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Papo Vázquez

April 12, 2024

Angel Rafael "Papo" Vázquez is an American trombonist, composer, arranger, and bandleader[1] of Puerto Rican descent who performs and records jazz, Latin and Afro-Caribbean music. He is known as one of the pioneers of the bomba jazz style[2] and is a Grammy Award nominee.[3]

Papo Vázquez
BornFebruary 24, 1958 (1958-02-24) (age 66)
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
Genres
Years active1973–present
Labels
  • Picaro
  • CuBop
  • Timeless
Websitewww.papovazquez.com

Early life and start of career edit

Vázquez was born in 1958 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. When he was five years old, his family moved to his parents' native Puerto Rico, where he spent the next five or six years[4] being influenced by music-loving relatives and immersed in the native sounds of the island. At age 13 he bought his first trombone, a used instrument for $5.[5]

That same year, back in Philadelphia, still at age 13, listening to live music by sneaking into local church dances, he began playing professionally,[6] his guitarist uncle having gotten him his first gig. His grandfather, father, and uncle were troubadours[7] and all three played the Puerto Rican folk style música jíbara.

At 15, Vázquez was performing with local Philadelphia Latin bands and opening acts for visiting artists from New York City such as Larry Harlow. He made his recording debut with Larry Harlow at age 16[8] and his second recording with the experimental New York group Conjunto Libre.[9] He dropped out of Mastbaum Vocation School in 11th grade in order to be able to commute to his New York City gig with Harlow's salsa band.[10] Subsequently he got his GED certificate and attended two semesters in the music department at City College of New York.

1970s and New York City edit

In 1975, at age 17, Vázquez moved to New York City.[11] Through the late 1970s he was active in the city's Latin jazz scene, playing with salsa greats including Héctor Lavoe, the Fania All-Stars, Ray Barretto, Willie Colón,[6] Rubén Blades, Eddie Palmieri, and Celia Cruz. He studied with trombonist Slide Hampton and later recorded and performed with Hampton's World of Trombones.[12] His 1970s sessions included Colón's Siembra,[failed verification] the first salsa record to sell over a million copies,[13] and Barretto's "Rican/Struction".[7]

Batacumbele, Fort Apache Band, Bomba Jazz edit

In 1980 he moved back to Puerto Rico for five years[8] to help found the Latin fusion band Batacumbele,[14] which fused Afro-Cuban popular music, Latin jazz, and folkloric polyrhythms from Africa and Puerto Rico.[15] With Batacumbele he performed, composed, arranged and recorded from 1981 to 1985.

In this period Vázquez began experimenting with indigenous Puerto Rican rhythms in the context of jazz, fusing bomba, which arose from traditions brought to Puerto Rico by enslaved Africans, and plena, a modern development of these traditions that often features topical or political lyrics, with contemporary jazz.[6]

In 1980 Vázquez also toured Europe briefly with the Ray Charles Orchestra,[citation needed] and about this time was a founding member of Jerry González' Fort Apache Band.[16]

In 1983, to further develop the blending of jazz and indigenous Puerto Rican styles like bomba, he formed his own band, Bomba Jazz.[2] This group later evolved into the band he continues to lead, the Afro-Puerto Rican jazz band Mighty Pirates Troubadours.[17] (A onetime bandmate suggested the name, originally as a joke, because of Vázquez's concern that the name "Bomba Jazz" or "Papo Vázquez Bomba Jazz" suggested stylistic limitations.)[11]

With Tito Puente and Rubén Blades edit

After returning to New York in 1985, Vázquez joined Tito Puente's Latin Jazz Ensemble, traveling with them as principal trombonist.[18][failed verification] He toured Europe with Dizzy Gillespie's United Nations Orchestra, and worked with Hilton Ruiz and Dave Valentin.[12][19] He was also a member of Rubén Blades' band Son del Solar, performing at the Playboy Jazz Festival in 1989[20] and appearing on Blades' Grammy-nominated albums Amor y Control and Caminando and Grammy-winning Antecedente.[21][failed verification]

1990s edit

Vázquez and his band performed his compositions at events such as the Painted Bride's "Latin Vibrations" series in 1990. The Philadelphia Daily News referred to him at this time as "the hottest trombone player on the big-league Latino dance band circuit."[10] In the early part of the decade his Bomba Jazz ensemble included pianist Kenny Kirkland, Andy Gonzalez, Milton Cardona, Edgardo Miranda, and Steve Berrios[22] among others.

