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PZL-106 Kruk

May 31, 2023

The PZL-106 Kruk (English: Raven) is a Polish agricultural aircraft designed and built by WSK PZL Warszawa-Okęcie (later PZL "Warszawa-Okęcie" and now EADS-PZL).

PZL-106 Kruk
PZL-106A at the oldtimer aircraft meeting, 2013, Hahnweide, Germany
Role Agricultural aircraft
National origin Poland
Manufacturer WSK PZL Warszawa-Okęcie
First flight April 17, 1973
Status in production
Primary users Polish civilian aviation
East Germany
Argentina
Produced 1976–
Number built 275+[1]
PZL-106A at the oldtimer aircraft meeting, 2013, airfield Hahnweide, Germany, at a spray flight.

Design and development

The PZL-106 was developed as a modern agricultural aircraft for Poland and Comecon countries to replace the less-capable PZL-101 Gawron and aging PZL Antonov An-2. (According to Comecon decisions, Polish industry was responsible for developing agricultural aircraft). There were several agricultural plane designs proposed in the early 1960s by a group of young designers from WSK PZL Warszawa-Okęcie, led by Andrzej Frydrychewicz. These proposals were made on their own initiative, but they were never realized because the USSR was content with the An-2 and was planning to replace it with a jet aircraft (later PZL M-15 Belphegor). The first was the PZL-101M Kruk 63 of 1963. That remained a paper airplane, but it did give its name to later designs. Next were the PZL-106 Kruk 65 (1965), PZL-110 Kruk-2T (1969), and PZL M-14 Kruk (1970, which was planned to produce this variant in PZL-Mielec). Only in 1971 did the authorities decide to start development of new agricultural design such as the PZL-106 Kruk 71. Despite this decision, its development was quite protracted due to economic and political factors. The work, led by Andrzej Frydrychewicz, started in 1972 and was based on earlier designs. The first prototype was flown on April 17, 1973. The designers chose a safe layout of a braced low-wing monoplane with a container for chemicals in front of the pilot, a design inspired by planes like Piper PA-25 Pawnee (in case of an emergency landing, the container would not crush the higher-sitting pilot).

 
PZL-106A in flight

The first prototype was powered by an imported 298 kW (400 hp) Lycoming IO-720 flat-eight-cylinder engine and had a T-tail with wings of wooden construction. There were several prototypes built, and the plane was finally fitted with a 441 kW (600 hp) PZL-3S radial engine, a conventional tail and metal wings. The prototype with the final engine first flew on 25 October, 1974.

Production started in 1976 under the designation PZL-106A. Successive variants were the PZL-106AR, with PZL-3SR engine, and the PZL-106AS, with a stronger 736 kW ASz-62IR radial engine. By 1982, 144 PZL-106As had been built. Several aircraft were modified in Africa to PZL-106AS standards.

On May 15, 1981, the prototype of an improved variant PZL-106B was flown with redesigned wings using shorter struts. It was powered by the same PZL-3SR engine and was produced from 1984. In 1982, the prototype of the PZL-106BS flew powered by the ASz-62IR engine. By 1988, 60 PZL-106Bs had been built.

The next step was fitting the Kruk with a turboprop engine. The first was the PZL-106AT Turbo Kruk prototype, with a 566 kW (770 hp) Pratt & Whitney PT6A-34AG engine, in 1981. The next version, based upon the PZL-106B, was the PZL-106BT Turbo Kruk with a 544 kW Walter M601D-1 engine. The PZL-106BT first flew in 1985 and was only produced in limited numbers (10 in 1986–1988). The last variant, in 1998, was the PZL-106BTU-34 Turbo Kruk, with a Pratt & Whitney PT6A-34AG engine. Both turboprop variants have a taller tailfin, and the BTU-34 differs again with a restyled nose, a bigger fuel tank (780 L), a revised cockpit layout, and improved performance.

