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Oshkosh NGDV

April 14, 2024

The Oshkosh Next Generation Delivery Vehicle (NGDV) will be a mail truck for the United States Postal Service (USPS). The contract award, made to Oshkosh Defense, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Oshkosh Corporation, in February 2021, is valued at $6 billion. Up to 160,000 vehicles will be built in a new facility.[3][4] Four variants of the NGDV are expected to be in fleet use: both gasoline-powered and battery-electric, driving either the front wheels or all four wheels.[5] The USPS will begin to receive the vehicles in June 2024.[6]

Oshkosh NGDV
Overview
ManufacturerOshkosh Corporation
Also calledUSPS Mail truck
Model years2023
Body and chassis
ClassMail truck
Powertrain
Engine2.0 L (122 cu in) Ford EcoBoost (ICE)
Electric motorBosch permanent-magnet
Transmission8F35 8-speed automatic (ICE)
Battery94 kW-hr Li-ion
Electric range70 mi (110 km) (est.)
Dimensions
Wheelbase3,226 mm (127 in)[1]
Length20 ft (235.75 in)[1]
Width7 ft (84.5 in)[1]
Height9 ft (111 in)[1]
Curb weight2,522–3,025 kg (5,560–6,670 lb)[2]: Tables 3-1.2 and 3-1.3 
Chronology
Predecessor

History edit

 
The USPS operates a large fleet of vehicles; most local deliveries have used the Grumman LLV since 1987

On January 20, 2015, the USPS released solicitation RFI-NGDV for the Next Generation Delivery Vehicle.[7] On February 13, 2015, it was announced that General Motors was actively pursuing this new contract, which would have them provide the USPS with 180,000 new vehicles at a cost of at least $5 billion.[8] At the time, the first NGDVs were scheduled to begin delivering mail by 2018.[9] Potential bidders had until March 5, 2015 to submit comments and pre-qualification responses. The USPS then selected 15 prequalified companies that would receive the RFP for prototype development, which was issued on April 14, 2015; General Motors was not on the prequalified list.[7] The prototype RFP was issued on October 20, 2015, and updated on December 1, including a Statement of Objectives (SOO) providing preliminary NGDV specifications and target requirements and a Statement of Work providing a sample driving cycle.[10]

Design specification edit

Under the draft design specification issued in January 2015, the NGDV shall be a vehicle with a minimum life of 12 years and a target life of 20 years; the cargo area was required to enclose a minimum volume of 4.38 m3 (155 cu ft) with a minimum payload capacity of 680 kg (1,500 lb).[7]: Spec §1.1  Vehicles were required to be able to maintain a speed of 65 mph (105 km/h) on level roads, accelerating to that speed within 35 seconds. In addition, vehicles were required to maintain 45 mph (72 km/h) on a 2.5% grade and be capable of stopping, then ascending slopes of up to 20% grade in both forward and reverse.[7]: Spec §3.4 

In the prototype RFP, these requirements were updated to include the delivery of six prototype examples in two sizes: a "standard" vehicle accommodating 155 cu ft (4.4 m3) of cargo and a "small" vehicle with 121 cu ft (3.4 m3), with both sizes not to exceed 112 in (2,800 mm) of height.[11]: §3.5  The minimum sustained road speed was 60 mph (97 km/h) with a grade of up to 1% at an altitude of 3,000 ft (910 m) or less,[11]: §4.1, 4.3  with a minimum operating range of 70 mi (110 km) including 600 stops and starts[11]: §3.4  while using the heating and air conditioning systems and accessories at their maximum settings,[11]: §3.4  to maintain cabin temperatures of 65 or 85 °F (18 or 29 °C) when ambient temperatures are −30 or 120 °F (−34 or 49 °C), respectively.[11]: §3.8  The cargo area was required to accommodate heights ranging up to the 95th percentile male without stooping while setting the maximum exterior height at 122 in (3,100 mm).[11]: §3.5  The maximum target unit price was US$35,000.[11]: §4.1 

