Pallas's gull (Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus), also known as the great black-headed gull, is a large bird species. As is the case with many gulls, it has traditionally been placed in the genus Larus.[2] The scientific name is from Ancient Greek. Ichthyaetus is from ikhthus, "fish", and aetos, "eagle".[3]
This species breeds in colonies in marshes and islands from southern Russia to Mongolia. It is migratory, wintering in the eastern Mediterranean, Arabia and India. This gull nests on the ground, laying between two and four eggs.
It occurs in western Europe only as a vagrant. In Great Britain a recent review left a single occurrence in 1859 as the only acceptable record of this bird. The species also occurs as a vagrant in differing parts of the Indian Ocean, south of its normal range, and along the northern and eastern coasts of Africa, where it visits annually on an irregular basis.[4]
Descriptionedit
This is a very large gull, being easily the world's largest black-headed gull and the third largest species of gull in the world, after the great black-backed gull and the glaucous gull. It measures 55–72 cm (22–28 in) in length with a 142 to 170 cm (56 to 67 in) wingspan.[5][6][7] Weight can vary from 0.96–2.1 kg (2.1–4.6 lb), with an average of 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) in males and 1.22 kg (2.7 lb) in females.[8] Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 43.5 to 52 cm (17.1 to 20.5 in), the bill is 4.7 to 7.3 cm (1.9 to 2.9 in) and the tarsus is 6.5 to 8.4 cm (2.6 to 3.3 in).[6] Summer adults are unmistakable, since no other gull of this size has a black hood. The adults have grey wings and back, with conspicuous white "mirrors" at the wing tips. The legs are yellow and the bill is orangey-yellow with a red tip.
In all other plumages, a dark mask through the eye indicates the vestiges of the hood. The call is a deep aargh cry. Young birds attain largely grey upperparts quite rapidly, but they take four years to reach maturity.
Ecologyedit
This bird has a deep, rather nasal flight-call which resembles the call of the lesser black-backed gull. Although they are noisy at colonies, Pallas's gulls are mostly silent when breeding.
These birds are predatory, taking fish, crustaceans, insects and even small mammals.
The Pallas's gull is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.
^Butchart, S.; Symes, A. (2012). "Larus ichthyaetus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T22694379A38839205. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22694379A38839205.en. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
^Pons, J.M.; Hassanin, A.; Crochet, P.A. (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships within the Laridae (Charadriiformes: Aves) inferred from mitochondrial markers". Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 37 (3): 686–699. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.011. PMID 16054399.
^Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 224. ISBN978-1-4081-2501-4.
^Stevenson, Terry; Fanshawe, John (2001). Field Guide to the Birds of East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi. Elsevier Science. ISBN978-0856610790.
^Panayotov, Sergey. "Birds in Bulgaria". Birds in Bulgaria. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
^ abOlsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (2004). Gulls: of North America, Europe, and Asia. Princeton University Press. ISBN978-0691119977.
^Harrison, Peter (1991). Seabirds: An Identification Guide. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN978-0-395-60291-1.
^Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (1992). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press. ISBN978-0-8493-4258-5.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus.
Wikispecies has information related to Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus.
pallas, gull, ichthyaetus, ichthyaetus, also, known, great, black, headed, gull, large, bird, species, case, with, many, gulls, traditionally, been, placed, genus, larus, scientific, name, from, ancient, greek, ichthyaetus, from, ikhthus, fish, aetos, eagle, c. Pallas s gull Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus also known as the great black headed gull is a large bird species As is the case with many gulls it has traditionally been placed in the genus Larus 2 The scientific name is from Ancient Greek Ichthyaetus is from ikhthus fish and aetos eagle 3 Pallas s gullConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder CharadriiformesFamily LaridaeGenus IchthyaetusSpecies I ichthyaetusBinomial nameIchthyaetus ichthyaetus Pallas 1773 Range of I ichthyaetus Breeding Non breedingSynonymsLarus ichthyaetus Contents 1 Distribution 2 Description 3 Ecology 4 References 5 External linksDistribution edit nbsp at KutchThis species breeds in colonies in marshes and islands from southern Russia to Mongolia It is migratory wintering in the eastern Mediterranean Arabia and India This gull nests on the ground laying between two and four eggs It occurs in western Europe only as a vagrant In Great Britain a recent review left a single occurrence in 1859 as the only acceptable record of this bird The species also occurs as a vagrant in differing parts of the Indian Ocean south of its normal range and along the northern and eastern coasts of Africa where it visits annually on an irregular basis 4 Description editThis is a very large gull being easily the world s largest black headed gull and the third largest species of gull in the world after the great black backed gull and the glaucous gull It measures 55 72 cm 22 28 in in length with a 142 to 170 cm 56 to 67 in wingspan 5 6 7 Weight can vary from 0 96 2 1 kg 2 1 4 6 lb with an average of 1 6 kg 3 5 lb in males and 1 22 kg 2 7 lb in females 8 Among standard measurements the wing chord is 43 5 to 52 cm 17 1 to 20 5 in the bill is 4 7 to 7 3 cm 1 9 to 2 9 in and the tarsus is 6 5 to 8 4 cm 2 6 to 3 3 in 6 Summer adults are unmistakable since no other gull of this size has a black hood The adults have grey wings and back with conspicuous white mirrors at the wing tips The legs are yellow and the bill is orangey yellow with a red tip In all other plumages a dark mask through the eye indicates the vestiges of the hood The call is a deep aargh cry Young birds attain largely grey upperparts quite rapidly but they take four years to reach maturity Ecology editThis bird has a deep rather nasal flight call which resembles the call of the lesser black backed gull Although they are noisy at colonies Pallas s gulls are mostly silent when breeding These birds are predatory taking fish crustaceans insects and even small mammals The Pallas s gull is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds AEWA applies nbsp Egg collection Museum Wiesbaden Germany nbsp Adult with chick Kalmykia Russia nbsp juvenile nbsp adult with juvenile Romania nbsp First winter in IndiaReferences edit Butchart S Symes A 2012 Larus ichthyaetus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012 e T22694379A38839205 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2012 1 RLTS T22694379A38839205 en Retrieved 20 February 2022 Pons J M Hassanin A Crochet P A 2005 Phylogenetic relationships within the Laridae Charadriiformes Aves inferred from mitochondrial markers Molecular Phylogenetics amp Evolution 37 3 686 699 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2005 05 011 PMID 16054399 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm p 224 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Stevenson Terry Fanshawe John 2001 Field Guide to the Birds of East Africa Kenya Tanzania Uganda Rwanda Burundi Elsevier Science ISBN 978 0856610790 Panayotov Sergey Birds in Bulgaria Birds in Bulgaria Retrieved 19 October 2011 a b Olsen Klaus Malling Larsson Hans 2004 Gulls of North America Europe and Asia Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0691119977 Harrison Peter 1991 Seabirds An Identification Guide Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ISBN 978 0 395 60291 1 Dunning John B Jr ed 1992 CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses CRC Press ISBN 978 0 8493 4258 5 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus BirdLife species factsheet for Larus ichthyaetus Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus Avibase nbsp Great black headed gull media Internet Bird Collection Great black headed gull photo gallery at VIREO Drexel University Interactive range map of Larus ichthyaetus at IUCN Red List maps Audio recordings of Pallas s gull on Xeno canto Larus ichthyaetus in Field Guide Birds of the World on Flickr Pallas s gull media from ARKive nbsp Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pallas 27s gull amp oldid 1191168870, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