In total, 266 PZL-106s were produced. Production was restarted in 1995, and, as of 2007, the PZL-106BT (renamed PZL-106BT-601) with the Walter M601-D1, and the PZL-106BTU-34, with the PT6A-34AG engine, are currently being offered by the manufacturer EADS-PZL. Limited numbers of turbo-Kruks have been produced so far.

Description

The PZL-106 is a metal construction braced low-wing monoplane that is conventional in layout. The fuselage is a steel frame covered with duralumin front and canvas tail. Wings are duralumin and canvas covered, fitted with flaps and slats. It has a single-seat cabin, placed high, with an emergency seat for a mechanic behind the pilot. Behind the engine is a 1300-litre container for 1050 kg of chemicals, with interchangeable equipment sets for spraying, cropdusting or fire-fighting. The container might be replaced with an additional cab for an instructor for pilot training. It has conventional fixed landing gear with a tail wheel.

The PZL-106 has a single radial engine PZL-3S or SR (600 hp / 441 kW), four-blade propeller or turboprop engine with three-blade propeller (554 kW Walter M601D-1 or PT6A-34AG). Fuel tanks for 540 L, or from serial number 260 onwards, 760 L.

Operational history

The main user of the PZL-106 was the Polish civilian aviation. At that time, Polish state aviation firms often carried out agricultural services abroad, especially in Egypt and Sudan. They were supplemented and partly superseded by the PZL-Mielec M-18 Dromader. PZL-106As and Bs were exported to East Germany (major non-Polish user – 54), Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Hungary, Argentina, Brazil, and Ecuador. Some PZL-106BT-601s were sold to Egypt, Ecuador (2 Operational till 2008), Argentina (30 operational till 2008), and Brazil (4 operational till 2008). The PZL 106BT-34 is still flying in Argentina.

Variants

 
PZL-106A with an additional cab in front
 
PZL-106BT Turbo Kruk
PZL-106
Prototypes, first flew on 17 April 1973.
PZL-106A
Basic production variant with 441 kW (591 hp) PZL-3S radial engine, produced 1976–1982
PZL-106AR
Prototype with PZL-3SR engine with a reduction gear, first flew on 15 November 1978
PZL-106AT Turbo Kruk
Prototype with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-34AG turboprop engine, first flew on 22 June 1981
PZL-106AS
Variant with 736 kW (987 hp) PZL ASz-62IR engine, first flew on 19 August 1981
PZL-106B
Improved production variant with redesigned wings and shorter struts, PZL-3SR engine, first flew on 15 May 1981, produced in 1984–1988
PZL-106BS
Prototype with PZL ASz-62IR engine, first flew on 8 March 1982
PZL-106BT-601 Turbo Kruk
Production variant with 544 kW (730 hp) Walter M601D-1 turboprop engine, first flew on 18 September 1985
PZL-106BTU-34 Turbo Kruk
Production variant with 560 kW (750 shp) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-34AG turboprop engine, first flew in 1998. Still flying in Argentina

Operators

Specifications (PZL-106BR)

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89[2]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1, pilot
  • Capacity: 1 seat for mechanic (optional) / 1,300 kg (2,900 lb) / 1,400 L (370 US gal; 310 imp gal) hopper for chemicals
  • Length: 9.25 m (30 ft 4 in)
  • Wingspan: 14.9 m (48 ft 11 in)
  • Height: 3.32 m (10 ft 11 in)
  • Wing area: 31.69 m2 (341.1 sq ft)
  • Airfoil: NACA 2415
  • Empty weight: 1,790 kg (3,946 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 3,000 kg (6,614 lb) and max landing weight
3,450 kg (7,610 lb) (restricted category)
  • Fuel capacity: 560 L (150 US gal; 120 imp gal) in two integral wing tanks with an optional 390 L (100 US gal; 86 imp gal) auxiliary tank in the hopper compartment
  • Powerplant: 1 × PZL-3SR 7-cylinder air-cooled geared and supercharged radial piston engine, 450 kW (600 hp)
  • Propellers: 4-bladed PZL US-133000 constant-speed propeller