Prototype competition edit

On September 22, 2016, the United States Postal Service awarded the NGDV Prototype Contract to six selected suppliers: AM General (in partnership with Emerald Automotive), Karsan (in partnership with Morgan Olson), Mahindra, Oshkosh (in partnership with Ford), Utilimaster, and a joint-venture bid involving Workhorse and VT Hackney. Half of the prototypes were to feature hybrid and new technologies, including alternative fuel capabilities. The prototypes represented a variety of vehicle sizes and drive configurations, in addition to advanced power trains and a range of hybrid technologies.[12]

The prototypes were delivered to the USPS in late September 2017.[13][14] Examples from AM General, Karsan, Mahindra, Oshkosh, and VT Hackney/Workhorse were spotted while undergoing testing in 2017 and 2018.[15][16] Vehicle testing took place at the Transportation Research Center (East Liberty, Ohio), supplemented by component testing in Bohemia, New York and field testing in Flint and Utica, Michigan; Alexandria and Manassas, Virginia; and Tempe, Tucson, and Apache Junction, Arizona.[17] However, many of the prototypes exhibited "critical safety failures during the prototype testing phase, including brake failures and leaking fuel tanks",[18] and the USPS returned all the prototypes to the Transportation Research Center for rework in November 2017; testing resumed in April 2018 and was completed in March 2019.[17]

The Oshkosh prototype was derived from the Ford Transit commercial van,[19] while the Karsan prototype combined a purpose-built tall body by Morgan Olson, allowing mail carriers to stand upright in the cargo area, with a plug-in hybrid gasoline-electric drivetrain.[20][21] The Mahindra prototype also used a boxy, bespoke body with a short hood,[22] similar in appearance to the VT Hackney/Workhorse prototype,[23] which was equipped a battery-electric powertrain with a gasoline-powered range extender.[14] The AM General prototype used switchgear from Geely/Volvo and a start-stop system to reduce fuel consumption rates.[24] According to Emerald Automotive officials, the AM General/Emerald and Oshkosh/Ford vehicles were leading the candidates, as the other vehicles required constant repair and towing from the test track.[25]

Numerous candidates resigned from the NGDV prototype competition before the USPS selected the winner, as competition results and selection of a winning prototype had been expected in late 2016, but these were not announced until 2021,[25] in part due to delays in assembling the prototypes; because the candidate suppliers only had 18 weeks to assemble and perform internal testing before shipping the prototypes to USPS, many vehicles were faulty and the USPS returned the entire initial batch.[18] In addition, testing was extended by three to eight months because USPS added durability and simulated field tests during the competition; testing was not completed until March 2019.[18] With testing complete, USPS met with the manufacturers and the National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC) to finalize the specifications, which were issued in June 2019.[17]

Utilimaster withdrew from the competition in February 2017,[26] and London Electric Vehicle Company, which was supplying powertrain technology to AM General, announced in December 2018 they would not participate past the prototype stage.[27][28] Workhorse bought out VT Hackney in December 2019 after the latter company withdrew from the competition.[27][29] Final bids from the vendors to the revised specification were delivered in July 2020, delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic.[17] However, Mahindra pulled out in August 2020, citing financial issues.[30] By December 2020, just Karsan, Oshkosh, and Workhorse were left.[31] Final technical and financial reviews were completed in January 2021.[17]

Award edit

In February 2021, the contract was awarded to Oshkosh Defense, a wholly owned subsidiary of Oshkosh Corporation in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.[32][33] The competitively awarded indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contract allows for the delivery of between 50,000 and 165,000 vehicles over a period of 10 years. Under the initial contract USPS has committed to pay Oshkosh Defense $482 million to initiate engineering efforts to finalize the production vehicle design, and for tooling and factory build-out activities that are necessary prior to vehicle production.[34]

The Workhorse Group, an electric truck builder based in Loveland, Ohio and one of the losing bidders, initially protested the award to Oshkosh by filing a lawsuit,[35] but dropped the case in September 2021, one day before the case would be heard in court.[36]

