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Paul Bourdarie

August 26, 2023

Paul Bourdarie (19 July 1864 – 21 February 1950) was a French explorer, journalist, lecturer and professor. He became known as a specialist in colonial topics and gave lectures on subjects such as growing cotton and domesticating African elephants. He believed in a liberal policy regarding the indigenous people of the French colonies. Bourdarie was one of those responsible for founding the Grand Mosque of Paris.

Paul Bourdarie
Born(1864-07-19)19 July 1864
Montfaucon, Lot, France
Died21 February 1950(1950-02-21) (aged 85)
Vayrac, Lot, France
NationalityFrench
Occupation(s)Explorer, journalist

Early years (1864–94) Edit

Paul Bourdarie was born on 19 July 1864 in Montfaucon, Lot.[1][2] In 1893 he left on a study mission in the Congo. His report described the culture of the lime growers of Gabon, the need to establish experimental farms, and construction of a port at Pointe-Noire that would be the terminus of the railway from Brazzaville. To avoid using porters at a time when tractors had not yet been invented he advocated domestication of African elephants.[2] The problems of rubber collection that he described caused the Minister of the Colonies and the Museum to import Hevea brasiliensis to Guinea, Ivory Coast and Dahomey, and Palaquium gutta to Gabon.[2]

African Society (1894–97) Edit

From 1894 to 1897 Bourdarie was secretary general of the Société africaine de France (African Society of France) founded by Admiral Vallon and Doctor Verrier.[2] In 1895 he was candidate for the Gabon-Congo delegation to the French Africa Committee, representing the colonists, and raised questions about Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza's approach to colonization.[3] In 1897, in La France Noire, Bourdarie acknowledged Brazza's honesty and his contribution to the French Congo colony but opposed his appointment as Commissioner General of the colony on the basis of his lack of tact and the opposition he had raised among the colonists,[4]

In 1895 the Algerian Arab interpreter Djebari claimed that survivors from the Flatters expedition were still being held prisoner by the Tuaregs at the oasis of Taoua. A committee of African experts was formed to examine these claims. It included Colonel Ludovic de Polignac, who had helped to negotiate the Ghadames treaty of 1862; Jean-Marie Bayol, former Lieutenant-Governor of Dahomey; the explorers Gaston Donnet, Bernard d'Attanoux and Ferdinand de Béhagle; and Paul Bourdarie.[5]

Bourdarie and Ferdinand de Béhagle made speeches to the Société africaine de France in which they stressed the importance of the French colonists making a military "association" with the natives for defense of the colonies.[6] Bourdarie prepared the Chad expedition of Ferdinand de Béhagle, who was hanged in 1899 in Dikoa by the order of Rabih az-Zubayr. Bourdarie then undertook the repatriation of the mission of Béhagle and Albert Bonnel de Mézières(fr). In the course of this mission he proposed construction of railway around the Bangui rapids.[2]

Journalist and lecturer (1897–1908) Edit

In 1896 Bourdarie succeeded Béhagle in taking charge of the "Colonies and Protectorates" column in the newspaper La France, where he wrote a personal column "The art of colonizing." From 1896 to 1898 Bourdarie gave lecture tours on the domestication of elephants in Africa. After a lecture tour in Belgium he was received on 25 May 1898 by Leopold II, who charged Captain Laplume to inquire on the trials of domesticating elephants undertaken at Fernan Vaz by the Fathers of the Holy Spirit.[2] In 1904–1905 he talked in the French textile industry centers on establishing cotton cultivation in Africa.[2]

In 1906 Bourdarie founded the Revue indigène to promote a liberal policy for treatment of indigenous people.[2] The Revue indigène: Organe des intérêts des ineligènes aux colonies et pays de protectorat was published in Paris from 1906 to 1932 under his direction.[7] It advocated respect for the institutions and authorities of the colonized societies, gradual modernization at their own pace through collaboration between traditional elites and the colonial authorities, with progressive granting of political rights including the vote and French citizenship, while letting the colonized peoples retain their traditional laws, customs and culture.[8] The periodical was read by many North African Muslims.[2]

