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Passive-aggressive behavior

August 18, 2023

"Passive aggressive" redirects here. For The Radio Dept. album, see Passive Aggressive: Singles 2002–2010.

Passive-aggressive behavior is characterized by a pattern of passive hostility and an avoidance of direct communication.[1][2] Inaction where some action is socially customary is a typical passive-aggressive strategy (showing up late for functions, staying silent when a response is expected).[2] Such behavior is sometimes protested by associates, evoking exasperation or confusion. People who are recipients of passive-aggressive behavior may experience anxiety due to the discordance between what they perceive and what the perpetrator is saying.[3]

Application

Psychology

Further information: Passive–aggressive personality disorder

In psychology, "passive-aggression" is one of the most misused psychological terms. After some debate, the American Psychiatric Association dropped it from the list of personality disorders in the DSM IV as too narrow to be a full-blown diagnosis and not well enough supported by scientific evidence to meet increasingly rigorous standards of definition. Culturally, the ambiguous "passive-aggressive" label is misused by laypersons and professionals alike. The removal of the passive-aggressive personality definition from the official diagnostic manual was in large measure because of the frequent misapplication and because of the often contradictory and unclear descriptions clinicians in the field provided. Most of the definitions which follow (which had previously been classified as passive-aggressive) are often more correctly described as overt aggression, or covert aggression (which is the correct definition to describe subtle, deliberate, calculating, and underhanded tactics that manipulators and other disturbed characters use to intimidate, control, deceive and abuse others).[citation needed]

The outdated definition rejected by the American Psychiatric Association is as follows: Passive-aggressive behavior is characterized by a habitual pattern of non-active resistance to expected work requirements, opposition, sullenness, stubbornness, and negative attitudes in response to requirements for normal performance levels expected by others. Most frequently it occurs in the workplace, where resistance is exhibited by indirect behaviors such as procrastination, forgetfulness, and purposeful inefficiency, especially in reaction to demands by authority figures, but it can also occur in interpersonal contexts.[4]

Another source characterizes passive-aggressive behavior as: A personality trait marked by a pervasive pattern of negative attitudes and characterized by passive, sometimes obstructionist resistance to complying with expectations in interpersonal or occupational situations. Behaviors such as learned helplessness, procrastination, stubbornness, resentment, sullenness, or deliberate/repeated failure to accomplish requested tasks for which one is often explicitly responsible.[5]

Conflict theory

In conflict theory, passive-aggressive behavior can resemble a behavior better described as catty, as it consists of deliberate, active, but carefully veiled hostile acts which are distinctively different in character from the non-assertive style of passive resistance.[6]

Work

Main article: Workplace conflict

Passive-aggressive behavior from workers and managers is damaging to team unity and productivity. In an ad for Warner's[who?] online ebook, it says: "The worst case of passive-aggressive behavior involves destructive attitudes such as negativity, sullenness, resentment, procrastination, 'forgetting' to do something, chronic lateness, and intentional inefficiency."[7] If this behavior is ignored, it could result in decreased office efficiency and frustration among workers.[8] If managers are passive-aggressive in their behavior, it can end up stifling team creativity. Paula De Angelis says, "It would actually make perfect sense that those promoted to leadership positions might often be those who on the surface appear to be agreeable, diplomatic and supportive, yet who are actually dishonest, backstabbing saboteurs behind the scenes."[9]

History

Passive-aggressive behavior was first defined clinically by Colonel William C. Menninger during World War II in the context of men's reaction to military compliance. Menninger described soldiers who were not openly defiant but expressed their civil disobedience (what he called "aggressiveness") by "passive measures, such as pouting, stubbornness, procrastination, inefficiency, and passive obstructionism" due to what Menninger saw as an "immaturity" and a reaction to "routine military stress".[10]

