fbpx
Wikipedia

Participatory rural appraisal

October 15, 2023

Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is an approach used by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other agencies involved in international development. The approach aims to incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning and management of development projects and programmes.[1][2][3]

PRA ranking exercise being carried out by members of a Farmer Field School in Bangladesh, 2004

Origins Edit

The philosophical roots of participatory rural appraisal techniques can be traced to activist adult education methods such as those of Paulo Freire and the study clubs of the Antigonish Movement.[4] In this view, an actively involved and empowered local population is essential to successful rural community development. Robert Chambers, a key exponent of PRA, argued that the approach owes much to "the Freirian theme, that poor and exploited people can and should be enabled to analyze their own reality."[5]

By the early 1980s, there was growing dissatisfaction among development experts with both the reductionism of formal surveys, and the biases of typical field visits. In 1983, Robert Chambers, a Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies (UK), used the term rapid rural appraisal (RRA) to describe techniques that could bring about a "reversal of learning", to learn from rural people directly.[6][7] Two years later, the first international conference to share experiences relating to RRA was held in Thailand.[8] This was followed by a rapid acceptance of usage of methods that involved rural people in examining their own problems, setting their own goals, and monitoring their own achievements. By the mid-1990s, the term RRA had been replaced by a number of other terms including participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and participatory learning and action (PLA).[9]

Robert Chambers acknowledged that the significant breakthroughs and innovations that informed the methodology came from community development practitioners in Africa, India and elsewhere. Chambers helped PRA gain acceptance among practitioners.[10] Chambers explained the function of participatory research in PRA as follows:

The central thrusts of the [new] paradigm … are decentralization and empowerment. Decentralization means that resources and discretion are devolved, turning back the inward and upward flows of resources and people. Empowerment means that people, especially poorer people, are enabled to take more control over their lives, and secure a better livelihood with ownership and control of productive assets as one key element. Decentralization and empowerment enable local people to exploit the diverse complexities of their own conditions, and to adapt to rapid change.[11]

Overview of techniques Edit

Over the years techniques and tools have been described in a variety of books and newsletters, or taught at training courses.[1][12][13] However, the field has been criticized for lacking a systematic evidence-based methodology.[14]

The basic techniques used include:[1][2][3][12][13]

To ensure that people are not excluded from participation, these techniques avoid writing wherever possible, relying instead on the tools of oral communication and visual communication such as pictures, symbols, physical objects and group memory.[15] Efforts are made in many projects, however, to build a bridge to formal literacy; for example by teaching people how to sign their names or recognize their signatures. Often developing communities are reluctant to permit invasive audio-visual recording.[citation needed]

Developmental changes in PRA Edit

Since the early 21st century, some practitioners have replaced PRA with the standardized model of community-based participatory research (CBPR) or with participatory action research (PAR).[citation needed] Social survey techniques have also changed during this period, including greater use of information technology such as fuzzy cognitive maps, e-participation, telepresence, social network analysis, topic models, geographic information systems (GIS), and interactive multimedia.[citation needed]....