Professor (1908–20) Edit

In 1908 Bourdarie was appointed professor at the Collège libre des sciences sociales(fr) (Free College of Social Sciences) under the direction of Ernest Delbet(fr). Until 1914 he taught courses on the history and sociology of French Equatorial Africa.[2] In 1909 Bourdarie and Professor Paul Pellet of the École des Sciences Politiques founded the Souvenir colonial français to create bronze plates that marked the deeds of the French overseas.[9] In 1910 he made a trip to Tunisia, where the Revue indigène was read by many of the Tunisians as an alternative to the propaganda of the colons.[9] From 1914 to 1920 he lectured on current events, politics and "the colonial lessons of war".[2] In 1915 Bourdarie originated the project to found the Grand Mosque of Paris with an associated Muslim Institute. At the invitation of the Resident General he made a trip to Morocco in 1916 and visited Casablanca, Rabat, Marrakesh, Fez, Taza, Mazagan and Safi.[9]

Other activities (1919–50) Edit

Bourdarie was general delegate of the Association cotonnière coloniale(fr) (Colonial Cotton Association) from 1917 to 1921.[10] In 1919 he was chairman of the League of Nations Division for Colonial and Foreign Affairs and supported the independence of Azerbaijan and Georgia from Russia.[11] In 1920 Bourdarie was appointed to the Conseil supérieur des Colonies. At this time Bourdarie, Governor Alfred Albert Martineau and Maurice Delafosse began the process of creating the Académie des sciences coloniales (Academy of Colonial Sciences), now the Académie des sciences d'outre-mer (Academy of overseas sciences). On 8 July 1922 he was appointed permanent secretary of the Academy.[10]

In 1928 Bourdarie was decorated as Officer of Public Instruction. In 1929 he was appointed to the Transaharian Railway Study Committee. In 1930 he was a member of the Higher Council of the Exposition coloniale internationale (Paris Colonial Exposition). In 1938 he was appointed to the Upper Scientific Committee of the French Institute of Black Africa.[10] In 1939 Bourdarie was awarded the grand prize of the Académie française.[12] During World War II Bourdarie continued the work of the Académie des sciences coloniales in 1939–40, moved to his house at Vayrac when the Germans advanced, then returned to Paris. In 1943, at the age of 79, he resigned from his position as permanent secretary of the Academy and returned to Veyrac, where he lived until his death on 21 February 1950.[9]

Publications Edit

Bourdarie published many articles, reports and speeches. A selection follows.[1]

  • Paul Bourdarie, Les Chemins de fer du Congo et du Centre-Afrique (Extrait des 'Questions diplomatiques et coloniales'), Paris: impr. de F. Levé, p. 33
  • Paul Bourdarie (1894), A la Côte du Congo français (notes et impressions) (conférence faite à la Société africaine de France, décembre 1893), Paris: Librairie africaine, p. 32
  • Paul Bourdarie (1896), La Domestication de l'éléphant d'Afrique, par Paul Bourdarie (Extrait du "Bulletin de la Société nationale d'acclimatation de France". Mars-avril 1896), Paris: Société nationale d'acclimatation de France, p. 23
  • Paul Bourdarie (1898), L'Éléphant d'Afrique, mesures internationales de protection (Extrait du "Compte rendu du Congrès international de Bruxelles". 1897), Bruxelles: Impr. des travaux publics, p. 27
  • Paul Bourdarie (1899), Fachoda, la mission Marchand, la question d'Égypte, le Bahr-el-Ghazal, la convention du 21 mars 1899, Paris: impr. de F. Levé, p. 32
  • Paul Bourdarie (1901), "Le Congo français, histoire, géographie, colonisation", Bulletin de la Société amicale des originaires du Lot (conférence faite en la salle de la Société de géographie, le 27 mars 1901), Paris: impr. de L. Duc: 50
  • Paul Bourdarie (1904), Trois Figures d'Afrique : Ferdinand de Béhagle, explorateur ; Alexis Rousset, administrateur colonial ; Lucien Dyé, sous-lieutenant d'infanterie coloniale (Extrait de "la France de demain"), Paris, p. 24{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Paul Bourdarie (1904), Marcel Ruedel (ed.), La Colonisation belge, Bibliothèque de la France coloniale moderne, Paris: Société de l"Annuaire colonial', p. 24
  • Paul Bourdarie (1906), Les Problèmes de la politique indigène et économique du Congo français (Extrait du "Bulletin de la Société normande de géographie". 2e cahier de 1906), Rouen : Impr. de L. Gy, p. 27{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Paul Bourdarie (1916), La Grande guerre considérée au point de vue colonial. La Lutte des impérialismes coloniaux (Publié par la 'Revue des questions coloniales et maritimes' et la 'Revue indigène'. 1916), Thouars: Impr. nouvelle, p. 23
  • Paul Bourdarie (1916), Les affaires de Turquie et la leçon coloniale des Balkans (Extrait de la "Revue indigène", nos de nov.-déc. 1912, janvier, avril, mai 1913), Paris: aux bureaux de la "Revue indigène", p. 139
  • Paul Bourdarie (1920), L'Institut musulman et la mosquée de Paris (Extrait de la "Revue indigène", octobre-décembre 1919), Thouars: Impr. nouvelle, p. 16
  • Paul Bourdarie (1921), Une politique coloniale française, Paris: Bibliothèque de la "Revue indigène", p. 43
  • Paul Bourdarie (1922), L'Exploitation du domaine colonial. Un projet de collaboration étrangère, Thouars, Paris: Impr. nouvelle / Bibliothèque de la 'Revue des questions coloniales et maritimes', p. 20
  • Paul Bourdarie (1922), L'Angleterre, l'Egypte et l'Hinde. L'Islam et la Politique internationale, Thouars, Paris: Impr. nouvelle / Bibliothèque de la 'Revue indigène', p. 32
  • Paul Bourdarie (6 March 1934), Notice sur les titres, les travaux et l'action coloniale, Paris: Impr. Jouve ; Société d'éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales, p. 30