Also in the 1990s his music featured in the films The Mambo Kings, Spike Lee's Mo' Better Blues, and the remake of The Thomas Crown Affair.

In 1992 Vázquez released his first album, Breakout, which mixed traditional and Latin jazz as well as bomba,[23][24][25] on the Timeless label.[26]

During the 1990s Vázquez performed in Chico O'Farrill's orchestra at Jazz at Lincoln Center, while his own band included Chico's son Arturo O'Farrill on piano.[27] On 4 February 1994 he performed with his group Bomba Jazz at the Kennedy Center, a venue to which he returned, with the Pirates Troubadours, in July 2015.[citation needed]

The track "Baila Plena" from his 1999 album At The Point V. 1 album was featured on the soundtrack for the film Free Enterprise.[citation needed]

Grammy nomination, Oasis Project edit

In 2000 he moved to Bronxville in Westchester County, New York, just north of New York City, with his wife.[citation needed] In 2002 he was a founding member of Lincoln Center’s Afro-Latin Jazz Orchestra,[failed verification] disbanded all-star group, in which he performed and for which he composed.[28] His piece "Iron Jungle" received special praise.[29]

Vázquez earned a Grammy nomination in 2008 for his recording of his bomba-inspired Papo Vazquez Mighty Pirates: Marooned/Aislado.[3] His album Marooned/Aislado (Picaro) resulted from a grant from The Painted Bride Art Center in Philadelphia which asked him to expand Pirates Troubadours and compose new music for a 19-piece, Afro-Puerto Rican Jazz Orchestra. The 2008 event was recorded live, and the resulting Marooned/Aislado album was nominated for a 2009 Grammy for best Latin jazz recording.[5]

In 2009, he premiered his composition "Oasis" with the Bronx Arts Ensemble. The show expanded to become the Oasis Project, which premiered the following year with the Pregones Theater.[30] His 2013 Oasis album featured guest appearances by Wynton Marsalis and Regina Carter.[6]

On 29 and 30 January 2016 Arturo O'Farrill & the Afro Latin Jazz Orchestra honored Vázquez and other musicians in a "Tribute to the Great Sidemen of Latin Jazz" concert at Symphony Space in New York City.[17] Since 2016 he has been the Musical Director for the National Puerto Rican Day Parade Orchestra in New York City.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, with live performances canceled, he recorded his 10th album, a jazz release called Chapter 10: Breaking Cover, with his band Mighty Pirates Troubadours[31] and liner notes by Ben Ratliff of The New York Times. NPR recognized the album in the Latin category of its "Best Music of 2020" Jazz Critics poll.[32]

Discography edit

As leader edit

  • Breakout (1992)
  • At the Point V. 1 (1999)
  • At the Point V. 2 (2000)
  • Papo Vázquez Pirates Troubadours: Carnival In San Juan (2003)
  • Papo Vázquez Pirates Troubadours: From the Badlands (2007)
  • Papo Vázquez Pirates Troubadours: Marooned/Aislado (Picaro, 2008)
  • Papo Vázquez Pirates Troubadours: Oasis (Picaro, 2012)
  • Papo Vázquez Mighty Pirates Troubadours: Spirit Warrior (Picaro, 2014)
  • GV: Johann Sebastian Bach (Picaro, 2017)
  • Chapter 10: Breaking Cover (Picaro, 2020)

