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Paleotsunami

January 01, 1970

For other uses, see Tsunami (disambiguation) and Tidal wave.

A paleotsunami is a tsunami that occurs prior to written history where there are no documented observations.[1] Paleotsunamis are evidenced by modern technology and scientific research. One of the largest was a megatsunami resulting from the asteroid that wiped out the dinosaurs.[2]

Studying paleotsunamis is an emerging science to identify and interpret paleotsunami deposits.[3] There are several recorded paleotsunami records, but though some are known only by historical mentions, such as tsunamis resulting from the 1700 Cascadia earthquake which is known only from oral traditions among the Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest.

Historical occurrences edit

Chile edit

On the coast of Chile, boulders have been found that "suggest directionality from sea to land," and they "could not be transported by rolling."[4]

On the northern Chilean coast, probable evidence of a tsunami exist as one boulder on the sand high above the Pacific can be found, dwarfing every other rock in view in a conspicuous manner. Based on the effects of a tsunami that hit Japan, a tsunami 20 m (66 ft) probably hit the Chilean coast in AD 1420, which swept boulders inland as if they were pebbles.[5]

The 1420 Caldera earthquake generated tsunamis reaching Japan.[6]

In the sea off of the Atacama near Caldera, on April 11, 1819, there was a magnitude 8.5 earthquake. It lasted roughly 7 min and almost completely demolished the city of Copiapó. A tsunami with waves up to 4 metres (13 ft) high was registered. It had reached all coasts within a radius of 800 kilometres (500 mi), including Hawaii.[7]

 
Age determination of paleotsunami sediments around Lombok Island, Indonesia, and identification of their possible tsunamigenic earthquakes.

New Zealand edit

In New Zealand, large boulders have been found close to 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) inland. No tsunami appears in historical records, but it is estimated to have occurred around 1777 BC. It likely hit islands all across the South Pacific, including the Cook Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu. Paleotsunami researchers do not yet know the full scale of the destruction the tsunami caused.[5]

China edit

A tsunami struck in AD 1076 in southern China, during the Song dynasty and nearly wiped out civilization in what is now Guangdong. On Lincoln Island of the Paracel chain in the South China Sea, large rocks and coral have been deposited on the island far away from the coast which can be explained to be moved there due to the tsunami. The earthquake causing it was probably in the Manila Trench. Historical record show that earthquake activity was largely cut off and major activity did not resume for centuries.[8]

There is evidence of paleotsunami events occurring on Taiwan.[9][10]

The Cascadia Subduction Zone edit

Off the coast of the American Northwest, the 1700 Cascadia earthquake generated a tsunami. It was recorded in Japan.[11] The Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast carried the story on in many oral traditions,[12] though they left no written records. There are records of several paleotsunamis hitting the southwest coast of Canada, northwest coast of the United States through northern California.[13][14]

Eastern Mediterranean edit

In the Eastern Mediterranean, there has been evidence found of paleotsunamis occurring.[15]

List of historic paleotsunamis edit

Main article: List of tsunamis
Year Location Main article Primary cause Description
≈1.4 Ma Molokai, Hawaii East Molokai Volcano Landslide One-third of the East Molokai volcano collapsed into the Pacific Ocean, generating a tsunami with an estimated local height of 2,000 feet (610 m). The wave traveled as far as California and Mexico.[16][17][18]
≈9.91–9.29 ka Dor, Israel Unknown A mega-tsunami had a run of at least 16 metres (52 ft) and traveled between 1.5 and 3.5 km (0.9 and 2.2 mi) inland from the ancient Eastern Mediterranean coast.[19]
≈7000–6000 BC Lisbon, Portugal Unknown A series of giant rocks and cobblestones have been found 14 metres (46 ft) above mean sea level near Guincho Beach.[20]
≈6225–6170 BC Norwegian Sea Storegga Slide Landslide The Storegga Slides, 100 kilometres (62 mi) northwest of the coast of Møre in the Norwegian Sea, triggered a large tsunami in the North Atlantic Ocean. The collapse involved around 290 kilometres (180 mi) of coastal shelf, and a total volume of 3,500 km3 (840 cu mi) of debris.[21] Based on carbon dating of plant material in the sediment deposited by the tsunami, the latest incident occurred around 6225–6170 BC.[22][23] In Scotland, traces of the tsunami have been found in sediments from Montrose Basin, the Firth of Forth, up to 80 kilometres (50 mi) inland and 4 metres (13 ft) above current normal tide levels.
5,500 BP Northern Isles Garth tsunami Unknown The tsunami may have been responsible for contemporary mass burials.[24]
≈1600 BC Santorini, Greece Minoan eruption Volcanic eruption The volcanic eruption in Santorini, Greece triggered tsunamis which caused damage to some Minoan sites in eastern Crete.