USPS placed its first order in March 2022, at a contract value of $2.98 billion, for 50,000 NGDVs, of which at least 10,019 will be the battery-electric variant;[37] the average per-unit cost of an NGDV is $59600. The first deliveries of NGDVs were expected in 2023. The exact number of electric NGDVs is flexible and can be adjusted in the future.[38] After the USPS was sued by multiple groups in April 2022 to block the procurement,[39] the USPS announced plans in July to increase the proportion of electric NGDVs in the initial procurement to 50% and add 34,500 more commercially-available battery-electric vehicles.[40] Later that December, the USPS announced the addition of $3 billion from the Inflation Reduction Act would allow the procurement of 45,000 battery-electric NGDVs out of at least 60,000 NGDVs in total, to be delivered by 2028. Mail delivery using the first NGDVs was still expected to start in late 2023.[41]

Production edit

In June 2021, Oshkosh stated that after a long search, the company will assemble the new mail truck at a new, dedicated factory in Spartanburg, South Carolina, and will employ more than 1,000 local non-union workers.[42] In Spartanburg, Oshkosh Defense is refitting a large warehouse at the Flatwood Industrial Park that previously was used by Rite Aid as a distribution center;[43] when complete, the building will be used for NGDV production.[44] Oshkosh expects to spend $155 million to retool the facility. South Carolina provided a $9 million grant and a 40% discount on property taxes for 40 years.[45]

The announcement that production would take place in South Carolina using non-union labor was criticized as a bait-and-switch scheme by multiple politicians who had expected the vehicles to be built by unionized workers[46] in Oshkosh's home state of Wisconsin.[47][48][49] Senator Ron Johnson (R-WI) declined to challenge the company to relocate production to his home state: "It's not like we don't have enough jobs here in Wisconsin. The biggest problem we have in Wisconsin right now is employers not being able to find enough workers."[50] According to Johnson, Oshkosh had approached Foxconn to inquire if Oshkosh could lease space at the nascent Foxconn facility in Mount Pleasant, Wisconsin for NGDV production, but the two companies were unable to reach an agreement.[51]

The House Committee on Oversight and Reform sent letters to Oshkosh officials in March 2022, seeking insight into the company's reasons to build the NGDV factory in Spartanburg rather than retooling existing factories in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.[52] The president of Oshkosh Defense, John Bryant, had stated previously the minimum size for the NGDV factory was 825,000 sq ft (7.66 ha), and it did not own any buildings in Wisconsin that were large enough to accommodate NGDV production.[53] State Representative Gordon Hintz (D-Oshkosh) noted that Foxconn's Mount Pleasant facility was sufficiently large, and speculated that negotiations between Oshkosh and Foxconn may have broken down over who would assume responsibility for manufacturing: "I don't think Foxconn originally wanted to be a landlord". Hintz concluded that "if two years pass and there's nothing in [Foxconn's] million-square-foot facility when we could have been producing postal trucks, you know, under this contract, we'll look back at it as a missed opportunity."[51] A NGDV technical center will be established in the buildings owned by the company in its eponymous Oshkosh, Wisconsin location for engineering and technical support,[52] employing approximately 100.[45]

Changes to battery-electric drivetrain proportion edit

Shortly after the contract was awarded to Oshkosh in February 2021, Postmaster General Louis DeJoy appeared before the United States House of Representatives, where he testified only 10% of the planned NGDVs would be BEVs.[54] In response to an enquiry from Representative Jackie Speier asking why the new fleet was not 90% BEV instead of 10% BEV, DeJoy stated that 90% BEV target would require "3 or 4 extra billion [dollars]" to implement.[55] In fact, an order of 75,000 BEV trucks was estimated to cost an extra $2.3 billion compared to a 10% BEV fleet.[39]

 
Right-hand drive Mercedes Metris have been used by the USPS and were evaluated as a potential alternative to NGDV procurement

The Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for NGDV procurement, published in January 2022,[56] concluded the preferred alternative was "to purchase and deploy up to 90 percent ICE NGDV with at least 10 percent BEV NGDV."[2]: iii  The EIS evaluated four alternative scenarios:[2]: 3-4 to 3-6 