As guest edit

References edit

  1. ^ Ben Ratliff (20 April 2016), "Papo Vazquez, Still Going Strong After 40 Years", The New York Times, retrieved 14 October 2021
  2. ^ a b "Jazz en Taller 111". El Nuevo Dia. 8 June 1983.
  3. ^ a b Jessica Steinhoff (7 November 2013), Trombonist Papo Vazquez brings continents together with lively Afro-Latin jazz, Isthmus, retrieved 14 October 2021
  4. ^ Shaun Brady (21 June 2021), Jazz Philadelphia's Hometown Heroes: Spotlight on Trombonist Papo Vázquez, WRTI, retrieved 14 October 2021
  5. ^ a b Tammy La Gorce (7 August 2009), "Pirate Troubadour Roaming the Seas of Improvisation", The New York Times, retrieved 14 October 2021
  6. ^ a b c d Shaun Brady (14 March 2013), Philly-born Latin jazz, plus spice, The Philadelphia Inquirer, retrieved 14 October 2021
  7. ^ a b Alfredo Alvarado (1 April 1993). "Papo Vazquez Breaks Out". New York Latino.
  8. ^ a b Larry Birnbaum (1 July 1993). "Papo Vazquez". Downbeat.
  9. ^ Mark Holston. "Latin". JAZZIZ Magazine.
  10. ^ a b Nels Nelson (1 September 1990). "Latino Jazzman Blows Into Town". Philadelphia Daily News. p. 48.
  11. ^ a b Shaun Brady (5 January 2021), Papo Vázquez, Latin jazz pioneer out of North Philly, still keeps his hometown close, The Philadelphia Inquirer, retrieved 18 October 2021
  12. ^ a b TOMAS PEÑA (10 April 2015), Papo Vázquez Celebrates 40 Years…, LatinJazzNet, retrieved 14 October 2021
  13. ^ Gisele Regatao (17 September 2019), New York Icons: 'Siembra', PRI, retrieved 18 October 2021
  14. ^ Ben Ratliff (20 April 2016), "Papo Vazquez, Still Going Strong After 40 Years", The New York Times, retrieved 14 October 2021
  15. ^ Frank M. Figueroa (30 June 2021), Here comes Batacumbele once again!, Latin Beat Magazine, retrieved 14 October 2021
  16. ^ T.J. English (25 April 2019), Fort Apache: The Good, the Bad, and the Beautiful, Jazz Times, retrieved 18 October 2021
  17. ^ a b Fernando (21 January 2016), Papo Vázquez: Playing "For the Guys Who Knew", Afro Latin Jazz, retrieved 14 October 2021
  18. ^ Celia Cruz Joins Tito Puente At Newport Jazz (1990), RVM, 18 August 1990, retrieved 18 October 2021
  19. ^ José Mandry. "Papo Vázquez". New York Latino.
  20. ^ Victor Valle (19 June 1989). "Ruben Blades: Salsa Glitters With Promise". Los Angeles Times.
  21. ^ "Rubén Blades", Grammy.com, retrieved 18 October 2021
  22. ^ Kevin L. Carter (17 February 1992). "Sounds of a jazz weekend". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
  23. ^ Robert Dominguez (6 August 1993). "His trombone slides from style to style". New York Daily News.
  24. ^ Alisa Valdez (24 October 1994). "Angel Vazquez pays homage to his roots". Boston Globe.
  25. ^ Mike Joyce (4 February 1994), "VAZQUEZ SPICES SALSA-JAZZ BLEND", The Washington Post, retrieved 18 October 2021
  26. ^ Jack Lloyd (8 July 1994). "Philly's Papo Vázquez defies the categories". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
  27. ^ Alisa Valdez (24 October 1994). "Angel Vazquez pays homage to his roots". Boston Globe.
  28. ^ J.D. Considine (1 October 2019), The Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra, Downbeat, retrieved 19 February 2022
  29. ^ Ben Ratliff (13 March 2004), "Taking Off From Tito Puente", The New York Times, retrieved 18 October 2021
  30. ^ Jeremy Smith (22 October 2020), Trombonist Papo Vázquez Set to Release New Album, Last Row Music, retrieved 14 October 2021
  31. ^ Aaron Cohen (30 November 2020), Papo Vázquez leads his Mighty Pirate Troubadours through an uplifting blend of jazz and Caribbean rhythms, Chicago Reader, retrieved 14 October 2021
  32. ^ Francis Davis (14 January 2021), The 2020 NPR Music Jazz Critics Poll, NPR, retrieved 25 October 2021