Taxon named in his honor Edit

The fish Enteromius bourdariei (Pellegrin, 1928) is named in Bourdarie's honor.[13]

Notes Edit

  1. ^ a b Paul Bourdarie (1864-1950) - Auteur du texte – BnF.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cornevin 1975–1989, p. 224.
  3. ^ Michel 1967, p. 175.
  4. ^ Michel 1967, p. 178.
  5. ^ Kanya-Forstner 1994, p. 25.
  6. ^ Betts 1960, p. 156.
  7. ^ Bloom 2008, p. 238.
  8. ^ Manchuelle 1995, p. 346.
  9. ^ a b c d Cornevin 1975–1989, p. 225.
  10. ^ a b c BOURDARIE Paul – Académie.
  11. ^ Hasanli 2015, p. 310, 326.
  12. ^ Paul BOURDARIE – Académie française.
  13. ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (22 September 2018). "Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family CYPRINIDAE: Subfamily SMILIOGASTRINAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 7 October 2021.

Sources Edit

  • Betts, Raymond F. (1960), Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory, 1890-1914, U of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-6247-7, retrieved 2018-02-16
  • Bloom, Peter J. (2008), French Colonial Documentary: Mythologies of Humanitarianism, U of Minnesota Press, ISBN 978-0-8166-4628-9, retrieved 2018-02-16
  • (in French), Académie des sciences d'outre-mer, archived from the original on 2015-12-08, retrieved 2018-02-16
  • Cornevin, Robert (1975–1989), "Paul BOURDARIE (1864-1950)" (PDF), Hommes et destines : Dictionnaire biographique d'Outre-Mer (in French), retrieved 2018-02-16
  • Hasanli, Jamil (2015-12-16), Foreign Policy of the Republic of Azerbaijan: The Difficult Road to Western Integration, 1918-1920, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-317-36617-1, retrieved 2018-02-16
  • Kanya-Forstner, A. S. (1994), "French Missions to the Central Sudan in the 1890s: The Role of Algerian Agents and Interpreters", Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde, Frobenius Institute, 40, The Sokoto Caliphate and the European Powers 1890–1907, JSTOR 40341674
  • Manchuelle, François (1995), "Assimilés ou patriotes africains? Naissance du nationalisme culturel en Afrique française (1853-1931)", Cahiers d'Études Africaines (in French), EHESS, 35 (138/139), JSTOR 4392601
  • Michel, Marc (1967), "Autour de la Mission Marchand: Le rappel de Brazza en 1897", Cahiers d'Études Africaines (in French), EHESS, 7 (25), JSTOR 4390955
  • Paul BOURDARIE (in French), Académie française, retrieved 2018-02-16
  • Paul Bourdarie (1864-1950) - Auteur du texte (in French), BnF: Bibliotheque nationale de France, retrieved 2018-02-16
  • Scharpf, Christopher & Lazara, Kenneth J. (22 September 2018). "Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family CYPRINIDAE: Subfamily SMILIOGASTRINAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 7 October 2021.

