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Fox sparrow

December 18, 2023

The fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca) is a large New World sparrow. It is the only member of the genus Passerella, although some authors split the species into four (see below).

Fox sparrow
Red fox sparrow (P. i. iliaca), Whitby, Ontario
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Passerellidae
Genus: Passerella
Swainson, 1837
Species:
P. iliaca
Binomial name
Passerella iliaca
(Merrem, 1786)
Breeding ranges of the four fox sparrow groups

Taxonomy edit

 
Sooty fox sparrow, Sacramento, California

More specific information regarding plumage is available in the accounts for the various taxa.

  • Red fox sparrow, P. i. iliaca (Merrem, 1786) – this taxon breeds in the taiga of Canada and Alaska and winters in central and eastern North America. This is the brightest colored group.
  • Sooty fox sparrow, P. i. unalaschcensis (Gmelin, JF, 1789) – this taxon breeds along the Pacific coast of North America from the Aleutian Islands south to northwestern Washington, and winters from southeastern Alaska south to northern Baja California. It is browner and darker than the red fox sparrow.
  • Slate-colored fox sparrow, P. i. schistacea Baird, SF, 1858 – this taxon breeds in interior western North America and winters to the south and west. It has a gray head and mantle, brown wings, brown breast streaks, and a russet tail.
  • Thick-billed fox sparrow, P. i. megarhyncha Baird, SF, 1858 – this taxon is mostly restricted to California and Oregon. This group is similar in coloration to the slate-colored fox sparrow, but features a particularly thick bill, as its name suggests.

Description edit

 
Passerella iliaca call
Call
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Adults are among the largest sparrows, heavily spotted and streaked underneath. All feature a messy central breast spot though it is less noticeable on the thick billed and slate-colored varieties. Plumage varies markedly from one group to another.

Measurements[2]:

  • Length: 5.9-7.5 in (15–19 cm)
  • Weight: 0.9-1.6 oz (26-44 g)
  • Wingspan: 10.5-11.4 in (26.7–29 cm)

Behavior edit

Fox sparrows are a generally common bird within their range. They forage by scratching the ground which makes them vulnerable to cats and other predators. Most populations of Fox sparrows migrate north for breeding, however some stable populations exist along the west coast of North America.[3][4]

Diet edit

They mainly eat seeds and insects, as well as some berries. Coastal fox sparrows may also eat crustaceans.

Reproduction edit

Fox sparrows nest in wooded areas across northern Canada and western North America from Alaska to California. They nest either in a sheltered location on the ground or low in trees or shrubs. A nest typically contains two to five pale green to greenish white eggs speckled with reddish brown.[5]

Systematics edit

The review by Zink & Weckstein (2003),[6] which added mtDNA cytochrome b, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 and 3, and D-loop sequence, confirmed the four "subspecies groups"[7] of the fox sparrow that were outlined by the initial limited mtDNA haplotype comparison (Zink 1994).[8] These should probably be recognized as separate species, but this was deferred for further analysis of hybridization. Particularly the contact zones between the slate-colored and thick-billed fox sparrows which are only weakly distinct morphologically were of interest; the other groups were found to be distinct far earlier.[9] A further study of the nuclear genome, using microsatellites, showed similar separation between the four groups.[10]

The combined molecular data is unable to resolve the interrelationship of the subspecies groups and of the subspecies in these, but aids in confirming the distinctness of the thick-billed group.[6] Biogeography indicates that the coastal populations were probably isolated during an epoch of glaciation of the Rocky Mountains range, but this is also not very helpful in resolving the remaining problems of within-group diversity, and inter-group relationships.

Major taxonomic authorities currently differ in their treatment of the fox sparrow complex. The IOC World Bird List/Birds of the World: Recommended English Names and the HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World treat each of the four subspecies groups as a separate species, while eBird/The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World and The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World currently treat the complex as a single species.[11]