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b c Chambers, Robert (July 1994). "The origins and practice of participatory rural appraisal" (PDF). World Development. 22 (7): 953–969. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.454.4672. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(94)90141-4. S2CID 15939795.
  2. ^ a b Castelloe, Paul; Gamble, Dorothy N. (2005). "Participatory methods in community practice: popular education and participatory rural appraisal". In Weil, Marie; Reisch, Michael (eds.). Handbook of community practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 261–275. doi:10.4135/9781452220819.n13. ISBN 978-0761921776. OCLC 55008364.
  3. ^ a b Narayanasamy, N. (2009). Participatory rural appraisal: principles, methods and application. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. ISBN 9788178298856. OCLC 265732154.
  4. ^ Flower, Charlotte; Mincher, Paul; Rimkus, Susan (2000). "Overview—participatory processes in the North". PLA Notes. 38: 14–18.
  5. ^ Chambers, Robert (1997). Whose reality counts?: putting the first last. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. p. 106. ISBN 978-1853393860. OCLC 36589868.
  6. ^ Chambers, Robert (April 1981). "Rapid rural appraisal: rationale and repertoire" (PDF). Public Administration and Development. 1 (2): 95–106. doi:10.1002/pad.4230010202.
  7. ^ Chambers, Robert (1984) [1983]. Rural development: putting the last first. London; New York: Longman. ISBN 978-0582644434. OCLC 9196254.
  8. ^ Proceedings of the 1985 International Conference on Rapid Rural Appraisal: Khon Kaen University. Khon Kaen, Thailand: Published by Rural Systems Research Project and Farming Systems Research Project for Khon Kaen University. 1987. ISBN 9789745552517. OCLC 19025969.
  9. ^ Search results for 'participatory rural appraisal' and 'participatory learning and action' on Google Ngram Viewer
  10. ^ Singh, Kamal (2001). "Handing over the stick: the global spread of participatory approaches to development". In Edwards, Michael; Gaventa, John (eds.). Global citizen action. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 175–187. ISBN 978-1555879686. OCLC 45879585.
  11. ^ Chambers, Robert (1993). Challenging the professions: frontiers for rural development. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. ISBN 978-1853391941. OCLC 28470414.
  12. ^ a b Pretty, Jules N.; Vodouhê, Simplice D. (1997) [1984]. "Using rapid or participatory rural appraisal". In Swanson, Burton E.; Bentz, Robert P.; Sofranko, Andrew J. (eds.). Improving agricultural extension: a reference manual (2nd ed.). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 978-9251040072. OCLC 456586976.
  13. ^ a b Sontheimer, Sally; Callens, Karel; Seiffert, Bernd (1999). "PRA tool box". Conducting a PRA training and modifying PRA tools to your needs: an example from a participatory household food security and nutrition project in Ethiopia. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  14. ^ Leurs, Robert (August 1997). "Critical reflections on rapid and participatory rural appraisal". Development in Practice. 7 (3): 290–293. JSTOR 4029070.
  15. ^ Robinson-Pant, Anna (1995). "PRA: a new literacy?". PLA Notes. 24: 78–82.

Further reading Edit

  • Campbell, John R. (Winter 2001). "Participatory rural appraisal as qualitative research: distinguishing methodological issues from participatory claims". Human Organization. 60 (4): 380–389. doi:10.17730/humo.60.4.4bgnlmy60fkvq4r2.
  • Hickey, Samuel; Mohan, Giles, eds. (2004). Participation, from tyranny to transformation?: exploring new approaches to participation in development. London; New York: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1842774601. OCLC 55016221.
  • Mukherjee, Amitava, ed. (2004). Participatory rural appraisal: methods and applications in rural planning: essays in honour of Robert Chambers. Studies in rural participation. Vol. 5. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. ISBN 9788180691058. OCLC 56597737.
  • Mukherjee, Amitava (2009). Frontiers in participatory rural appraisal and participatory learning and action: PRA and PLA in applied research. New Delhi: Academic Foundation. ISBN 9788171887248. OCLC 477280350.
  • Mukherjee, Neela (1993). Participatory rural appraisal: methodology and applications. Studies in rural participation. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. ISBN 978-8170224730. OCLC 31012523.
  • Mukherjee, Neela (1997). Participatory appraisal of natural resources. Studies in rural participation. Vol. 3. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. ISBN 9788170226185. OCLC 37579543.
  • Participatory Learning and Action / PLA Notes archive. Started in the 1980s and first known as RRA Notes, then as PLA Notes, and then as Participatory Learning and Action, this archive of articles is a joint collaboration of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and the Institute of Development Studies (IDS).
  • Scrimshaw, Nevin S.; Gleason, Gary R., eds. (1992). RAP, rapid assessment procedures: qualitative methodologies for planning and evaluation of health related programmes. Boston: International Nutrition Foundation for Developing Countries. ISBN 978-0963552204. OCLC 27320692.
  • Selener, Daniel; Endara, Nelly; Carvajal, José (1999). Participatory rural appraisal and planning: workbook. Quito, Ecuador: International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR). ISBN 978-9978408148. OCLC 41874096.
  • van Veldhuizen, Laurens; Waters-Bayer, Ann; de Zeeuw, Henk (1997). Developing technology with farmers: a trainer's guide. London; New York: Zed Books in association with ETC Netherlands. ISBN 978-1856494892. OCLC 456590542.