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 215 km/h (134 mph, 116 kn) at sea level
  • Operating speed: 150–160 km/h (93–99 mph; 81–86 kn) with max chemical load
  • Stall speed: 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kn)
  • Never exceed speed: 145 km/h (90 mph, 78 kn)
  • Range: 900 km (560 mi, 490 nmi) with max standard fuel
  • Rate of climb: 3.8 m/s (750 ft/min)
  • Wing loading: 108.86 kg/m2 (22.30 lb/sq ft) (restricted category)
  • Power/mass: 0.0777 hp/lb (0.1277 kW/kg) (restricted category)
  • Take-off run: 250 m (820 ft) (with agricultural equipment)
  • Landing run: 200 m (660 ft) (with agricultural equipment)

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

  1. ^ Polska Technika Lotnicza: Powstanie i rozwj samolotu TS-8 BIES 2011-10-03 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Taylor 1988, pp. 192–193.
  • Andrzej Glass: Samoloty'85, NOT-SIGMA, Warsaw 1986 (ISBN 83-85001-06-9)
  • Andrzej Glass: Samoloty'90, NOT-SIGMA, Warsaw 1990 (ISBN 83-85001-54-9)
  • Andrzej Glass, Andrzej Frydrychewicz: – based on a lecture in Muzeum Techniki, Warsaw (in Polish)
  • Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83. London:Jane's Yearbooks, 1982. ISBN 0-7106-0748-2.
  • Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89. Coulsdon, UK:Jane's Defence Data, 1988. ISBN 0-7106-0867-5.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to PZL-106 Kruk.
  • PZL-106 KRUK website
  • PZL-106 KRUK South America on Facebook