August 26, 2023
paul, bourdarie, july, 1864, february, 1950, french, explorer, journalist, lecturer, professor, became, known, specialist, colonial, topics, gave, lectures, subjects, such, growing, cotton, domesticating, african, elephants, believed, liberal, policy, regardin. Paul Bourdarie 19 July 1864 21 February 1950 was a French explorer journalist lecturer and professor He became known as a specialist in colonial topics and gave lectures on subjects such as growing cotton and domesticating African elephants He believed in a liberal policy regarding the indigenous people of the French colonies Bourdarie was one of those responsible for founding the Grand Mosque of Paris Paul BourdarieBorn 1864 07 19 19 July 1864Montfaucon Lot FranceDied21 February 1950 1950 02 21 aged 85 Vayrac Lot FranceNationalityFrenchOccupation s Explorer journalist Contents 1 Early years 1864 94 2 African Society 1894 97 3 Journalist and lecturer 1897 1908 4 Professor 1908 20 5 Other activities 1919 50 6 Publications 7 Taxon named in his honor 8 Notes 9 SourcesEarly years 1864 94 EditPaul Bourdarie was born on 19 July 1864 in Montfaucon Lot 1 2 In 1893 he left on a study mission in the Congo His report described the culture of the lime growers of Gabon the need to establish experimental farms and construction of a port at Pointe Noire that would be the terminus of the railway from Brazzaville To avoid using porters at a time when tractors had not yet been invented he advocated domestication of African elephants 2 The problems of rubber collection that he described caused the Minister of the Colonies and the Museum to import Hevea brasiliensis to Guinea Ivory Coast and Dahomey and Palaquium gutta to Gabon 2 African Society 1894 97 EditFrom 1894 to 1897 Bourdarie was secretary general of the Societe africaine de France African Society of France founded by Admiral Vallon and Doctor Verrier 2 In 1895 he was candidate for the Gabon Congo delegation to the French Africa Committee representing the colonists and raised questions about Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza s approach to colonization 3 In 1897 in La France Noire Bourdarie acknowledged Brazza s honesty and his contribution to the French Congo colony but opposed his appointment as Commissioner General of the colony on the basis of his lack of tact and the opposition he had raised among the colonists 4 In 1895 the Algerian Arab interpreter Djebari claimed that survivors from the Flatters expedition were still being held prisoner by the Tuaregs at the oasis of Taoua A committee of African experts was formed to examine these claims It included Colonel Ludovic de Polignac who had helped to negotiate the Ghadames treaty of 1862 Jean Marie Bayol former Lieutenant Governor of Dahomey the explorers Gaston Donnet Bernard d Attanoux and Ferdinand de Behagle and Paul Bourdarie 5 Bourdarie and Ferdinand de Behagle made speeches to the Societe africaine de France in which they stressed the importance of the French colonists making a military association with the natives for defense of the colonies 6 Bourdarie prepared the Chad expedition of Ferdinand de Behagle who was hanged in 1899 in Dikoa by the order of Rabih az Zubayr Bourdarie then undertook the repatriation of the mission of Behagle and Albert Bonnel de Mezieres fr In the course of this mission he proposed construction of railway around the Bangui rapids 2 Journalist and lecturer 1897 1908 EditIn 1896 Bourdarie succeeded Behagle in taking charge of the Colonies and Protectorates column in the newspaper La France where he wrote a personal column The art of colonizing From 1896 to 1898 Bourdarie gave lecture tours on the domestication of elephants in Africa After a lecture tour in Belgium he was received on 25 May 1898 by Leopold II who charged Captain Laplume to inquire on the trials of domesticating elephants undertaken at Fernan Vaz by the Fathers of the Holy Spirit 2 In 1904 1905 he talked in the French textile industry centers on establishing cotton cultivation in Africa 2 In 1906 Bourdarie founded the Revue indigene to promote a liberal policy for treatment of indigenous people 2 The Revue indigene Organe des interets des ineligenes aux colonies et pays de protectorat was published