October 15, 2023
participatory, rural, appraisal, approach, used, governmental, organizations, ngos, other, agencies, involved, international, development, approach, aims, incorporate, knowledge, opinions, rural, people, planning, management, development, projects, programmes,. Participatory rural appraisal PRA is an approach used by non governmental organizations NGOs and other agencies involved in international development The approach aims to incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning and management of development projects and programmes 1 2 3 PRA ranking exercise being carried out by members of a Farmer Field School in Bangladesh 2004Contents 1 Origins 2 Overview of techniques 3 Developmental changes in PRA 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingOrigins EditThe philosophical roots of participatory rural appraisal techniques can be traced to activist adult education methods such as those of Paulo Freire and the study clubs of the Antigonish Movement 4 In this view an actively involved and empowered local population is essential to successful rural community development Robert Chambers a key exponent of PRA argued that the approach owes much to the Freirian theme that poor and exploited people can and should be enabled to analyze their own reality 5 By the early 1980s there was growing dissatisfaction among development experts with both the reductionism of formal surveys and the biases of typical field visits In 1983 Robert Chambers a Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies UK used the term rapid rural appraisal RRA to describe techniques that could bring about a reversal of learning to learn from rural people directly 6 7 Two years later the first international conference to share experiences relating to RRA was held in Thailand 8 This was followed by a rapid acceptance of usage of methods that involved rural people in examining their own problems setting their own goals and monitoring their own achievements By the mid 1990s the term RRA had been replaced by a number of other terms including participatory rural appraisal PRA and participatory learning and action PLA 9 Robert Chambers acknowledged that the significant breakthroughs and innovations that informed the methodology came from community development practitioners in Africa India and elsewhere Chambers helped PRA gain acceptance among practitioners 10 Chambers explained the function of participatory research in PRA as follows The central thrusts of the new paradigm are decentralization and empowerment Decentralization means that resources and discretion are devolved turning back the inward and upward flows of resources and people Empowerment means that people especially poorer people are enabled to take more control over their lives and secure a better livelihood with ownership and control of productive assets as one key element Decentralization and empowerment enable local people to exploit the diverse complexities of their own conditions and to adapt to rapid change 11 Overview of techniques EditOver the years techniques and tools have been described in a variety of books and newsletters or taught at training courses 1 12 13 However the field has been criticized for lacking a systematic evidence based methodology 14 The basic techniques used include 1 2 3 12 13 Understanding group dynamics e g through learning contracts role reversals feedback sessions Surveying and sampling e g transect walks wealth ranking social mapping Interviewing e g focus group discussions semi structured interviews triangulation Community mapping e g Venn diagrams matrix scoring ecograms timelinesTo ensure that people are not excluded from participation these techniques avoid writing wherever possible relying instead on the tools of oral communication and visual communication such as pictures symbols physical objects and group memory 15 Efforts are made in many projects however to build a bridge to formal literacy for example by teaching people how to sign their names or recognize their signatures Often developing communities are reluctant to permit invasive audio visual recording citation needed Developmental changes in PRA EditSince the early 21st century some practitioners have replaced PRA with the standardized model of community based participatory research CBPR or with participatory action research PAR citation needed Social survey techniques have also changed during this period including greater use of information technology such as fuzzy cognitive maps e participation telepresence social network analysis topic models geographic information systems GIS and interactive multimedia citation needed See also EditAsset based community development ABCD Community based program design Community led total sanitation Farmer Field School Participation decision making Participatory 3D modelling P3DM Participatory development Participatory GIS Participatory monitoring Participatory poverty assessment Participatory technology development Praxis intervention Problem structuring methods Progress in Community Health Partnerships Public participationReferences Edit a b c Chambers