  • 10% ICE NGDV and 90% BEV NGDV
  • 100% BEV NGDV
  • 100% right-hand drive [RHD] commercial off-the-shelf [COTS] ICE vehicles, such as the Mercedes Metris currently in use
  • 100% left-hand drive [LHD] COTS BEVs, using the Ford E-Transit as an exemplar

According to the EIS, it would cost $11.6 billion to implement a 100% BEV NGDV fleet, $3.3 billion more than the split 10% BEV / 90% ICE NGDV fleet alternative.[57] At approximately the same time, President Joe Biden issued Executive Order 14057 in December 2021, which mandated that all light-duty vehicles purchased for U.S. government fleets must be BEVs starting in fiscal year 2027, and by 2035, all new federal fleet vehicle procurements, including heavy-duty trucks, must be BEVs.[58] One critic noted the incremental amount to implement an all-BEV NGDV fleet, while onerous, was relatively small in relation to other government projects and would reduce carbon emissions by 537,000 t (592,000 short tons) in tailpipe emissions.[59] Researchers at the University of Michigan's School for Environment and Sustainability found the EIS underestimated lifetime emissions associated with the split 10/90 NGDV scenario, and overestimated lifetime emissions associated with the all-BEV NGDV scenario, providing even greater benefits for pursuing the all-electric procurement.[60]

In February 2022, the EPA criticized the preferred alternative,[61] stating the EIS "fails to consider more environmentally protective feasible alternatives and inadequately considers impacts on communities with environmental justice concerns."[62] In addition, although analyses demonstrated that 95% of its routes could be electrified, considering the nominal 70 mi (110 km) range of the BEV NGDVs, just 10% of NGDVs would be procured as BEVs.[63] Despite the criticism, USPS and Oshkosh announced that it would proceed with the preferred alternative: only 10% (5,000) of the initial order of Oshkosh NGDVs will be manufactured as BEVs,[64] while the remaining 90% of the NGDV fleet will be manufactured as low-emission ICE vehicles.[65][66][67]

The USPS and Oshkosh defended the NGDV procurement plan, noting that ICE-powered versions have been designed to be converted to BEV powertrains if required.[55] However, Senators Ed Markey and Martin Heinrich, joined by other members of Congress and environmental organizations, sent a letter in February 2022[68] criticizing USPS and Oshkosh following the implementation of the preferred alternative, singling out the vehicles' inefficiency and the use of incorrect data in their environmental impact statement.[69] Other groups joining the criticism included the EPA, the Biden Administration,[70] Zero Emission Transportation Association, climate activists, and the Congressional Progressive Caucus of the Democratic Party,[68] collectively criticizing Oshkosh and the United States Postal Service for ignoring Executive Order 14057 and proceeding with the 10/90 split procurement.[71]

The proportion of BEV NGDVs in the initial order of 50,000 was increased to 20% in March 2022.[39] Lawsuits were filed in April 2022 against the USPS by 16 states, six non-profit groups, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District, the District of Columbia, and the city of New York, demanding a more stringent environmental review or changing the proportion of BEV NGDVs to 100%.[72] During the May 2022 National Post Forum, the USPS confirmed that it will increase the number of BEV NGDVs in the initial order.[73] This means that at least 10,019 NGDV vehicles will be manufactured as BEVs.[74][75]

In July 2022, USPS revised the initial order to now have at least 50% of the NGDV vehicles to be manufactured as BEVs.[76] The Inflation Reduction Act allocated an additional $3 billion for the electrification of the NGDV fleet.[4] In December 2022, USPS announced that 75% of its initial order of 60,000 NGDVs would be BEVs. By 2026, all new NGDVs ordered will be delivered as BEVs.[77] In March 2023, Florida-based EV charger manufacturer Blink Charging Co. announced it was awarded an IDIQ (indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity) contract for up to 41,500 chargers.[78]

Delayed delivery edit

Preproduction versions were shown at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas for 2022[5] and again for 2023,[79] where attendees could participate in "Operation On-The-Move", a three-player competitive video game to deliver packages.[80]