References edit

  1. ^ BirdLife International. (2016). "Passerella iliaca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103779110A94696453. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103779110A94696453.en. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  2. ^ "Fox Sparrow Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
  3. ^ Swarth, H. W. (1920). "Revision of the avian genus Passerella with specia reference to the distribution and migration of the races in California". University of California Publications in Zoology. 21: 75–224.
  4. ^ Bell, C. P. (1997). "Leap-frog migration in the Fox Sparrow: minimizing the cost of spring migration". Condor. 99: 470–477.
  5. ^ Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birder's Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds. New York: Simon and Schuster, Fireside. p. 596. ISBN 0-671-65989-8.
  6. ^ a b Zink, Robert M.; Weckstein, Jason D. (2003). "Recent evolutionary history of the Fox Sparrows (Genus: Passerella)". Auk. 48 (120(2)): 522–527. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0522:REHOTF]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85871498.
  7. ^ Not defined by the ICZN
  8. ^ Zink, Robert M. (1994). "The Geography of Mitochondrial DNA Variation, Population Structure, hybridization, and Species Limits in the Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca)". Evolution. 48 (1): 96–111. doi:10.2307/2410006. JSTOR 2410006. PMID 28567786.
  9. ^ Swarth, H. W. (1920). "Revision of the avian genus Passerella with special reference to the distribution and migration of the races in California". University of California Publications in Zoology. 21: 75–224.
  10. ^ Zink (2008). "Microsatellite and mitochondrial dna differentiation in the fox sparrow". The Condor. 110 (3): 482–492. doi:10.1525/cond.2008.8496. S2CID 86360069.
  11. ^ Lepage, Denis. "Passerella [iliaca, unalaschensis, schistacea or megarhyncha]". Avibase - the world bird database. Retrieved 2017-06-04.
  • Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2014). IOC World Bird List (v 4.4): Bananaquit, buntings, sparrows & bush tanagers (Report). International Ornithologists’ Union. doi:10.14344/IOC.ML.4.4. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  • Beadle, D.; Rising, J. D. (2002). Sparrows of the United States and Canada. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-691-11747-0.
  • Sibley, David Allen (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.
  • Zink, Robert M.; Kessen, A. E. (1999). "Species Limits in the Fox Sparrow". Birding. 31: 508–517.

Further reading edit

Book edit

  • Weckstein, J. D., D. E. Kroodsma, and R. C. Faucett. (2002). Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca). The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology; Retrieved from The Birds of North American Online database

Theses edit

  • Blacquiere JR. M.Sc. (1980). Some aspects of the breeding biology and vocalizations of the fox sparrow, Passerella iliaca, Merrem, in Newfoundland. Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada), Canada.
  • Kessen AE. Ph.D. (2004). Population structure in the fox sparrow: An investigation using microsatellites. University of Minnesota, United States—Minnesota.
  • Martin DJ. Ph.D. (1976). STRUCTURE OF SONGS AND ORGANIZATION OF SINGING IN FOX SPARROWS BREEDING IN NORTHERN UTAH AND SOUTHERN IDAHO. Utah State University, United States—Utah.
  • Zink RM. Ph.D. (1983). PATTERNS AND EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE SCHISTACEA GROUP OF THE FOX SPARROW (PASSERELLA ILIACA) (OREGON, NEVADA, CALIFORNIA). University of California, Berkeley, United States—California.