According to some psychoanalytic views, noncompliance is not indicative of true passive-aggressive behavior, which may instead be defined as the manifestation of emotions that have been repressed based on a self-imposed need for acceptance.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ Kluger, Jeffrey (30 August 2017). "7 Signs You're Dealing With A Passive-Aggressive Person". Time. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2021.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  2. ^ a b Hall-Flavin, M.D., Daniel K. "What is passive-aggressive behavior? What are some of the signs?". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  3. ^ Kinsey, Michael (12 September 2019). "6 Tips to Crush Passive Aggressive Behavior". Mindsplain. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  4. ^ American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatic Association. pp. 733–734. ISBN 978-0890420621.
  5. ^ "Passive–aggressive personality disorder-diagnostic criteria".
  6. ^ Simon, George (2010), In Sheep's Clothing: Understanding and Dealing with Manipulative People, Parkhurst
  7. ^ "Passive Aggressive Workplace". Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  8. ^ Harms, Kimberly A. (May–June 2012), Passive Aggressive Behaviour in the Dental Office (3 ed.).
  9. ^ De Angelis, Paula (2009), Blindsided: Recognizing and Dealing with Passive–aggressive Leadership in the Workplace, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, p. 3, ISBN 978-1442159204.
  10. ^ Lane, C (1 February 2009), "The Surprising History of Passive–aggressive Personality Disorder" (PDF), Theory & Psychology, 19 (1): 55–70, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.532.5027, doi:10.1177/0959354308101419, S2CID 147019317

Bibliography

  • Kantor, Martin (2002), Passive-aggression: a guide for the therapist, the patient and the victim, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, ISBN 978-0-275-97422-0, retrieved 27 April 2010.
  • Wetzler, Scott (1992), Living with the Passive–aggressive Man, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 9781451640175, retrieved 27 April 2010.
  • Oberlin, Loriann Hoff (2005), , Perseus, p. 45, archived from the original on 4 January 2014
  • Femenia, N. & Warner, N. (2012),The Silent Marriage: How Passive Aggression Steals Your Happiness (The Complete Guide to Passive Aggression) [Kindle Edition]|
  • Nicholas James Long; Jody E. Long; Signe Whitson (2008). The Angry Smile: The Psychology of Passive–aggressive Behavior in Families, Schools, and Workplaces. Pro ed. ISBN 978-1416404231.