Robert July 1994 The origins and practice of participatory rural appraisal PDF World Development 22 7 953 969 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 454 4672 doi 10 1016 0305 750X 94 90141 4 S2CID 15939795 a b Castelloe Paul Gamble Dorothy N 2005 Participatory methods in community practice popular education and participatory rural appraisal In Weil Marie Reisch Michael eds Handbook of community practice Thousand Oaks CA SAGE Publications pp 261 275 doi 10 4135 9781452220819 n13 ISBN 978 0761921776 OCLC 55008364 a b Narayanasamy N 2009 Participatory rural appraisal principles methods and application Los Angeles SAGE Publications ISBN 9788178298856 OCLC 265732154 Flower Charlotte Mincher Paul Rimkus Susan 2000 Overview participatory processes in the North PLA Notes 38 14 18 Chambers Robert 1997 Whose reality counts putting the first last London Intermediate Technology Publications p 106 ISBN 978 1853393860 OCLC 36589868 Chambers Robert April 1981 Rapid rural appraisal rationale and repertoire PDF Public Administration and Development 1 2 95 106 doi 10 1002 pad 4230010202 Chambers Robert 1984 1983 Rural development putting the last first London New York Longman ISBN 978 0582644434 OCLC 9196254 Proceedings of the 1985 International Conference on Rapid Rural Appraisal Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand Published by Rural Systems Research Project and Farming Systems Research Project for Khon Kaen University 1987 ISBN 9789745552517 OCLC 19025969 Search results for participatory rural appraisal and participatory learning and action on Google Ngram Viewer Singh Kamal 2001 Handing over the stick the global spread of participatory approaches to development In Edwards Michael Gaventa John eds Global citizen action Boulder Colorado Lynne Rienner Publishers pp 175 187 ISBN 978 1555879686 OCLC 45879585 Chambers Robert 1993 Challenging the professions frontiers for rural development London Intermediate Technology Publications ISBN 978 1853391941 OCLC 28470414 a b Pretty Jules N Vodouhe Simplice D 1997 1984 Using rapid or participatory rural appraisal In Swanson Burton E Bentz Robert P Sofranko Andrew J eds Improving agricultural extension a reference manual 2nd ed Rome Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ISBN 978 9251040072 OCLC 456586976 a b Sontheimer Sally Callens Karel Seiffert Bernd 1999 PRA tool box Conducting a PRA training and modifying PRA tools to your needs an example from a participatory household food security and nutrition project in Ethiopia Rome Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Leurs Robert August 1997 Critical reflections on rapid and participatory rural appraisal Development in Practice 7 3 290 293 JSTOR 4029070 Robinson Pant Anna 1995 PRA a new literacy PLA Notes 24 78 82 Further reading EditCampbell John R Winter 2001 Participatory rural appraisal as qualitative research distinguishing methodological issues from participatory claims Human Organization 60 4 380 389 doi 10 17730 humo 60 4 4bgnlmy60fkvq4r2 Hickey Samuel Mohan Giles eds 2004 Participation from tyranny to transformation exploring new approaches to participation in development London New York Zed Books ISBN 978 1842774601 OCLC 55016221 Mukherjee Amitava ed 2004 Participatory rural appraisal methods and applications in rural planning essays in honour of Robert Chambers Studies in rural participation Vol 5 New Delhi Concept Pub Co ISBN 9788180691058 OCLC 56597737 Mukherjee Amitava 2009 Frontiers in participatory rural appraisal and participatory learning and action PRA and PLA in applied research New Delhi Academic Foundation ISBN 9788171887248 OCLC 477280350 Mukherjee Neela 1993 Participatory rural appraisal methodology and applications Studies in rural participation Vol 1 New Delhi Concept Pub Co ISBN 978 8170224730 OCLC 31012523 Mukherjee Neela 1997 Participatory appraisal of natural resources Studies in rural participation Vol 3 New Delhi Concept Pub Co ISBN 9788170226185 OCLC 37579543 Participatory Learning and Action PLA Notes archive Started in the 1980s and first known as RRA Notes then as PLA Notes and then as Participatory Learning and Action this archive of articles is a joint collaboration of the International Institute for Environment and Development IIED and the Institute of Development Studies IDS Scrimshaw Nevin S Gleason Gary R eds 1992 RAP rapid assessment procedures qualitative methodologies for planning and evaluation of health related programmes Boston International Nutrition Foundation for Developing Countries ISBN 978 0963552204 OCLC 27320692 Selener Daniel Endara Nelly Carvajal Jose 1999 Participatory rural appraisal and planning workbook Quito Ecuador International Institute of Rural Reconstruction IIRR ISBN 978 9978408148 OCLC 41874096 van Veldhuizen Laurens Waters Bayer Ann de Zeeuw Henk 1997 Developing technology with farmers a trainer s guide London New York Zed Books in association with ETC Netherlands ISBN 978 1856494892 OCLC 456590542 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Participatory rural appraisal amp oldid 1161458664, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.