in Paris from 1906 to 1932 under his direction 7 It advocated respect for the institutions and authorities of the colonized societies gradual modernization at their own pace through collaboration between traditional elites and the colonial authorities with progressive granting of political rights including the vote and French citizenship while letting the colonized peoples retain their traditional laws customs and culture 8 The periodical was read by many North African Muslims 2 Professor 1908 20 EditIn 1908 Bourdarie was appointed professor at the College libre des sciences sociales fr Free College of Social Sciences under the direction of Ernest Delbet fr Until 1914 he taught courses on the history and sociology of French Equatorial Africa 2 In 1909 Bourdarie and Professor Paul Pellet of the Ecole des Sciences Politiques founded the Souvenir colonial francais to create bronze plates that marked the deeds of the French overseas 9 In 1910 he made a trip to Tunisia where the Revue indigene was read by many of the Tunisians as an alternative to the propaganda of the colons 9 From 1914 to 1920 he lectured on current events politics and the colonial lessons of war 2 In 1915 Bourdarie originated the project to found the Grand Mosque of Paris with an associated Muslim Institute At the invitation of the Resident General he made a trip to Morocco in 1916 and visited Casablanca Rabat Marrakesh Fez Taza Mazagan and Safi 9 Other activities 1919 50 EditBourdarie was general delegate of the Association cotonniere coloniale fr Colonial Cotton Association from 1917 to 1921 10 In 1919 he was chairman of the League of Nations Division for Colonial and Foreign Affairs and supported the independence of Azerbaijan and Georgia from Russia 11 In 1920 Bourdarie was appointed to the Conseil superieur des Colonies At this time Bourdarie Governor Alfred Albert Martineau and Maurice Delafosse began the process of creating the Academie des sciences coloniales Academy of Colonial Sciences now the Academie des sciences d outre mer Academy of overseas sciences On 8 July 1922 he was appointed permanent secretary of the Academy 10 In 1928 Bourdarie was decorated as Officer of Public Instruction In 1929 he was appointed to the Transaharian Railway Study Committee In 1930 he was a member of the Higher Council of the Exposition coloniale internationale Paris Colonial Exposition In 1938 he was appointed to the Upper Scientific Committee of the French Institute of Black Africa 10 In 1939 Bourdarie was awarded the grand prize of the Academie francaise 12 During World War II Bourdarie continued the work of the Academie des sciences coloniales in 1939 40 moved to his house at Vayrac when the Germans advanced then returned to Paris In 1943 at the age of 79 he resigned from his position as permanent secretary of the Academy and returned to Veyrac where he lived until his death on 21 February 1950 9 Publications EditBourdarie published many articles reports and speeches A selection follows 1 Paul Bourdarie Les Chemins de fer du Congo et du Centre Afrique Extrait des Questions diplomatiques et coloniales Paris impr de F Leve p 33 Paul Bourdarie 1894 A la Cote du Congo francais notes et impressions conference faite a la Societe africaine de France decembre 1893 Paris Librairie africaine p 32 Paul Bourdarie 1896 La Domestication de l elephant d Afrique par Paul Bourdarie Extrait du Bulletin de la Societe nationale d acclimatation de France Mars avril 1896 Paris Societe nationale d acclimatation de France p 23 Paul Bourdarie 1898 L Elephant d Afrique mesures internationales de protection Extrait du Compte rendu du Congres international de Bruxelles 1897 Bruxelles Impr des travaux publics p 27 Paul Bourdarie 1899 Fachoda la mission Marchand la question d Egypte le Bahr el Ghazal la convention du 21 mars 1899 Paris impr de F Leve p 32 Paul Bourdarie 1901 Le Congo francais histoire geographie colonisation Bulletin de la Societe amicale des originaires du Lot conference faite en la salle de la Societe de geographie le 27 mars 1901 Paris impr de L Duc 50 Paul Bourdarie 1904 Trois Figures d Afrique Ferdinand de Behagle explorateur Alexis Rousset administrateur colonial Lucien Dye sous lieutenant d infanterie coloniale Extrait de la