May 31, 2023
kruk, english, raven, polish, agricultural, aircraft, designed, built, warszawa, okęcie, later, warszawa, okęcie, eads, 106a, oldtimer, aircraft, meeting, 2013, hahnweide, germanyrole, agricultural, aircraftnational, origin, polandmanufacturer, warszawa, okęci. The PZL 106 Kruk English Raven is a Polish agricultural aircraft designed and built by WSK PZL Warszawa Okecie later PZL Warszawa Okecie and now EADS PZL PZL 106 KrukPZL 106A at the oldtimer aircraft meeting 2013 Hahnweide GermanyRole Agricultural aircraftNational origin PolandManufacturer WSK PZL Warszawa OkecieFirst flight April 17 1973Status in productionPrimary users Polish civilian aviationEast Germany ArgentinaProduced 1976 Number built 275 1 PZL 106A at the oldtimer aircraft meeting 2013 airfield Hahnweide Germany at a spray flight Contents 1 Design and development 2 Description 3 Operational history 4 Variants 5 Operators 6 Specifications PZL 106BR 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksDesign and development EditThe PZL 106 was developed as a modern agricultural aircraft for Poland and Comecon countries to replace the less capable PZL 101 Gawron and aging PZL Antonov An 2 According to Comecon decisions Polish industry was responsible for developing agricultural aircraft There were several agricultural plane designs proposed in the early 1960s by a group of young designers from WSK PZL Warszawa Okecie led by Andrzej Frydrychewicz These proposals were made on their own initiative but they were never realized because the USSR was content with the An 2 and was planning to replace it with a jet aircraft later PZL M 15 Belphegor The first was the PZL 101M Kruk 63 of 1963 That remained a paper airplane but it did give its name to later designs Next were the PZL 106 Kruk 65 1965 PZL 110 Kruk 2T 1969 and PZL M 14 Kruk 1970 which was planned to produce this variant in PZL Mielec Only in 1971 did the authorities decide to start development of new agricultural design such as the PZL 106 Kruk 71 Despite this decision its development was quite protracted due to economic and political factors The work led by Andrzej Frydrychewicz started in 1972 and was based on earlier designs The first prototype was flown on April 17 1973 The designers chose a safe layout of a braced low wing monoplane with a container for chemicals in front of the pilot a design inspired by planes like Piper PA 25 Pawnee in case of an emergency landing the container would not crush the higher sitting pilot PZL 106A in flight The first prototype was powered by an imported 298 kW 400 hp Lycoming IO 720 flat eight cylinder engine and had a T tail with wings of wooden construction There were several prototypes built and the plane was finally fitted with a 441 kW 600 hp PZL 3S radial engine a conventional tail and metal wings The prototype with the final engine first flew on 25 October 1974 Production started in 1976 under the designation PZL 106A Successive variants were the PZL 106AR with PZL 3SR engine and the PZL 106AS with a stronger 736 kW ASz 62IR radial engine By 1982 144 PZL 106As had been built Several aircraft were modified in Africa to PZL 106AS standards On May 15 1981 the prototype of an improved variant PZL 106B was flown with redesigned wings using shorter struts It was powered by the same PZL 3SR engine and was produced from 1984 In 1982 the prototype of the PZL 106BS flew powered by the ASz 62IR engine By 1988 60 PZL 106Bs had been built The next step was fitting the Kruk with a turboprop engine The first was the PZL 106AT Turbo Kruk prototype with a 566 kW 770 hp Pratt amp Whitney PT6A 34AG engine in 1981 The next version based upon the PZL 106B was the PZL 106BT Turbo Kruk with a 544 kW Walter M601D 1 engine The PZL 106BT first flew in 1985 and was only produced in limited numbers 10 in 1986 1988 The last variant in 1998 was the PZL 106BTU 34 Turbo Kruk with a Pratt amp Whitney PT6A 34AG engine Both turboprop variants have a taller tailfin and the BTU 34 differs again with a restyled nose a bigger fuel tank 780 L a revised cockpit layout and improved performance In total 266 PZL 106s were produced Production was restarted in 1995 and as of 2007 the PZL 106BT renamed PZL 106BT 601 with the Walter M601 D1 and the PZL 106BTU 34 with the PT6A 34AG engine are currently being offered by the manufacturer EADS PZL Limited numbers of turbo Kruks have been produced so far Description EditThe PZL 106 is a metal construction braced low wing monoplane that is conventional in layout The fuselage is a steel frame covered with duralumin front and canvas tail Wings are duralumin and canvas covered fitted with flaps and slats It has a single seat cabin placed high with an emergency seat for a mechanic behind the pilot Behind the engine is a 1300 litre container for 1050 kg of chemicals with interchangeable equipment sets for spraying cropdusting or fire fighting The container might be replaced