Articles edit

  • Anon (1968). "Fox Sparrow Very Rare Summer Resident 10-11-65 Swamp Sparrow Rare Winter Visitor 9-11-67 10-29-67 Lykins Gulch Colorado USA". Colorado Field Ornithologist. 4: 13–14.
  • Banks, RC (1970). "The Fox Sparrow on the West Slope of the Oregon Cascades". Condor. 72 (3): 369–370. doi:10.2307/1366023. JSTOR 1366023.
  • Bell, CP (1997). "Leap-frog migration in the fox sparrow:: Minimizing the cost of spring migration". Condor. 99 (2): 470–477. doi:10.2307/1369953. JSTOR 1369953.
  • Blankson ENT & McKernan RL. (1995). Evolutionary and ecological considerations of seven subspecies of the fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca) wintering in California. Strauss, M. vol S, p. Unity in Diversity.
  • Burns, KJ (1993). "Geographic variation in ontogeny of the fox sparrow". Condor. 95 (3): 652–661. doi:10.2307/1369608. JSTOR 1369608. S2CID 53062826.
  • Burns, KJ; Hackett, SJ (1993). "Nest and nest-site characteristics of a western population of fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca)". Southwestern Naturalist. 38 (3): 277–279. doi:10.2307/3671433. JSTOR 3671433. S2CID 53055485.
  • Burns, KJ; Zink, RM (1990). "Temporal and Geographic Homogeneity of Gene Frequencies in the Fox Sparrow Passerella-Iliaca". Auk. 107 (2): 421–425. doi:10.2307/4087632. JSTOR 4087632.
  • Christie, DS (1968). "Summer Occurrence of the Fox Sparrow in New-Brunswick Canada Passerella-Iliaca". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 82 (1).
  • Hubert, P; Smith, A (1974). "Possible Fox Sparrow Nesting in Minnesota". Loon. 46 (1).
  • Jewer, OD; Threlfall, W (1978). "Parasites of the Fox Sparrow Passerella-Iliaca and Northern Waterthrush Seiurus-Noveboracensis in Newfoundland Canada". Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington. 45 (2): 270–272.
  • Johnson, JW; Johnson, L (1972). "Fox Sparrow Observations in the Huron Area". South Dakota Bird Notes. 24: 4.
  • Martin, DJ (1977). "Songs of the Fox Sparrow Part 1 Structure of Song and Its Comparison with Song in Other Emberizidae". Condor. 79 (2): 209–221. doi:10.2307/1367164. JSTOR 1367164.
  • Martin, DJ (1979). "Songs of the Fox Sparrow Passerella-Iliaca 2. Intra Population and Inter Population Variation". Condor. 81 (2): 173–184. doi:10.2307/1367286. JSTOR 1367286.
  • Martin, DJ (1980). "Response by Male Fox Sparrows Passerella-Iliaca to Broadcast of Particular Con Specific Songs". Wilson Bulletin. 92 (1): 21–32.
  • Martin, DJ (1990). "Songs of the Fox Sparrow 3. Ordering of song". Wilson Bulletin. 102 (4): 655–671.
  • Martin, DJ; Naugler, CT; Smith, PC (1993). "Song similarity in populations of fox sparrows: A rejection of Naugler's and Smith's conclusions—Comment/reply". The Condor. 95 (4): 1057. doi:10.2307/1369448. JSTOR 1369448.
  • Naugler, CT; Smith, PC (1991). "Song Similarity in an Isolated Population of Fox Sparrows Passerella-Iliaca". Condor. 93 (4): 1001–1003. doi:10.2307/3247734. JSTOR 3247734.
  • Peyton, LJ (1971). "Geographical Variation of Fox Sparrow Songs in Alaska". Proceedings of the Alaska Science Conference. 22 (39).
  • Robert, MZ; Jason, DW (2003). "Recent evolutionary history of the Fox Sparrows (Genus: Passerella)". The Auk. 120 (2): 522. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0522:REHOTF]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85871498.
  • Ryan, AG (1974). "An Incubation Period and a Nestling Period for the Fox Sparrow". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 88 (2): 230–231.
  • Schmid, U (1979). "2 Rare Guest Birds on North Sea Island of Scharhoern West Germany Fox Sparrow Passerella-Iliaca and Scarlet Grosbeak Carpodacus-Erythrinus". Vogelkundliche Berichte aus Niedersachsen. 11 (2): 45–46.
  • Threlfall, W; Blacquiere, JR (1982). "Breeding Biology of the Fox Sparrow Passerella-Iliaca in Newfoundland Canada". Journal of Field Ornithology. 53 (3): 235–239.
  • Webster, JD (1975). "The Fox Sparrow in Southwestern Yukon and Adjacent Areas". Condor. 77 (2): 215–216. doi:10.2307/1365798. JSTOR 1365798.
  • Webster, JD (1983). "Passerella-Iliaca-Chilcatensis New-Subspecies a Fox Sparrow from Alaska USA". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 96 (4): 664–668.
  • Zink, RM (1983). "Evolutionary and Systematic Significance of Temporal Variation in the Fox Sparrow Passerella-Iliaca". Systematic Zoology. 32 (3): 223–238. doi:10.2307/2413443. JSTOR 2413443.
  • Zink, RM (2008). "Microsatellite and Mitochondrial DNA Differentiation in the Fox Sparrow". The Condor. 110 (3): 482–492. doi:10.1525/cond.2008.8496. S2CID 86360069.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passerella iliaca.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Passerella iliaca.
  • Fox sparrow - Passerella iliaca - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
  • Fox sparrow species account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
  • "Red fox sparrow media". Internet Bird Collection.
  • Fox sparrow photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)