April 12, 2024
papo, vázquez, this, biography, living, person, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, adding, reliable, sources, contentious, material, about, living, persons, that, unsourced, poorly, sourced, must, removed, immediately, from, article, tal. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification Please help by adding reliable sources Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page especially if potentially libelous Find sources Papo Vazquez news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Angel Rafael Papo Vazquez is an American trombonist composer arranger and bandleader 1 of Puerto Rican descent who performs and records jazz Latin and Afro Caribbean music He is known as one of the pioneers of the bomba jazz style 2 and is a Grammy Award nominee 3 Papo VazquezBornFebruary 24 1958 1958 02 24 age 66 Philadelphia PennsylvaniaGenresLatinLatin jazzjazzAfro Caribbean jazzYears active1973 presentLabelsPicaroCuBopTimelessWebsitewww wbr papovazquez wbr com Contents 1 Early life and start of career 2 1970s and New York City 3 Batacumbele Fort Apache Band Bomba Jazz 4 With Tito Puente and Ruben Blades 5 1990s 6 Grammy nomination Oasis Project 7 Discography 7 1 As leader 7 2 As guest 8 ReferencesEarly life and start of career editVazquez was born in 1958 in Philadelphia Pennsylvania When he was five years old his family moved to his parents native Puerto Rico where he spent the next five or six years 4 being influenced by music loving relatives and immersed in the native sounds of the island At age 13 he bought his first trombone a used instrument for 5 5 That same year back in Philadelphia still at age 13 listening to live music by sneaking into local church dances he began playing professionally 6 his guitarist uncle having gotten him his first gig His grandfather father and uncle were troubadours 7 and all three played the Puerto Rican folk style musica jibara At 15 Vazquez was performing with local Philadelphia Latin bands and opening acts for visiting artists from New York City such as Larry Harlow He made his recording debut with Larry Harlow at age 16 8 and his second recording with the experimental New York group Conjunto Libre 9 He dropped out of Mastbaum Vocation School in 11th grade in order to be able to commute to his New York City gig with Harlow s salsa band 10 Subsequently he got his GED certificate and attended two semesters in the music department at City College of New York 1970s and New York City editIn 1975 at age 17 Vazquez moved to New York City 11 Through the late 1970s he was active in the city s Latin jazz scene playing with salsa greats including Hector Lavoe the Fania All Stars Ray Barretto Willie Colon 6 Ruben Blades Eddie Palmieri and Celia Cruz He studied with trombonist Slide Hampton and later recorded and performed with Hampton s World of Trombones 12 His 1970s sessions included Colon s Siembra failed verification the first salsa record to sell over a million copies 13 and Barretto s Rican Struction 7 Batacumbele Fort Apache Band Bomba Jazz editIn 1980 he moved back to Puerto Rico for five years 8 to help found the Latin fusion band Batacumbele 14 which fused Afro Cuban popular music Latin jazz and folkloric polyrhythms from Africa and Puerto Rico 15 With Batacumbele he performed composed arranged and recorded from 1981 to 1985 In this period Vazquez began experimenting with indigenous Puerto Rican rhythms in the context of jazz fusing bomba which arose from traditions brought to Puerto Rico by enslaved Africans and plena a modern development of these traditions that often features topical or political lyrics with contemporary jazz 6 In 1980 Vazquez also toured Europe briefly with the Ray Charles Orchestra citation needed and about this time was a founding member of Jerry Gonzalez Fort Apache Band 16 In 1983 to further develop the blending of jazz and indigenous Puerto Rican styles like bomba he formed his own band Bomba Jazz 2 This group later evolved into the band he continues to lead the Afro Puerto Rican jazz band Mighty Pirates Troubadours 17 A onetime bandmate suggested the name originally as a joke because of