In botany, a perigynium (plural: perigynia), also referred to as a utricle, typically refers to a sac that surrounds the achene of plants in the genus Carex (Cyperaceae).[1][2] The perigynium is a modified prophyll, tissue of leaf origin, that encloses the dry, one-seeded achene.[3]
Light green perigynia with dark brown scales (Carex buxbaumii)
The location, size, shape, hairiness, color, and other aspects of the perigynium are important structures for distinguishing Carex species.[5] They are often subtended by a scale, which may also aid in identification.[5]
Dispersal
Features of the perigynium may aid in seed dispersal, such as a surface that clings to fur or skin[6] or a shape that enables dispersion via wind or water.[7] Seed dispersal by animals such as ants (myrmechory) has been recorded, as some species of sedges have developed elaiosomes at the base of the perigynia. Ants carry the perigynium back to the nest, use the elaiosome for food, and the seed germinates away from the parent plant.[8]
Carex buxbaumii (green perigynia in center and on right, with dark brown scales)
The terms perigynium and utricle have been widely used interchangeably.[9] In North America, the term perigynia is preferred, while utricle is more commonly used in Europe.[9] After the merging of Kobresia under Carex, a terminological clarification was desired, as the open prophyll of Kobresia could not be assimilated to the concept of utricle, which etymologically implies closure. The authors of a 2016 paper recommended using perigynium to refer generically to the flower prophyll of Carexsensu lato (including former Kobresia), but calling it utricle when it has its margins fused so it is entirely closed (as in the vast majority of Carex species).[9]
References
^Harris, James G. (2001). Plant Identification Terminology: An Illustrated Glossary (2nd ed.). Payson, Utah: Spring Lake Publishing. p. 131. ISBN0-9640221-6-8.
^Wilhelm, Gerould; Rericha, Laura (2017). Flora of the Chicago Region: A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis. Indiana Academy of Sciences.
^"A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
^ ab"Carex". Michigan Flora Online. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
^Carter, R. 1993. Animal Dispersal of the North American Sedge, Cyperus plukenetii (Cyperaceae). American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 129, No. 2. pp. 352-356.
^ABUDUREHEMAN, B.; CHEN, Y.; LI, X.; ZHANG, L.; LIU, H.; ZHANG, D.; GUAN, K. (29 March 2018). "Patterns of Reproductive and Seed Dispersal and Ecological Significance of the Clonal Spring Ephemeroid Plant Carex physodes in the Gurbantuggut Desert". Planta Daninha. 36. doi:10.1590/s0100-83582018360100007.
^Handel, S.N. 1976. Dispersal ecology of Carex pedunculata (Cyperaceae), a new North American myrmechore. Amer. J. Bot. 63 (8): 1071-1079.
^ abcJiménez-Mejías, Pedro; Luceño, Modesto; Wilson, Karen L.; Waterway, Marcia J.; Roalson, Eric H. (1 September 2016). "Clarification of the Use of the Terms Perigynium and Utricle in Carex L. (Cyperaceae)". Systematic Botany. 41 (3): 519–528. doi:10.1600/036364416X692488. S2CID 89281001.
January 30, 2023
perigynium, botany, perigynium, plural, perigynia, also, referred, utricle, typically, refers, that, surrounds, achene, plants, genus, carex, cyperaceae, perigynium, modified, prophyll, tissue, leaf, origin, that, encloses, seeded, achene, light, green, perigy. In botany a perigynium plural perigynia also referred to as a utricle typically refers to a sac that surrounds the achene of plants in the genus Carex Cyperaceae 1 2 The perigynium is a modified prophyll tissue of leaf origin that encloses the dry one seeded achene 3 Light green perigynia with dark brown scales Carex buxbaumii In liverworts perigynium refers to a tube shaped structure which encases the archegonium and the developing sporophyte 4 The location size shape hairiness color and other aspects of the perigynium are important structures for distinguishing Carex species 5 They are often subtended by a scale which may also aid in identification 5 Dispersal EditFeatures of the perigynium may aid in seed dispersal such as a surface that clings to fur or skin 6 or a shape that enables dispersion via wind or water 7 Seed dispersal by animals such as ants myrmechory has been recorded as some species of sedges have developed elaiosomes at the base of the perigynia Ants carry the perigynium back to the nest use the elaiosome for food and the seed germinates away from the parent plant 8 Carex buxbaumii green perigynia in center and on right with dark brown scales Carex melanostachya scale on left perigynium on right Carex michelii scale on left perigynium on right Carex hirta perigyniaPerigynium vs utricule EditThe terms perigynium and utricle have been widely used interchangeably 9 In North America the term perigynia is preferred while utricle is more commonly used in Europe 9 After the merging of Kobresia under Carex a terminological clarification was desired as the open prophyll of Kobresia could not be assimilated to the concept of utricle which etymologically implies closure The authors of a 2016 paper recommended using perigynium to refer generically to the flower prophyll of Carex sensu lato including former Kobresia but calling it utricle when it has its margins fused so it is entirely closed as in the vast majority of Carex species 9 References Edit Harris James G 2001 Plant Identification Terminology An Illustrated Glossary 2nd ed Payson Utah Spring Lake Publishing p 131 ISBN 0 9640221 6 8 Wilhelm Gerould Rericha Laura 2017 Flora of the Chicago Region A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis Indiana Academy of Sciences Robert H Mohlenbrock Paul Wayne Nelson 1999 Introduction Sedges Carex Volume 14 of The Illustrated flora of Illinois Southern Illinois University Press pp 3 7 ISBN 978 0 8093 2074 5 A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin www mobot org Retrieved 6 July 2019 a b Carex Michigan Flora Online Retrieved 6 July 2019 Carter R 1993 Animal Dispersal of the North American Sedge Cyperus plukenetii Cyperaceae American Midland Naturalist Vol 129 No 2 pp 352 356 ABUDUREHEMAN B CHEN Y LI X ZHANG L LIU H ZHANG D GUAN K 29 March 2018 Patterns of Reproductive and Seed Dispersal and Ecological Significance of the Clonal Spring Ephemeroid Plant Carex physodes in the Gurbantuggut Desert Planta Daninha 36 doi 10 1590 s0100 83582018360100007 Handel S N 1976 Dispersal ecology of Carex pedunculata Cyperaceae a new North American myrmechore Amer J Bot 63 8 1071 1079 a b c Jimenez Mejias Pedro Luceno Modesto Wilson Karen L Waterway Marcia J Roalson Eric H 1 September 2016 Clarification of the Use of the Terms Perigynium and Utricle in Carex L Cyperaceae Systematic Botany 41 3 519 528 doi 10 1600 036364416X692488 S2CID 89281001 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Perigynium amp oldid 997589749, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