December 18, 2023
sparrow, sparrow, passerella, iliaca, large, world, sparrow, only, member, genus, passerella, although, some, authors, split, species, into, four, below, sparrow, iliaca, whitby, ontarioconservation, statusleast, concern, iucn, scientific, classificationdomain. The fox sparrow Passerella iliaca is a large New World sparrow It is the only member of the genus Passerella although some authors split the species into four see below Fox sparrowRed fox sparrow P i iliaca Whitby OntarioConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesFamily PasserellidaeGenus PasserellaSwainson 1837Species P iliacaBinomial namePasserella iliaca Merrem 1786 Breeding ranges of the four fox sparrow groups Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Behavior 3 1 Diet 3 2 Reproduction 4 Systematics 5 References 6 Further reading 6 1 Book 6 2 Theses 6 3 Articles 7 External linksTaxonomy edit nbsp Sooty fox sparrow Sacramento CaliforniaMore specific information regarding plumage is available in the accounts for the various taxa Red fox sparrow P i iliaca Merrem 1786 this taxon breeds in the taiga of Canada and Alaska and winters in central and eastern North America This is the brightest colored group Sooty fox sparrow P i unalaschcensis Gmelin JF 1789 this taxon breeds along the Pacific coast of North America from the Aleutian Islands south to northwestern Washington and winters from southeastern Alaska south to northern Baja California It is browner and darker than the red fox sparrow Slate colored fox sparrow P i schistacea Baird SF 1858 this taxon breeds in interior western North America and winters to the south and west It has a gray head and mantle brown wings brown breast streaks and a russet tail Thick billed fox sparrow P i megarhyncha Baird SF 1858 this taxon is mostly restricted to California and Oregon This group is similar in coloration to the slate colored fox sparrow but features a particularly thick bill as its name suggests Description edit nbsp Passerella iliaca call source source Call Problems playing this file See media help Adults are among the largest sparrows heavily spotted and streaked underneath All feature a messy central breast spot though it is less noticeable on the thick billed and slate colored varieties Plumage varies markedly from one group to another Measurements 2 Length 5 9 7 5 in 15 19 cm Weight 0 9 1 6 oz 26 44 g Wingspan 10 5 11 4 in 26 7 29 cm Behavior editFox sparrows are a generally common bird within their range They forage by scratching the ground which makes them vulnerable to cats and other predators Most populations of Fox sparrows migrate north for breeding however some stable populations exist along the west coast of North America 3 4 Diet edit They mainly eat seeds and insects as well as some berries Coastal fox sparrows may also eat crustaceans Reproduction edit Fox sparrows nest in wooded areas across northern Canada and western North America from Alaska to California They nest either in a sheltered location on the ground or low in trees or shrubs A nest typically contains two to five pale green to greenish white eggs speckled with reddish brown 5 Systematics editThe review by Zink amp Weckstein 2003 6 which added mtDNA cytochrome b NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 and 3 and D loop sequence confirmed the four subspecies groups 7 of the fox sparrow that were outlined by the initial limited mtDNA haplotype comparison Zink 1994 8 These should probably be recognized as separate species but this was deferred for further analysis of hybridization Particularly the contact zones between the slate colored and thick billed fox sparrows which are only weakly distinct morphologically were of interest the other groups were found to be distinct far earlier 9 A further study of the nuclear genome using microsatellites showed similar separation between the four groups 10 The combined molecular data is unable to resolve the interrelationship of the subspecies groups and of the subspecies in these but aids in confirming the distinctness of the thick billed group 6 Biogeography indicates that the coastal populations were probably isolated during an epoch of glaciation of the Rocky Mountains range but