Current dangers edit

Scientists continue to find evidence of ancient tsunamis larger than those recorded in historical records.[25]

The tsunami caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake is a prime example of the dangers of ignoring evidence of past tsunamis. It was generated by a megathrust earthquake and made tsunamis up to 40 metres (130 ft) high. It washed over sea walls and drowned over 100 designated tsunami evacuation sites. From historical records, there were three large tsunamis dating back as far as the 17th century, some producing waves dozens of meters high. However, the Japanese based many of their tsunami-defense preparations on smaller tsunamis that had previously hit Japan. In 2011, tsunamis destroyed entire cities, crippling the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Over 15,000 people were killed.[5] Not long before the Tōhoku earthquake, the Japanese had set up tsunami stones, warning of tsunami danger. One reads "High dwellings are the peace and harmony of our descendants. Remember the calamity of the great tsunamis. Do not build any homes below this point."[26][27]

Megatsunami on other planets edit

The surface of Mars once had oceans but is now dry, and a 2019 study found a paleotsunami may have ravaged some of the surface after a cosmic impact similar to the one that created the Chicxulub crater and likely ended Earth's age of dinosaurs. The impact may have made Pohl Crater.[28] Near where Viking I landed were many boulders, possible debris from a megatsunami, which may have struck perhaps 3.4 billion years ago. The megatsunami could have reached 930 miles (1,500 km) from the impact site, well past Viking 1's landing site. The tsunami may have been 1,640 feet (500 m) high on the ocean, and perhaps 820 feet (250 m) on land.[29]

