Prokineticins are secreted proteins that can promote angiogenesis and induce strong gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction. The protein encoded by this gene is an integral membrane protein and G protein-coupled receptor for prokineticins. PKR2 is composed of 384 amino acids. Asparagine residues at position 7 and 27 undergo N-linked glycosylation.[5] Cysteine residues at position 128 and 208 form a disulfide bond.[5] The encoded protein is similar in sequence to GPR73, another G protein-coupled receptor for prokineticins.[6] PKR2 is also linked to mammalian circadian rhythm.[7] Levels of PKR2mRNA fluctuate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, increasing during the day and decreasing at night.[7]
PKR2 functions as a G protein-coupled receptor, thus it has a signaling cascade when it's ligand binds. PKR2 is a Gq-coupled protein, so when the ligand binds, beta-type phospholipase C is activated which creates inositol triphosphate. This then triggers calcium release inside the cell.[10]
^ abMasumoto KH, Nagano M, Takashima N, Hayasaka N, Hiyama H, Matsumoto S, et al. (June 2006). "Distinct localization of prokineticin 2 and prokineticin receptor 2 mRNAs in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (11): 2959–2970. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04834.x. PMID 16819985. S2CID 20510543.
^Jethwa PH, I'Anson H, Warner A, Prosser HM, Hastings MH, Maywood ES, Ebling FJ (June 2008). "Loss of prokineticin receptor 2 signaling predisposes mice to torpor". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 294 (6): R1968–R1979. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00778.2007. PMC2735815. PMID 18417646.
^Martin C, Balasubramanian R, Dwyer AA, Au MG, Sidis Y, Kaiser UB, et al. (April 2011). "The role of the prokineticin 2 pathway in human reproduction: evidence from the study of human and murine gene mutations". Endocrine Reviews. 32 (2): 225–246. doi:10.1210/er.2010-0007. PMC3365793. PMID 21037178.
Further readingEdit
Lin DC, Bullock CM, Ehlert FJ, Chen JL, Tian H, Zhou QY (May 2002). "Identification and molecular characterization of two closely related G protein-coupled receptors activated by prokineticins/endocrine gland vascular endothelial growth factor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (22): 19276–19280. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202139200. PMID 11886876. S2CID 22935718.
Soga T, Matsumoto Si, Oda T, Saito T, Hiyama H, Takasaki J, et al. (December 2002). "Molecular cloning and characterization of prokineticin receptors". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1579 (2–3): 173–179. doi:10.1016/S0167-4781(02)00546-8. PMID 12427552.
Battersby S, Critchley HO, Morgan K, Millar RP, Jabbour HN (May 2004). "Expression and regulation of the prokineticins (endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor and Bv8) and their receptors in the human endometrium across the menstrual cycle". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 89 (5): 2463–2469. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-032012. PMID 15126578.
Pasquali D, Rossi V, Staibano S, De Rosa G, Chieffi P, Prezioso D, et al. (September 2006). "The endocrine-gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF)/prokineticin 1 and 2 and receptor expression in human prostate: Up-regulation of EG-VEGF/prokineticin 1 with malignancy". Endocrinology. 147 (9): 4245–4251. doi:10.1210/en.2006-0614. PMID 16763065.
Dodé C, Teixeira L, Levilliers J, Fouveaut C, Bouchard P, Kottler ML, et al. (October 2006). "Kallmann syndrome: mutations in the genes encoding prokineticin-2 and prokineticin receptor-2". PLOS Genetics. 2 (10): e175. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020175. PMC1617130. PMID 17054399.
External linksEdit
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Kallmann syndrome
"Prokineticin Receptors: PKR2". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
prokineticin, receptor, pkr2, dimeric, protein, coupled, receptor, encoded, prokr2, gene, humans, prokr2identifiersaliasesprokr2, gpr73l1, gpr73b, gprg2, kal3, pkr2, dj680n4, prokineticin, receptor, 2external, idsomim, 607123, 2181363, homologene, 16368, genec. Prokineticin receptor 2 PKR2 is a dimeric 5 G protein coupled receptor encoded by the PROKR2 gene in humans 6 PROKR2IdentifiersAliasesPROKR2 GPR73L1 GPR73b GPRg2 HH3 KAL3 PKR2 dJ680N4 3 prokineticin receptor 2External IDsOMIM 607123 MGI 2181363 HomoloGene 16368 GeneCards PROKR2Gene location Human Chr Chromosome 20 human 1 Band20p12 3Start5 299 218 bp 1 End5 316 954 bp 1 Gene location Mouse Chr Chromosome 2 mouse 2 Band2 2 F2Start132 179 653 bp 2 End132 227 367 bp 2 RNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse ortholog Top expressed inganglionic eminenceprefrontal cortexBrodmann area 9lymph nodebone marrowhippocampus propersuperior frontal gyrusbloodamygdalaislet of LangerhansTop expressed insuprachiasmatic nucleusmedial ganglionic eminenceolfactory bulbthymusSertoli cellhabenulaautopod regionpharynxmorulatongueMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular functionsignal transducer activity neuropeptide Y receptor activity pancreatic polypeptide receptor activity G protein coupled receptor activityCellular componentmembrane integral component of membrane plasma membrane integral component of plasma membraneBiological processcircadian rhythm signal transduction neuropeptide signaling pathway chemical synaptic transmission feeding behavior blood circulation G protein coupled receptor signaling