France de demain Paris p 24 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Paul Bourdarie 1904 Marcel Ruedel ed La Colonisation belge Bibliotheque de la France coloniale moderne Paris Societe de l Annuaire colonial p 24 Paul Bourdarie 1906 Les Problemes de la politique indigene et economique du Congo francais Extrait du Bulletin de la Societe normande de geographie 2e cahier de 1906 Rouen Impr de L Gy p 27 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Paul Bourdarie 1916 La Grande guerre consideree au point de vue colonial La Lutte des imperialismes coloniaux Publie par la Revue des questions coloniales et maritimes et la Revue indigene 1916 Thouars Impr nouvelle p 23 Paul Bourdarie 1916 Les affaires de Turquie et la lecon coloniale des Balkans Extrait de la Revue indigene nos de nov dec 1912 janvier avril mai 1913 Paris aux bureaux de la Revue indigene p 139 Paul Bourdarie 1920 L Institut musulman et la mosquee de Paris Extrait de la Revue indigene octobre decembre 1919 Thouars Impr nouvelle p 16 Paul Bourdarie 1921 Une politique coloniale francaise Paris Bibliotheque de la Revue indigene p 43 Paul Bourdarie 1922 L Exploitation du domaine colonial Un projet de collaboration etrangere Thouars Paris Impr nouvelle Bibliotheque de la Revue des questions coloniales et maritimes p 20 Paul Bourdarie 1922 L Angleterre l Egypte et l Hinde L Islam et la Politique internationale Thouars Paris Impr nouvelle Bibliotheque de la Revue indigene p 32 Paul Bourdarie 6 March 1934 Notice sur les titres les travaux et l action coloniale Paris Impr Jouve Societe d editions geographiques maritimes et coloniales p 30Taxon named in his honor EditThe fish Enteromius bourdariei Pellegrin 1928 is named in Bourdarie s honor 13 Notes Edit a b Paul Bourdarie 1864 1950 Auteur du texte BnF a b c d e f g h i j k Cornevin 1975 1989 p 224 Michel 1967 p 175 Michel 1967 p 178 Kanya Forstner 1994 p 25 Betts 1960 p 156 Bloom 2008 p 238 Manchuelle 1995 p 346 a b c d Cornevin 1975 1989 p 225 a b c BOURDARIE Paul Academie Hasanli 2015 p 310 326 Paul BOURDARIE Academie francaise Christopher Scharpf amp Kenneth J Lazara 22 September 2018 Order CYPRINIFORMES Family CYPRINIDAE Subfamily SMILIOGASTRINAE The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J Lazara Retrieved 7 October 2021 Sources EditBetts Raymond F 1960 Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory 1890 1914 U of Nebraska Press ISBN 0 8032 6247 7 retrieved 2018 02 16 Bloom Peter J 2008 French Colonial Documentary Mythologies of Humanitarianism U of Minnesota Press ISBN 978 0 8166 4628 9 retrieved 2018 02 16 BOURDARIE Paul in French Academie des sciences d outre mer archived from the original on 2015 12 08 retrieved 2018 02 16 Cornevin Robert 1975 1989 Paul BOURDARIE 1864 1950 PDF Hommes et destines Dictionnaire biographique d Outre Mer in French retrieved 2018 02 16 Hasanli Jamil 2015 12 16 Foreign Policy of the Republic of Azerbaijan The Difficult Road to Western Integration 1918 1920 Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 36617 1 retrieved 2018 02 16 Kanya Forstner A S 1994 French Missions to the Central Sudan in the 1890s The Role of Algerian Agents and Interpreters Paideuma Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde Frobenius Institute 40 The Sokoto Caliphate and the European Powers 1890 1907 JSTOR 40341674 Manchuelle Francois 1995 Assimiles ou patriotes africains Naissance du nationalisme culturel en Afrique francaise 1853 1931 Cahiers d Etudes Africaines in French EHESS 35 138 139 JSTOR 4392601 Michel Marc 1967 Autour de la Mission Marchand Le rappel de Brazza en 1897 Cahiers d Etudes Africaines in French EHESS 7 25 JSTOR 4390955 Paul BOURDARIE in French Academie francaise retrieved 2018 02 16 Paul Bourdarie 1864 1950 Auteur du texte in French BnF Bibliotheque nationale de France retrieved 2018 02 16 Scharpf Christopher amp Lazara Kenneth J 22 September 2018 Order CYPRINIFORMES Family CYPRINIDAE Subfamily SMILIOGASTRINAE The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J Lazara Retrieved 7 October 2021 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Paul Bourdarie amp oldid 1154426187, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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