What happened was possible via two different scenarios, one caused by a 5.6 miles (9.0 km) asteroid meeting "strong ground resistance," releasing 13 million megatons of TNT energy, or a 1.8 miles (2.9 km) asteroid hitting the softer ground, releasing 0.5 million megatons of TNT energy.[30]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center (2010). "Tsunami terms". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  2. ^ Bressan, David (March 11, 2021). "Century-Old 'Tsunami Stones' Saved Lives In The Tohoku Earthquake Of 2011". Forbes.
  3. ^ "Tsunami Hazards, Modeling, and the Sedimentary Record". USGS. September 7, 2021.
  4. ^ Carballeira, R.; Peña‑Monne, J. L.; Otero, X. L.; Sampietro‑Vattuone, M. M.; Castro‑Correa, C. P.; Soto‑Bauerle, M. V.; Pérez‑Alberti3, A. (2022). "Paleotsunami evidence in the Bahía Inglesa coast (Atacama, Chile) based on a multi‑approach analysis" (PDF). Environmental Earth Sciences. 81 (5) (published February 24, 2022): 153. Bibcode:2022EES....81..153C. doi:10.1007/s12665-022-10259-2. S2CID 244212989.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b c Scharping, Nathaniel (February 16, 2023). "Chilean coast". Hakai Magazine.
  6. ^ Yoshinobu, Tsuji (2013). (PDF). Report of Tsunami Engineering. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2020.
  7. ^ Carballeira1, R. (2022). "Paleotsunami evidence in the Bahía Inglesa coast (Atacama, Chile) based on a multi‑approach analysis" (PDF). Environmental Earth Sciences. 81 (5). Bibcode:2022EES....81..153C. doi:10.1007/s12665-022-10259-2. S2CID 244212989.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Griffiths, James (January 3, 2019). "Ancient tsunami almost wiped out civilization in southern China, study finds". CNN.
  9. ^ Yoko, Ota (September 26, 2013). "Paleotsunami Study in Taiwan" (PDF).
  10. ^ Yoko, Ota; Shyu, J. Bruce H.; Wang, Chung-Che; Chung, Ling-Ho; Shen, Chuan-Chou (2015). "Coral boulders along the coast of the Lanyu Island, offshore southeastern Taiwan, as potential paleotsunami records". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 114: 588–600. Bibcode:2015JAESc.114..588O. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.08.001.
  11. ^ Schulz, Kathryn (July 13, 2015). "The Really Big One". The New Yorker.
  12. ^ Steele, Bill (September 4, 2012). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2015.
  13. ^ "Searching for Evidence of past Tsunamis in Sediment Cores". Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center November 23, 2021. November 23, 2021.
  14. ^ "Central Cascadia subsidence and paleotsunami events for the last ~2,500 years".
  15. ^ "Evidence for a massive paleo-tsunami at ancient Tel Dor". ScienceDaily.
  16. ^ "Hawaiian landslides have been catastrophic". mbari.org. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. October 22, 2015.
  17. ^ Culliney, John L. (2006) Islands in a Far Sea: The Fate of Nature in Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 17.
  18. ^ "Kalaupapa Settlement Boundary Study. Along North Shore to Halawa Valley, Molokai" (PDF). National Park Service. 2001. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  19. ^ Shtienberg, Gilad; Yasur-Landau, Assaf; Norris, Richard D.; Lazar, Michael; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Tamberino, Anthony; Gadol, Omri; Cantu, Katrina; Arkin-Shalev, Ehud; Ward, Steven N.; Levy, Thomas E. (December 23, 2020). "A Neolithic mega-tsunami event in the eastern Mediterranean: Prehistoric settlement vulnerability along the Carmel coast, Israel". PLOS ONE. 15 (12). e0243619. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1543619S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243619. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7757801. PMID 33362214.
  20. ^ Baptista, M. A.; Miranda, J. M. (2009). "Revision of the Portuguese catalog of tsunamis" (PDF). Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 9 (1): 25–42. Bibcode:2009NHESS...9...25B. doi:10.5194/nhess-9-25-2009. (PDF) from the original on April 3, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
  21. ^ Bondevik, Stein; Dawson, Sue; Dawson, Alastair; Lohne, Øystein (August 5, 2003). "Record-breaking Height for 8000-Year-Old Tsunami in the North Atlantic" (PDF). Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union. 84 (31): 289, 293. Bibcode:2003EOSTr..84..289B. doi:10.1029/2003EO310001. hdl:1956/729. (PDF) from the original on August 7, 2011.
  22. ^ Bondevik, S; Lovholt, F; Harbitz, C; Stormo, S; Skjerdal, G (2006). "The Storegga Slide Tsunami – Deposits, Run-up Heights and Radiocarbon Dating of the 8000-Year-Old Tsunami in the North Atlantic". American Geophysical Union meeting.
  23. ^ Bondevik, S; Stormo, SK; Skjerdal, G (2012). "Green mosses date the Storegga tsunami to the chilliest decades of the 8.2 ka cold event". Quaternary Science Reviews. 45: 1–6. Bibcode:2012QSRv...45....1B. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.04.020.
  24. ^ Cain, Genevieve; Goff, James; McFadgen, Bruce (June 1, 2019). "Prehistoric Coastal Mass Burials: Did Death Come in Waves?". Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 26 (2): 714–754. doi:10.1007/s10816-018-9386-y. ISSN 1573-7764.
  25. ^ Scharping, Nathaniel (February 18, 2023). "Paleotsunamis Offer a Quiet Warning". The Atlantic.
  26. ^ Lewis, Danny (August 31, 2015). "These Century-Old Stone "Tsunami Stones" Dot Japan's Coastline". Smithsonian.
  27. ^ Bressan, David (March 11, 2021). "Century-Old 'Tsunami Stones' Saved Lives In The Tohoku Earthquake Of 2011". Forbes.
  28. ^ Zastrow, Mark (December 6, 2022). "Megatsunami swept over Mars after devastating asteroid strike". Astronomy.
  29. ^ Ashley, Strickland (December 2, 2022). "NASA's Viking 1 may have landed at the site of an ancient Martian megatsunami". cnn.com.
  30. ^ Ashley, Strickland (December 2, 2022). "NASA's Viking 1 may have landed at the site of an ancient Martian megatsunami". CNN.

External links and references edit

  • https://paleoseismicity.org
  • The USGS on paleotsunamis
  • Paleotsunami Research—Current Debate and Controversies
  • How likely is it that a mega-tsunami strikes Hawaii?
  • Chapter 3 – Paleotsunami Research—Current Debate and Controversies
  • Age determination of paleotsunami sediments around Lombok Island, Indonesia, and identification of their possible tsunamigenic earthquakes
  • How Big Were Ancient Tsunamis? Paleotsunami Researchers Examine Olden Disasters
  • In search of Holocene trans-Pacific palaeotsunamis
  • Paleotsunami History Recorded in Holocene Coastal Lagoon Sediments, Southeastern Sri Lanka
  • Tsunami Deposits in the US Pacific Northwest
  • Paleotsunami research along the Nankai Trough and Ryukyu Trench subduction zones – Current achievements and future challenges
  • Paleotsunami history of Hachinohe, northern Japan: a multiproxy analysis and numerical modeling approach
  • USGS: Paleotsunami