with an additional cab for an instructor for pilot training It has conventional fixed landing gear with a tail wheel The PZL 106 has a single radial engine PZL 3S or SR 600 hp 441 kW four blade propeller or turboprop engine with three blade propeller 554 kW Walter M601D 1 or PT6A 34AG Fuel tanks for 540 L or from serial number 260 onwards 760 L Operational history EditThe main user of the PZL 106 was the Polish civilian aviation At that time Polish state aviation firms often carried out agricultural services abroad especially in Egypt and Sudan They were supplemented and partly superseded by the PZL Mielec M 18 Dromader PZL 106As and Bs were exported to East Germany major non Polish user 54 Czechoslovakia Egypt Hungary Argentina Brazil and Ecuador Some PZL 106BT 601s were sold to Egypt Ecuador 2 Operational till 2008 Argentina 30 operational till 2008 and Brazil 4 operational till 2008 The PZL 106BT 34 is still flying in Argentina Variants Edit PZL 106A with an additional cab in front PZL 106BT Turbo Kruk PZL 106 Prototypes first flew on 17 April 1973 PZL 106A Basic production variant with 441 kW 591 hp PZL 3S radial engine produced 1976 1982 PZL 106AR Prototype with PZL 3SR engine with a reduction gear first flew on 15 November 1978 PZL 106AT Turbo Kruk Prototype with Pratt amp Whitney Canada PT6A 34AG turboprop engine first flew on 22 June 1981 PZL 106AS Variant with 736 kW 987 hp PZL ASz 62IR engine first flew on 19 August 1981 PZL 106B Improved production variant with redesigned wings and shorter struts PZL 3SR engine first flew on 15 May 1981 produced in 1984 1988 PZL 106BS Prototype with PZL ASz 62IR engine first flew on 8 March 1982 PZL 106BT 601 Turbo Kruk Production variant with 544 kW 730 hp Walter M601D 1 turboprop engine first flew on 18 September 1985 PZL 106BTU 34 Turbo Kruk Production variant with 560 kW 750 shp Pratt amp Whitney Canada PT6A 34AG turboprop engine first flew in 1998 Still flying in ArgentinaOperators Edit Australia With 1 PZL 106BT 601s Argentina With 30 PZL 106 BT 601 Turbo Kruks and one PZL 106BT 34 Brazil With 4 PZL 106BT 601s Ecuador With 2 PZL 106BT 601s Czechoslovakia East Germany received 54 aircraft Egypt Hungary With 2 PZL 106As entered service in 1977 Venezuela One PZL 106 in service with the Venezuelan National Guard Specifications PZL 106BR EditData from Jane s All The World s Aircraft 1988 89 2 General characteristicsCrew 1 pilot Capacity 1 seat for mechanic optional 1 300 kg 2 900 lb 1 400 L 370 US gal 310 imp gal hopper for chemicals Length 9 25 m 30 ft 4 in Wingspan 14 9 m 48 ft 11 in Height 3 32 m 10 ft 11 in Wing area 31 69 m2 341 1 sq ft Airfoil NACA 2415 Empty weight 1 790 kg 3 946 lb Max takeoff weight 3 000 kg 6 614 lb and max landing weight3 450 kg 7 610 lb restricted category dd dd dd Fuel capacity 560 L 150 US gal 120 imp gal in two integral wing tanks with an optional 390 L 100 US gal 86 imp gal auxiliary tank in the hopper compartment Powerplant 1 PZL 3SR 7 cylinder air cooled geared and supercharged radial piston engine 450 kW 600 hp Propellers 4 bladed PZL US 133000 constant speed propellerPerformance Maximum speed 215 km h 134 mph 116 kn at sea level Operating speed 150 160 km h 93 99 mph 81 86 kn with max chemical load Stall speed 100 km h 62 mph 54 kn Never exceed speed 145 km h 90 mph 78 kn Range 900 km 560 mi 490 nmi with max standard fuel Rate of climb 3 8 m s 750 ft min Wing loading 108 86 kg m2 22 30 lb sq ft restricted category Power mass 0 0777 hp lb 0 1277 kW kg restricted category Take off run 250 m 820 ft with agricultural equipment Landing run 200 m 660 ft with agricultural equipment See also EditAircraft of comparable role configuration and era Aero Boero 260AG Air Tractor AT 502 Ayres Thrush Cessna 188 Piper PA 25 Pawnee Piper PA 36 Pawnee Brave PZL Mielec M 18 Dromader Zlin Z 37 Cmelak LET Z 137T Agro TurboReferences Edit Polska Technika Lotnicza Powstanie i rozwj samolotu TS 8 BIES Archived 2011 10 03 at the Wayback Machine Taylor 1988 pp 192 193 Andrzej Glass Samoloty 85 NOT SIGMA Warsaw 1986 ISBN 83 85001 06 9 Andrzej Glass Samoloty 90 NOT SIGMA Warsaw 1990 ISBN 83 85001 54 9 Andrzej Glass Andrzej Frydrychewicz Problemy rozwoju samolotu PZL 106 Kruk Polska Technika Lotnicza Materialy Historyczne 4 2004 based on a lecture in Muzeum Techniki Warsaw in Polish Taylor John W R Jane s All The World s Aircraft 1982 83 London Jane s Yearbooks 1982 ISBN 0 7106 0748 2 Taylor John W R Jane s All The World s Aircraft 1988 89 Coulsdon UK Jane s Defence Data 1988 ISBN 0 7106 0867 5 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to PZL 106 Kruk PZL 106 KRUK website EADS group website Airbus Military EADS PZL Warszawa Okecie website PZL 106 KRUK South America on Facebook Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title PZL 106 Kruk amp oldid 1126686699, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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