Vazquez s concern that the name Bomba Jazz or Papo Vazquez Bomba Jazz suggested stylistic limitations 11 With Tito Puente and Ruben Blades editAfter returning to New York in 1985 Vazquez joined Tito Puente s Latin Jazz Ensemble traveling with them as principal trombonist 18 failed verification He toured Europe with Dizzy Gillespie s United Nations Orchestra and worked with Hilton Ruiz and Dave Valentin 12 19 He was also a member of Ruben Blades band Son del Solar performing at the Playboy Jazz Festival in 1989 20 and appearing on Blades Grammy nominated albums Amor y Control and Caminando and Grammy winning Antecedente 21 failed verification 1990s editVazquez and his band performed his compositions at events such as the Painted Bride s Latin Vibrations series in 1990 The Philadelphia Daily News referred to him at this time as the hottest trombone player on the big league Latino dance band circuit 10 In the early part of the decade his Bomba Jazz ensemble included pianist Kenny Kirkland Andy Gonzalez Milton Cardona Edgardo Miranda and Steve Berrios 22 among others Also in the 1990s his music featured in the films The Mambo Kings Spike Lee s Mo Better Blues and the remake of The Thomas Crown Affair In 1992 Vazquez released his first album Breakout which mixed traditional and Latin jazz as well as bomba 23 24 25 on the Timeless label 26 During the 1990s Vazquez performed in Chico O Farrill s orchestra at Jazz at Lincoln Center while his own band included Chico s son Arturo O Farrill on piano 27 On 4 February 1994 he performed with his group Bomba Jazz at the Kennedy Center a venue to which he returned with the Pirates Troubadours in July 2015 citation needed The track Baila Plena from his 1999 album At The Point V 1 album was featured on the soundtrack for the film Free Enterprise citation needed Grammy nomination Oasis Project editIn 2000 he moved to Bronxville in Westchester County New York just north of New York City with his wife citation needed In 2002 he was a founding member of Lincoln Center s Afro Latin Jazz Orchestra failed verification disbanded all star group in which he performed and for which he composed 28 His piece Iron Jungle received special praise 29 Vazquez earned a Grammy nomination in 2008 for his recording of his bomba inspired Papo Vazquez Mighty Pirates Marooned Aislado 3 His album Marooned Aislado Picaro resulted from a grant from The Painted Bride Art Center in Philadelphia which asked him to expand Pirates Troubadours and compose new music for a 19 piece Afro Puerto Rican Jazz Orchestra The 2008 event was recorded live and the resulting Marooned Aislado album was nominated for a 2009 Grammy for best Latin jazz recording 5 In 2009 he premiered his composition Oasis with the Bronx Arts Ensemble The show expanded to become the Oasis Project which premiered the following year with the Pregones Theater 30 His 2013 Oasis album featured guest appearances by Wynton Marsalis and Regina Carter 6 On 29 and 30 January 2016 Arturo O Farrill amp the Afro Latin Jazz Orchestra honored Vazquez and other musicians in a Tribute to the Great Sidemen of Latin Jazz concert at Symphony Space in New York City 17 Since 2016 he has been the Musical Director for the National Puerto Rican Day Parade Orchestra in New York City During the COVID 19 pandemic with live performances canceled he recorded his 10th album a jazz release called Chapter 10 Breaking Cover with his band Mighty Pirates Troubadours 31 and liner notes by Ben Ratliff of The New York Times NPR recognized the album in the Latin category of its Best Music of 2020 Jazz Critics poll 32 Discography editAs leader edit Breakout 1992 At the Point V 1 1999 At the Point V 2 2000 Papo Vazquez Pirates Troubadours Carnival In San Juan 2003 Papo Vazquez Pirates Troubadours From the Badlands 2007 Papo Vazquez Pirates Troubadours Marooned Aislado Picaro 2008 Papo Vazquez Pirates Troubadours Oasis Picaro 2012 Papo Vazquez Mighty Pirates Troubadours Spirit Warrior Picaro 2014 GV Johann Sebastian Bach Picaro 2017 Chapter 10 Breaking Cover Picaro 2020 As guest edit Hector Lavoe De Ti Depende Fania 1976 Willie Colon and Ruben Blades Siembra Fania 1978 