this is also not very helpful in resolving the remaining problems of within group diversity and inter group relationships Major taxonomic authorities currently differ in their treatment of the fox sparrow complex The IOC World Bird List Birds of the World Recommended English Names and the HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World treat each of the four subspecies groups as a separate species while eBird The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World and The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World currently treat the complex as a single species 11 References edit BirdLife International 2016 Passerella iliaca IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T103779110A94696453 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T103779110A94696453 en Retrieved 8 April 2021 Fox Sparrow Identification All About Birds Cornell Lab of Ornithology www allaboutbirds org Retrieved 2020 09 29 Swarth H W 1920 Revision of the avian genus Passerella with specia reference to the distribution and migration of the races in California University of California Publications in Zoology 21 75 224 Bell C P 1997 Leap frog migration in the Fox Sparrow minimizing the cost of spring migration Condor 99 470 477 Ehrlich Paul R Dobkin David S Wheye Darryl 1988 The Birder s Handbook A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds New York Simon and Schuster Fireside p 596 ISBN 0 671 65989 8 a b Zink Robert M Weckstein Jason D 2003 Recent evolutionary history of the Fox Sparrows Genus Passerella Auk 48 120 2 522 527 doi 10 1642 0004 8038 2003 120 0522 REHOTF 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 85871498 Not defined by the ICZN Zink Robert M 1994 The Geography of Mitochondrial DNA Variation Population Structure hybridization and Species Limits in the Fox Sparrow Passerella iliaca Evolution 48 1 96 111 doi 10 2307 2410006 JSTOR 2410006 PMID 28567786 Swarth H W 1920 Revision of the avian genus Passerella with special reference to the distribution and migration of the races in California University of California Publications in Zoology 21 75 224 Zink 2008 Microsatellite and mitochondrial dna differentiation in the fox sparrow The Condor 110 3 482 492 doi 10 1525 cond 2008 8496 S2CID 86360069 Lepage Denis Passerella iliaca unalaschensis schistacea or megarhyncha Avibase the world bird database Retrieved 2017 06 04 Gill Frank Donsker David eds 2014 IOC World Bird List v 4 4 Bananaquit buntings sparrows amp bush tanagers Report International Ornithologists Union doi 10 14344 IOC ML 4 4 Retrieved 16 December 2014 Beadle D Rising J D 2002 Sparrows of the United States and Canada San Diego Academic Press ISBN 0 691 11747 0 Sibley David Allen 2000 The Sibley Guide to Birds New York Alfred A Knopf ISBN 0 679 45122 6 Zink Robert M Kessen A E 1999 Species Limits in the Fox Sparrow Birding 31 508 517 Further reading editBook edit Weckstein J D D E Kroodsma and R C Faucett 2002 Fox Sparrow Passerella iliaca The Birds of North America Online A Poole Ed Ithaca Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Retrieved from The Birds of North American Online database Theses edit Blacquiere JR M Sc 1980 Some aspects of the breeding biology and vocalizations of the fox sparrow Passerella iliaca Merrem in Newfoundland Memorial University of Newfoundland Canada Canada Kessen AE Ph D 2004 Population structure in the fox sparrow An investigation using microsatellites University of Minnesota United States Minnesota Martin DJ Ph D 1976 STRUCTURE OF SONGS AND ORGANIZATION OF SINGING IN FOX SPARROWS BREEDING IN NORTHERN UTAH AND SOUTHERN IDAHO Utah State University United States Utah Zink RM Ph D 1983 PATTERNS AND EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE SCHISTACEA GROUP OF THE FOX SPARROW PASSERELLA ILIACA OREGON NEVADA CALIFORNIA University of California Berkeley United States California Articles edit Anon 1968 Fox Sparrow Very Rare Summer Resident 10 11 65 Swamp Sparrow Rare Winter Visitor 9 11 67 10 29 67 Lykins Gulch Colorado USA Colorado Field Ornithologist 4 13 14 Banks RC 1970 The Fox Sparrow on the West Slope of the Oregon Cascades Condor 72 3 369 370 doi 10 2307 1366023 JSTOR 1366023 Bell CP 1997 Leap frog migration