January 01, 1970
paleotsunami, other, uses, tsunami, disambiguation, tidal, wave, paleotsunami, tsunami, that, occurs, prior, written, history, where, there, documented, observations, evidenced, modern, technology, scientific, research, largest, megatsunami, resulting, from, a. For other uses see Tsunami disambiguation and Tidal wave A paleotsunami is a tsunami that occurs prior to written history where there are no documented observations 1 Paleotsunamis are evidenced by modern technology and scientific research One of the largest was a megatsunami resulting from the asteroid that wiped out the dinosaurs 2 Studying paleotsunamis is an emerging science to identify and interpret paleotsunami deposits 3 There are several recorded paleotsunami records but though some are known only by historical mentions such as tsunamis resulting from the 1700 Cascadia earthquake which is known only from oral traditions among the Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest Contents 1 Historical occurrences 1 1 Chile 1 2 New Zealand 1 3 China 1 4 The Cascadia Subduction Zone 1 5 Eastern Mediterranean 2 List of historic paleotsunamis 3 Current dangers 4 Megatsunami on other planets 5 See also 6 References 7 External links and referencesHistorical occurrences editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it April 2023 Chile edit On the coast of Chile boulders have been found that suggest directionality from sea to land and they could not be transported by rolling 4 On the northern Chilean coast probable evidence of a tsunami exist as one boulder on the sand high above the Pacific can be found dwarfing every other rock in view in a conspicuous manner Based on the effects of a tsunami that hit Japan a tsunami 20 m 66 ft probably hit the Chilean coast in AD 1420 which swept boulders inland as if they were pebbles 5 The 1420 Caldera earthquake generated tsunamis reaching Japan 6 In the sea off of the Atacama near Caldera on April 11 1819 there was a magnitude 8 5 earthquake It lasted roughly 7 min and almost completely demolished the city of Copiapo A tsunami with waves up to 4 metres 13 ft high was registered It had reached all coasts within a radius of 800 kilometres 500 mi including Hawaii 7 nbsp Age determination of paleotsunami sediments around Lombok Island Indonesia and identification of their possible tsunamigenic earthquakes New Zealand edit In New Zealand large boulders have been found close to 1 kilometre 0 62 mi inland No tsunami appears in historical records but it is estimated to have occurred around 1777 BC It likely hit islands all across the South Pacific including the Cook Islands Tonga and Vanuatu Paleotsunami researchers do not yet know the full scale of the destruction the tsunami caused 5 China edit A tsunami struck in AD 1076 in southern China during the Song dynasty and nearly wiped out civilization in what is now Guangdong On Lincoln Island of the Paracel chain in the South China Sea large rocks and coral have been deposited on the island far away from the coast which can be explained to be moved there due to the tsunami The earthquake causing it was probably in the Manila Trench Historical record show that earthquake activity was largely cut off and major activity did not resume for centuries 8 There is evidence of paleotsunami events occurring on Taiwan 9 10 The Cascadia Subduction Zone edit Off the coast of the American Northwest the 1700 Cascadia earthquake generated a tsunami It was recorded in Japan 11 The Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast carried the story on in many oral traditions 12 though they left no written records There are records of several paleotsunamis hitting the southwest coast of Canada northwest coast of the United States through northern California 13 14 Eastern Mediterranean edit In the Eastern Mediterranean there has been evidence found of paleotsunamis occurring 15 List of historic paleotsunamis editMain article List of tsunamis Year Location Main article Primary cause Description 1 4 Ma Molokai Hawaii East Molokai Volcano Landslide One third of the East Molokai volcano collapsed into the Pacific Ocean generating a tsunami with an estimated local height of 2 000 feet 610 m The wave traveled as far as California and Mexico 16 17 18 9 91 9 29 ka Dor Israel Unknown A mega tsunami had a run of at least 16 metres 52 ft and traveled between 1 5 and 3 5 km 0 9 and 2 2 mi inland from the ancient Eastern Mediterranean coast 19 7000 6000 BC Lisbon Portugal Unknown A series of giant rocks and cobblestones have been found 14 metres 46 ft above mean sea level near Guincho Beach 20 6225 6170 BC Norwegian Sea Storegga Slide