External links

  • What is Passive Aggressive Behavior and How To Nip it in the Bud

August 18, 2023
passive, aggressive, behavior, passive, aggressive, redirects, here, radio, dept, album, passive, aggressive, singles, 2002, 2010, characterized, pattern, passive, hostility, avoidance, direct, communication, inaction, where, some, action, socially, customary,. Passive aggressive redirects here For The Radio Dept album see Passive Aggressive Singles 2002 2010 Passive aggressive behavior is characterized by a pattern of passive hostility and an avoidance of direct communication 1 2 Inaction where some action is socially customary is a typical passive aggressive strategy showing up late for functions staying silent when a response is expected 2 Such behavior is sometimes protested by associates evoking exasperation or confusion People who are recipients of passive aggressive behavior may experience anxiety due to the discordance between what they perceive and what the perpetrator is saying 3 Contents 1 Application 1 1 Psychology 1 2 Conflict theory 1 3 Work 2 History 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External linksApplication EditPsychology Edit Further information Passive aggressive personality disorder In psychology passive aggression is one of the most misused psychological terms After some debate the American Psychiatric Association dropped it from the list of personality disorders in the DSM IV as too narrow to be a full blown diagnosis and not well enough supported by scientific evidence to meet increasingly rigorous standards of definition Culturally the ambiguous passive aggressive label is misused by laypersons and professionals alike The removal of the passive aggressive personality definition from the official diagnostic manual was in large measure because of the frequent misapplication and because of the often contradictory and unclear descriptions clinicians in the field provided Most of the definitions which follow which had previously been classified as passive aggressive are often more correctly described as overt aggression or covert aggression which is the correct definition to describe subtle deliberate calculating and underhanded tactics that manipulators and other disturbed characters use to intimidate control deceive and abuse others citation needed The outdated definition rejected by the American Psychiatric Association is as follows Passive aggressive behavior is characterized by a habitual pattern of non active resistance to expected work requirements opposition sullenness stubbornness and negative attitudes in response to requirements for normal performance levels expected by others Most frequently it occurs in the workplace where resistance is exhibited by indirect behaviors such as procrastination forgetfulness and purposeful inefficiency especially in reaction to demands by authority figures but it can also occur in interpersonal contexts 4 Another source characterizes passive aggressive behavior as A personality trait marked by a pervasive pattern of negative attitudes and characterized by passive sometimes obstructionist resistance to complying with expectations in interpersonal or occupational situations Behaviors such as learned helplessness procrastination stubbornness resentment sullenness or deliberate repeated failure to accomplish requested tasks for which one is often explicitly responsible 5 Conflict theory Edit In conflict theory passive aggressive behavior can resemble a behavior better described as catty as it consists of deliberate active but carefully veiled hostile acts which are distinctively different in character from the non assertive style of passive resistance 6 Work Edit Main article Workplace conflict Passive aggressive behavior from workers and managers is damaging to team unity and productivity In an ad for Warner s who online ebook it says The worst case of passive aggressive behavior involves destructive attitudes such as negativity sullenness resentment procrastination forgetting to do something chronic lateness and intentional inefficiency 7 If this behavior is ignored it could result in decreased office efficiency and frustration among workers 8 If managers are passive aggressive in their behavior it can end up stifling team creativity Paula De Angelis says It would actually make perfect sense that those promoted to leadership positions might often be those who on the surface appear to be agreeable diplomatic and supportive yet who are actually dishonest backstabbing saboteurs behind the scenes 9 History EditPassive aggressive behavior was first defined clinically by Colonel William C Menninger during World War II in the context of men s reaction to military compliance Menninger described soldiers who were not openly defiant but expressed their civil disobedience what he called aggressiveness by passive measures such as pouting stubbornness procrastination inefficiency and passive obstructionism due to what Menninger saw as an immaturity and a reaction to routine military stress 10 According to some psychoanalytic views noncompliance is not indicative of true passive aggressive behavior which may instead be defined as the manifestation of emotions that have been repressed based on a self imposed need for acceptance citation needed See also EditAntisocial personality disorder Counterproductive work behavior Dark triad Gaming the system Gossip Guilt trip Let the Wookiee win Malicious compliance Mind games Narcissistic personality disorder Neglect Nonviolent resistance One upmanship Oppositional defiant disorder Passivity Psychological manipulation Relational aggression Silent treatment Qahr and ashti Iranian silent treatment Social undermining Work to rule Psychology portalReferences Edit Kluger Jeffrey 30 August 2017 7 Signs You re Dealing With A Passive Aggressive Person Time Archived from the original on 11 January 2020 Retrieved 21 May 2021 a href Template Cite magazine html title Template Cite magazine cite magazine a CS1 maint unfit URL link a b Hall Flavin M D Daniel K What is passive aggressive behavior What are some of the signs Mayo Clinic Retrieved 21 November 2020 Kinsey Michael 12 September 2019 6 Tips to Crush Passive Aggressive Behavior Mindsplain Retrieved 21 November 2020 American Psychiatric Association 2000 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV Washington DC American Psychiatic Association pp 733 734 ISBN 978 0890420621 Passive aggressive personality disorder diagnostic criteria Simon George 2010 In Sheep s Clothing Understanding and Dealing with Manipulative People Parkhurst Passive Aggressive Workplace Retrieved 6 January 2020 Harms Kimberly A May June 2012 Passive Aggressive Behaviour in the Dental Office 3 ed De Angelis Paula 2009 Blindsided Recognizing and Dealing with Passive aggressive Leadership in the Workplace CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform p 3 ISBN 978 1442159204 Lane C 1 February 2009 The Surprising History of Passive aggressive Personality Disorder PDF Theory amp Psychology 19 1 55 70 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 532 5027 doi 10 1177 0959354308101419 S2CID 147019317Bibliography EditKantor Martin 2002 Passive aggression a guide for the therapist the patient and the victim Westport CT Praeger Publishers ISBN 978 0 275 97422 0 retrieved 27 April 2010 Wetzler Scott 1992 Living with the Passive aggressive Man Simon amp Schuster ISBN 9781451640175 retrieved 27 April 2010 Oberlin Loriann Hoff 2005 Overcoming Passive Aggression How to Stop Hidden Anger From Spoiling Your Relationships Career and Happiness Perseus p 45 archived from the original on 4 January 2014 Femenia N amp Warner N 2012 The Silent Marriage How Passive Aggression Steals Your Happiness The Complete Guide to Passive Aggression Kindle Edition Nicholas James Long Jody E Long Signe Whitson 2008 The Angry Smile The Psychology of Passive aggressive Behavior in Families Schools and Workplaces Pro ed ISBN 978 1416404231 External links EditWhat is Passive Aggressive Behavior and How To Nip it in the Bud Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Passive aggressive behavior amp oldid 1169690988, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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