pathwaySources Amigo QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez128674246313EnsemblENSG00000101292ENSMUSG00000050558UniProtQ8NFJ6Q8K458RefSeq mRNA NM 144773NM 144944RefSeq protein NP 658986NP 659193Location UCSC Chr 20 5 3 5 32 MbChr 2 132 18 132 23 MbPubMed search 3 4 WikidataView Edit HumanView Edit Mouse Contents 1 Function 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksFunction EditProkineticins are secreted proteins that can promote angiogenesis and induce strong gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction The protein encoded by this gene is an integral membrane protein and G protein coupled receptor for prokineticins PKR2 is composed of 384 amino acids Asparagine residues at position 7 and 27 undergo N linked glycosylation 5 Cysteine residues at position 128 and 208 form a disulfide bond 5 The encoded protein is similar in sequence to GPR73 another G protein coupled receptor for prokineticins 6 PKR2 is also linked to mammalian circadian rhythm 7 Levels of PKR2 mRNA fluctuate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus increasing during the day and decreasing at night 7 Mutations in the PROKR2 also known as KAL3 gene have been implicated in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and gynecomastia 8 Total loss of PKR2 in mice leads to spontaneous torpor usually beginning at dusk and lasting for 8 hours on average 9 PKR2 functions as a G protein coupled receptor thus it has a signaling cascade when it s ligand binds PKR2 is a Gq coupled protein so when the ligand binds beta type phospholipase C is activated which creates inositol triphosphate This then triggers calcium release inside the cell 10 See also EditProkineticin receptor Kallmann syndromeReferences Edit a b c GRCh38 Ensembl release 89 ENSG00000101292 Ensembl May 2017 a b c GRCm38 Ensembl release 89 ENSMUSG00000050558 Ensembl May 2017 Human PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine Mouse PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine a b c Sposini S Caltabiano G Hanyaloglu AC Miele R January 2015 Identification of transmembrane domains that regulate spatial arrangements and activity of prokineticin receptor 2 dimers Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 399 362 372 doi 10 1016 j mce 2014 10 024 hdl 10044 1 31246 PMID 25449422 S2CID 13491537 a b Entrez Gene PROKR2 prokineticin receptor 2 a b Masumoto KH Nagano M Takashima N Hayasaka N Hiyama H Matsumoto S et al June 2006 Distinct localization of prokineticin 2 and prokineticin receptor 2 mRNAs in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus The European Journal of Neuroscience 23 11 2959 2970 doi 10 1111 j 1460 9568 2006 04834 x PMID 16819985 S2CID 20510543 Narula HS Carlson HE November 2014 Gynaecomastia pathophysiology diagnosis and treatment Nature Reviews Endocrinology 10 11 684 698 doi 10 1038 nrendo 2014 139 PMID 25112235 S2CID 40159424 Jethwa PH I Anson H Warner A Prosser HM Hastings MH Maywood ES Ebling FJ June 2008 Loss of prokineticin receptor 2 signaling predisposes mice to torpor American Journal of Physiology Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology 294 6 R1968 R1979 doi 10 1152 ajpregu 00778 2007 PMC 2735815 PMID 18417646 Martin C Balasubramanian R Dwyer AA Au MG Sidis Y Kaiser UB et al April 2011 The role of the prokineticin 2 pathway in human reproduction evidence from the study of human and murine gene mutations Endocrine Reviews 32 2 225 246 doi 10 1210 er 2010 0007 PMC 3365793 PMID 21037178 Further reading EditLin DC Bullock CM Ehlert FJ Chen JL Tian H Zhou QY May 2002 Identification and molecular characterization of two closely related G protein coupled receptors activated by prokineticins endocrine gland vascular endothelial growth factor The Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 22 19276 19280 doi 10 1074 jbc M202139200 PMID 11886876 S2CID 22935718 Soga T Matsumoto Si Oda T Saito T Hiyama H Takasaki J et al December 2002 Molecular cloning and characterization of prokineticin receptors Biochimica et Biophysica Acta BBA Gene Structure and Expression 1579 2 3 173 179 doi 10 1016 S0167 4781 02 00546 8 PMID 12427552 Battersby S Critchley HO Morgan K Millar RP Jabbour HN May 2004 Expression and regulation of the prokineticins endocrine gland derived vascular endothelial growth factor and Bv8 and their receptors in the human endometrium across the menstrual cycle The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89 5 2463 2469 doi 10 1210 jc 2003 032012 PMID 15126578 Pasquali D Rossi V Staibano S De Rosa G Chieffi P Prezioso D et al September 2006 The endocrine gland derived vascular endothelial growth factor EG VEGF prokineticin 1 and 2 and receptor expression in human prostate Up regulation of EG VEGF prokineticin 1 with malignancy Endocrinology 147 9 4245 4251 doi 10 1210 en 2006 0614 PMID 16763065 Dode C Teixeira L Levilliers J Fouveaut C Bouchard P Kottler ML et al October 2006 Kallmann syndrome mutations in the genes encoding prokineticin 2 and prokineticin receptor 2 PLOS Genetics 2 10 e175 doi 10 1371 journal pgen 0020175 PMC 1617130 PMID 17054399 External links EditGeneReviews NCBI NIH UW entry on Kallmann syndrome Prokineticin Receptors PKR2 IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology This transmembrane receptor related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine which is in the public domain Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Prokineticin receptor 2 amp oldid 1171081748, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