Landslide The Storegga Slides 100 kilometres 62 mi northwest of the coast of More in the Norwegian Sea triggered a large tsunami in the North Atlantic Ocean The collapse involved around 290 kilometres 180 mi of coastal shelf and a total volume of 3 500 km3 840 cu mi of debris 21 Based on carbon dating of plant material in the sediment deposited by the tsunami the latest incident occurred around 6225 6170 BC 22 23 In Scotland traces of the tsunami have been found in sediments from Montrose Basin the Firth of Forth up to 80 kilometres 50 mi inland and 4 metres 13 ft above current normal tide levels 5 500 BP Northern Isles Garth tsunami Unknown The tsunami may have been responsible for contemporary mass burials 24 1600 BC Santorini Greece Minoan eruption Volcanic eruption The volcanic eruption in Santorini Greece triggered tsunamis which caused damage to some Minoan sites in eastern Crete Current dangers editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it April 2023 Scientists continue to find evidence of ancient tsunamis larger than those recorded in historical records 25 The tsunami caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake is a prime example of the dangers of ignoring evidence of past tsunamis It was generated by a megathrust earthquake and made tsunamis up to 40 metres 130 ft high It washed over sea walls and drowned over 100 designated tsunami evacuation sites From historical records there were three large tsunamis dating back as far as the 17th century some producing waves dozens of meters high However the Japanese based many of their tsunami defense preparations on smaller tsunamis that had previously hit Japan In 2011 tsunamis destroyed entire cities crippling the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Over 15 000 people were killed 5 Not long before the Tōhoku earthquake the Japanese had set up tsunami stones warning of tsunami danger One reads High dwellings are the peace and harmony of our descendants Remember the calamity of the great tsunamis Do not build any homes below this point 26 27 Megatsunami on other planets editThe surface of Mars once had oceans but is now dry and a 2019 study found a paleotsunami may have ravaged some of the surface after a cosmic impact similar to the one that created the Chicxulub crater and likely ended Earth s age of dinosaurs The impact may have made Pohl Crater 28 Near where Viking I landed were many boulders possible debris from a megatsunami which may have struck perhaps 3 4 billion years ago The megatsunami could have reached 930 miles 1 500 km from the impact site well past Viking 1 s landing site The tsunami may have been 1 640 feet 500 m high on the ocean and perhaps 820 feet 250 m on land 29 What happened was possible via two different scenarios one caused by a 5 6 miles 9 0 km asteroid meeting strong ground resistance releasing 13 million megatons of TNT energy or a 1 8 miles 2 9 km asteroid hitting the softer ground releasing 0 5 million megatons of TNT energy 30 See also editCascadia subduction zone List of tsunamis Megathrust earthquake Megatsunami NOAA Center for Tsunami Research Pacific Tsunami Warning Center Submarine earthquake Teletsunami Tsunami deposit Tsunami earthquake Tsunami warning system Tsunamis in lakesReferences edit Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center 2010 Tsunami terms United States Geological Survey Retrieved January 17 2024 Bressan David March 11 2021 Century Old Tsunami Stones Saved Lives In The Tohoku Earthquake Of 2011 Forbes Tsunami Hazards Modeling and the Sedimentary Record USGS September 7 2021 Carballeira R Pena Monne J L Otero X L Sampietro Vattuone M M Castro Correa C P Soto Bauerle M V Perez Alberti3 A 2022 Paleotsunami evidence in the Bahia Inglesa coast Atacama Chile based on a multi approach analysis PDF Environmental Earth Sciences 81 5 published February 24 2022 153 Bibcode 2022EES 81 153C doi 10 1007 s12665 022 10259 2 S2CID 244212989 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link a b c Scharping Nathaniel February 16 2023 Chilean coast Hakai Magazine Yoshinobu Tsuji 2013 Catalog of Distant Tsunamis Reaching Japan from Chile and Peru PDF Report of Tsunami Engineering Archived from the original PDF on March 20 2020 Carballeira1 R 2022 Paleotsunami evidence in the Bahia Inglesa coast Atacama Chile based on a multi approach analysis PDF Environmental Earth Sciences 81 5 Bibcode 2022EES 81 153C doi 10 1007 s12665 022 10259 2 S2CID 244212989 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Griffiths James January 3 2019 Ancient tsunami almost wiped out civilization in southern China study finds CNN Yoko Ota September 