in the fox sparrow Minimizing the cost of spring migration Condor 99 2 470 477 doi 10 2307 1369953 JSTOR 1369953 Blankson ENT amp McKernan RL 1995 Evolutionary and ecological considerations of seven subspecies of the fox sparrow Passerella iliaca wintering in California Strauss M vol S p Unity in Diversity Burns KJ 1993 Geographic variation in ontogeny of the fox sparrow Condor 95 3 652 661 doi 10 2307 1369608 JSTOR 1369608 S2CID 53062826 Burns KJ Hackett SJ 1993 Nest and nest site characteristics of a western population of fox sparrow Passerella iliaca Southwestern Naturalist 38 3 277 279 doi 10 2307 3671433 JSTOR 3671433 S2CID 53055485 Burns KJ Zink RM 1990 Temporal and Geographic Homogeneity of Gene Frequencies in the Fox Sparrow Passerella Iliaca Auk 107 2 421 425 doi 10 2307 4087632 JSTOR 4087632 Christie DS 1968 Summer Occurrence of the Fox Sparrow in New Brunswick Canada Passerella Iliaca Canadian Field Naturalist 82 1 Hubert P Smith A 1974 Possible Fox Sparrow Nesting in Minnesota Loon 46 1 Jewer OD Threlfall W 1978 Parasites of the Fox Sparrow Passerella Iliaca and Northern Waterthrush Seiurus Noveboracensis in Newfoundland Canada Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 45 2 270 272 Johnson JW Johnson L 1972 Fox Sparrow Observations in the Huron Area South Dakota Bird Notes 24 4 Martin DJ 1977 Songs of the Fox Sparrow Part 1 Structure of Song and Its Comparison with Song in Other Emberizidae Condor 79 2 209 221 doi 10 2307 1367164 JSTOR 1367164 Martin DJ 1979 Songs of the Fox Sparrow Passerella Iliaca 2 Intra Population and Inter Population Variation Condor 81 2 173 184 doi 10 2307 1367286 JSTOR 1367286 Martin DJ 1980 Response by Male Fox Sparrows Passerella Iliaca to Broadcast of Particular Con Specific Songs Wilson Bulletin 92 1 21 32 Martin DJ 1990 Songs of the Fox Sparrow 3 Ordering of song Wilson Bulletin 102 4 655 671 Martin DJ Naugler CT Smith PC 1993 Song similarity in populations of fox sparrows A rejection of Naugler s and Smith s conclusions Comment reply The Condor 95 4 1057 doi 10 2307 1369448 JSTOR 1369448 Naugler CT Smith PC 1991 Song Similarity in an Isolated Population of Fox Sparrows Passerella Iliaca Condor 93 4 1001 1003 doi 10 2307 3247734 JSTOR 3247734 Peyton LJ 1971 Geographical Variation of Fox Sparrow Songs in Alaska Proceedings of the Alaska Science Conference 22 39 Robert MZ Jason DW 2003 Recent evolutionary history of the Fox Sparrows Genus Passerella The Auk 120 2 522 doi 10 1642 0004 8038 2003 120 0522 REHOTF 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 85871498 Ryan AG 1974 An Incubation Period and a Nestling Period for the Fox Sparrow Canadian Field Naturalist 88 2 230 231 Schmid U 1979 2 Rare Guest Birds on North Sea Island of Scharhoern West Germany Fox Sparrow Passerella Iliaca and Scarlet Grosbeak Carpodacus Erythrinus Vogelkundliche Berichte aus Niedersachsen 11 2 45 46 Threlfall W Blacquiere JR 1982 Breeding Biology of the Fox Sparrow Passerella Iliaca in Newfoundland Canada Journal of Field Ornithology 53 3 235 239 Webster JD 1975 The Fox Sparrow in Southwestern Yukon and Adjacent Areas Condor 77 2 215 216 doi 10 2307 1365798 JSTOR 1365798 Webster JD 1983 Passerella Iliaca Chilcatensis New Subspecies a Fox Sparrow from Alaska USA Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 96 4 664 668 Zink RM 1983 Evolutionary and Systematic Significance of Temporal Variation in the Fox Sparrow Passerella Iliaca Systematic Zoology 32 3 223 238 doi 10 2307 2413443 JSTOR 2413443 Zink RM 2008 Microsatellite and Mitochondrial DNA Differentiation in the Fox Sparrow The Condor 110 3 482 492 doi 10 1525 cond 2008 8496 S2CID 86360069 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passerella iliaca nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Passerella iliaca Fox sparrow Passerella iliaca USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter Fox sparrow species account Cornell Lab of Ornithology Red fox sparrow media Internet Bird Collection Fox sparrow photo gallery at VIREO Drexel University Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fox sparrow amp oldid 1190132624, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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