierre de Jean Olivi Pensee scolastique dissidence spirituelle et societe Paris Vrin 1999 Robert J Karris Peter of John Olivi Commentary on the Gospel of Mark St Bonaventure NY Franciscan Institute Publications 2011 ISBN 978 1 57659 234 2 Catherine Konig Pralong Olivier Ribordy Tiziana Suarez Nani dir Pierre de Jean Olivi Philosophe et theologien Berlin De Gruyter Scrinium Friburgense 29 2010 cf S Piron Le metier de theologien selon Olivi Philosophie theologie exegese et pauvrete pp 17 85 available on line http halshs archives ouvertes fr halshs 00530925 Warren Lewis Olivi s Revelation An Introduction to the Lectura super Apocalpsim of Peter John Olivi St Bonaventure NY Franciscan Institute Publications 2022 Kevin Madigan Olivi and the Interpretation of Matthew in the High Middle Ages University of Notre Dame Press 2003 Antonio Montefusco Per l edizione degli opuscula di Pierre de Jean Olivi sul corpus e la cronologia Oliviana 4 2012 online http oliviana revues org 555 Sylvain Piron Olivi et les averroistes Freiburger Zeitschrift fur Philosophie und Theologie 53 1 2006 pp 251 309 available on line http halshs ccsd cnrs fr halshs 00089021 S Piron Censures et condamnation de Pierre de Jean Olivi enquete dans les marges du Vatican Melanges de l Ecole francaise de Rome Moyen Age118 2 2006 pp 313 373 available on line http halshs archives ouvertes fr halshs 00179543 S Piron Chronologie des ecrits de Pierre de Jean Olivi Oliviana 6 2020 on line http journals openedition org oliviana 1035 S Piron Pietro di Giovanni Olivi e gli Spirituali francescani Milano Edizioni Biblioteca Francescana 2021 External links EditDavid Burr The Olivi Page Pasnau Robert Toivanen Juhana Peter John Olivi In Zalta Edward N ed Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Oliviana Mouvements et dissidences spirituelles XIIIe et XIVe siecles electronic journal devoted to Olivi and his circle This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Pierre Jean Olivi Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Peter John Olivi amp oldid 1163107048, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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