26 2013 Paleotsunami Study in Taiwan PDF Yoko Ota Shyu J Bruce H Wang Chung Che Chung Ling Ho Shen Chuan Chou 2015 Coral boulders along the coast of the Lanyu Island offshore southeastern Taiwan as potential paleotsunami records Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 114 588 600 Bibcode 2015JAESc 114 588O doi 10 1016 j jseaes 2015 08 001 Schulz Kathryn July 13 2015 The Really Big One The New Yorker Steele Bill September 4 2012 Native American Stories expand history PDF Archived from the original PDF on July 24 2015 Searching for Evidence of past Tsunamis in Sediment Cores Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center November 23 2021 November 23 2021 Central Cascadia subsidence and paleotsunami events for the last 2 500 years Evidence for a massive paleo tsunami at ancient Tel Dor ScienceDaily Hawaiian landslides have been catastrophic mbari org Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute October 22 2015 Culliney John L 2006 Islands in a Far Sea The Fate of Nature in Hawaii Honolulu University of Hawaii Press p 17 Kalaupapa Settlement Boundary Study Along North Shore to Halawa Valley Molokai PDF National Park Service 2001 Retrieved June 29 2020 Shtienberg Gilad Yasur Landau Assaf Norris Richard D Lazar Michael Rittenour Tammy M Tamberino Anthony Gadol Omri Cantu Katrina Arkin Shalev Ehud Ward Steven N Levy Thomas E December 23 2020 A Neolithic mega tsunami event in the eastern Mediterranean Prehistoric settlement vulnerability along the Carmel coast Israel PLOS ONE 15 12 e0243619 Bibcode 2020PLoSO 1543619S doi 10 1371 journal pone 0243619 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 7757801 PMID 33362214 Baptista M A Miranda J M 2009 Revision of the Portuguese catalog of tsunamis PDF Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9 1 25 42 Bibcode 2009NHESS 9 25B doi 10 5194 nhess 9 25 2009 Archived PDF from the original on April 3 2013 Retrieved September 30 2012 Bondevik Stein Dawson Sue Dawson Alastair Lohne Oystein August 5 2003 Record breaking Height for 8000 Year Old Tsunami in the North Atlantic PDF Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union 84 31 289 293 Bibcode 2003EOSTr 84 289B doi 10 1029 2003EO310001 hdl 1956 729 Archived PDF from the original on August 7 2011 Bondevik S Lovholt F Harbitz C Stormo S Skjerdal G 2006 The Storegga Slide Tsunami Deposits Run up Heights and Radiocarbon Dating of the 8000 Year Old Tsunami in the North Atlantic American Geophysical Union meeting Bondevik S Stormo SK Skjerdal G 2012 Green mosses date the Storegga tsunami to the chilliest decades of the 8 2 ka cold event Quaternary Science Reviews 45 1 6 Bibcode 2012QSRv 45 1B doi 10 1016 j quascirev 2012 04 020 Cain Genevieve Goff James McFadgen Bruce June 1 2019 Prehistoric Coastal Mass Burials Did Death Come in Waves Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 26 2 714 754 doi 10 1007 s10816 018 9386 y ISSN 1573 7764 Scharping Nathaniel February 18 2023 Paleotsunamis Offer a Quiet Warning The Atlantic Lewis Danny August 31 2015 These Century Old Stone Tsunami Stones Dot Japan s Coastline Smithsonian Bressan David March 11 2021 Century Old Tsunami Stones Saved Lives In The Tohoku Earthquake Of 2011 Forbes Zastrow Mark December 6 2022 Megatsunami swept over Mars after devastating asteroid strike Astronomy Ashley Strickland December 2 2022 NASA s Viking 1 may have landed at the site of an ancient Martian megatsunami cnn com Ashley Strickland December 2 2022 NASA s Viking 1 may have landed at the site of an ancient Martian megatsunami CNN External links and references edithttps paleoseismicity org The USGS on paleotsunamis Paleotsunami Research Current Debate and Controversies How likely is it that a mega tsunami strikes Hawaii Chapter 3 Paleotsunami Research Current Debate and Controversies Age determination of paleotsunami sediments around Lombok Island Indonesia and identification of their possible tsunamigenic earthquakes How Big Were Ancient Tsunamis Paleotsunami Researchers Examine Olden Disasters In search of Holocene trans Pacific palaeotsunamis Paleotsunami History Recorded in Holocene Coastal Lagoon Sediments Southeastern Sri Lanka Tsunami Deposits in the US Pacific Northwest Paleotsunami research along the Nankai Trough and Ryukyu Trench subduction zones Current achievements and future challenges Paleotsunami history of Hachinohe northern Japan a multiproxy analysis and numerical modeling approach USGS Paleotsunami Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Paleotsunami amp oldid 1204074449, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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