Batacumbele Con Un Poco De Songo 1981 Batacumbele En Aquellos Tiempos 1983 Ruben Blades Antecedente 1988 Grammy Award Jerry Gonzalez Obatala Enja 1989 Mo Better Blues soundtrack 1990 Tito Puente Out of This World Concord Picante 1990 Ruben Blades Caminando 1991 Hilton Ruiz Manhattan Mambo Telarc 1992 Descarga Boriqua Tierazzo 1993 Dave Valentin Tropic Heat 1994 Manny Oquendo amp Libre Mejor Que Nunca Milestone 1994 New York Latin Jazz Allstars Feliz Navidad 2000 Wayne Shorter Alegria 2003 Bebo Valdes Bebo de Cuba 2004 Freddie Cole Rio de Janeiro Blues Telarc 2006 Chico O Farrill Pure Emotion Fantasy 2006 Ray Barretto Standards Rican Ditioned Zoho Music 2006 Shakira amp Wyclef Jean Bamboo 2006 Tego Calderon The Underdog El Subestimado Jiggiri 2006 Nino Josele Espanola Raices 2009 References edit Ben Ratliff 20 April 2016 Papo Vazquez Still Going Strong After 40 Years The New York Times retrieved 14 October 2021 a b Jazz en Taller 111 El Nuevo Dia 8 June 1983 a b Jessica Steinhoff 7 November 2013 Trombonist Papo Vazquez brings continents together with lively Afro Latin jazz Isthmus retrieved 14 October 2021 Shaun Brady 21 June 2021 Jazz Philadelphia s Hometown Heroes Spotlight on Trombonist Papo Vazquez WRTI retrieved 14 October 2021 a b Tammy La Gorce 7 August 2009 Pirate Troubadour Roaming the Seas of Improvisation The New York Times retrieved 14 October 2021 a b c d Shaun Brady 14 March 2013 Philly born Latin jazz plus spice The Philadelphia Inquirer retrieved 14 October 2021 a b Alfredo Alvarado 1 April 1993 Papo Vazquez Breaks Out New York Latino a b Larry Birnbaum 1 July 1993 Papo Vazquez Downbeat Mark Holston Latin JAZZIZ Magazine a b Nels Nelson 1 September 1990 Latino Jazzman Blows Into Town Philadelphia Daily News p 48 a b Shaun Brady 5 January 2021 Papo Vazquez Latin jazz pioneer out of North Philly still keeps his hometown close The Philadelphia Inquirer retrieved 18 October 2021 a b TOMAS PENA 10 April 2015 Papo Vazquez Celebrates 40 Years LatinJazzNet retrieved 14 October 2021 Gisele Regatao 17 September 2019 New York Icons Siembra PRI retrieved 18 October 2021 Ben Ratliff 20 April 2016 Papo Vazquez Still Going Strong After 40 Years The New York Times retrieved 14 October 2021 Frank M Figueroa 30 June 2021 Here comes Batacumbele once again Latin Beat Magazine retrieved 14 October 2021 T J English 25 April 2019 Fort Apache The Good the Bad and the Beautiful Jazz Times retrieved 18 October 2021 a b Fernando 21 January 2016 Papo Vazquez Playing For the Guys Who Knew Afro Latin Jazz retrieved 14 October 2021 Celia Cruz Joins Tito Puente At Newport Jazz 1990 RVM 18 August 1990 retrieved 18 October 2021 Jose Mandry Papo Vazquez New York Latino Victor Valle 19 June 1989 Ruben Blades Salsa Glitters With Promise Los Angeles Times Ruben Blades Grammy com retrieved 18 October 2021 Kevin L Carter 17 February 1992 Sounds of a jazz weekend The Philadelphia Inquirer Robert Dominguez 6 August 1993 His trombone slides from style to style New York Daily News Alisa Valdez 24 October 1994 Angel Vazquez pays homage to his roots Boston Globe Mike Joyce 4 February 1994 VAZQUEZ SPICES SALSA JAZZ BLEND The Washington Post retrieved 18 October 2021 Jack Lloyd 8 July 1994 Philly s Papo Vazquez defies the categories The Philadelphia Inquirer Alisa Valdez 24 October 1994 Angel Vazquez pays homage to his roots Boston Globe J D Considine 1 October 2019 The Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra Downbeat retrieved 19 February 2022 Ben Ratliff 13 March 2004 Taking Off From Tito Puente The New York Times retrieved 18 October 2021 Jeremy Smith 22 October 2020 Trombonist Papo Vazquez Set to Release New Album Last Row Music retrieved 14 October 2021 Aaron Cohen 30 November 2020 Papo Vazquez leads his Mighty Pirate Troubadours through an uplifting blend of jazz and Caribbean rhythms Chicago Reader retrieved 14 October 2021 Francis Davis 14 January 2021 The 2020 NPR Music Jazz Critics Poll NPR retrieved 25 October 2021 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Papo Vazquez amp oldid 1178432846, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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