As reported by Reuters in May 2023, initial deliveries were delayed from 2023 to June 2024. USPS has committed to acquire 66,000 electric vehicles through 2028, of which 45,000 are NGDVs and 9,250 are Ford E-Transit vans.[81] The E-Transit vans are scheduled to arrive by the end of 2023.[82]

Design edit

Overview edit

Described as the 'duck-billed option', Oshkosh's NGDV has been designed to maximize interior volume and outward visibility for drivers who will be required to move against traffic in pedestrian-heavy areas. It is also tall enough for a person to stand inside and work. Current-generation automotive safety features employed by the design include airbags, a 360-degree camera, automatic emergency braking, and collision avoidance systems. The sliding door cab is air-conditioned.[83][84]

The contract calls for a minimum order of 50,000 NGDVs, with options for up to 165,000, delivered over a 10-year period; the first NGDVs were scheduled to enter service in 2023.[85] Initially, USPS announced that 5,000 vehicles in the first order will be battery-electric,[64] the remainder using an internal combustion engine (ICE). The proportion of all-electric NGDVs being ordered has increased since then in response to sharp criticism of the original plan.[86]

Drivetrain edit

There are four planned variants: either an internal combustion engine or battery-electric powertrain, both of which will have options for either two- or four-wheel drive.[5] The 2WD ICE model will have 4,112 purchased parts; the 4WD ICE model has 3,995 parts in common with the 2WD ICE model, while BEV variants have 3,297 and 3,196 parts in common with the 2WD ICE for the 2WD and 4WD BEV models, respectively.[1]

Either powertrain option can be built for future orders, and models with an ICE can be converted to battery-electric if required.[54] Ford has been announced as the drivetrain subsystem supplier, including engines, traction motors, and transmissions.[87] Ford Component Sales also will provide Oshkosh with key parts for suspensions and other components, including cabin interiors.[88] The earlier Oshkosh prototype evaluated during testing was based on the Ford Transit van.[83][84]

The ICE will be a Ford EcoBoost 2.0L turbocharged 4-cylinder gasoline engine.[1] At CES 2022, the video display accompanying the NGDV display showed specifications for the EcoBoost and 8-speed automatic transmission that will be used in the ICE-drivetrain variant. The EcoBoost has a peak output of 250 hp (190 kW) at 5,500 RPM and 275 lb⋅ft (373 N⋅m) at 3,000 RPM, but this was de-rated to 206 lb⋅ft (279 N⋅m) for reliability.[1]

The electric variant has a Bosch-sourced eAxle drive unit[89] and a 94 kW-hr lithium-ion battery using nickel-manganese-cobalt chemistry.[2]: Table 3-1.3  The eAxle drive unit is a traction motor with an integrated reduction gearbox and inverter. The permanent magnet AC traction motor has a peak output of 150 kW (200 hp) and a continuous output of 70 kW (94 hp); power is supplied to the wheels through the gearbox with an 11.8:1 ratio. The inverter uses silicon IGBT circuitry.[89]

Fuel economy and range edit

The internal combustion engine (ICE) variant has an estimated fuel efficiency of 14.7 mpg‑US (16.0 L/100 km), decreasing to 8.6 mpg‑US (27 L/100 km) when the air conditioning is on.[90][2]: Table 3-1.2  For comparison, the earlier LLV (built 1987–94) and FFV (2000–01) have an average observed fuel consumption of 8.2 and 6.9 mpg‑US (29 and 34 L/100 km), respectively.[2]: Table G-1  The minuscule improvement in fuel economy was criticized by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in February 2022.[63]

The BEV variant has an estimated range of 70 mi (110 km) and a computed consumption of 1.34 kW⋅h/mi (25.2 mpg‑e).[2]: Table 3-1.3  Although using the air conditioner was not expected to affect the range, using the heater was expected to reduce range by up to half.[2]: 3–2, 3–3  Based on the typical distance driven, it was assumed that only 20% of the battery state of charge would be used each day for most NGDVs; analysis of USPS mail carrier routes demonstrated the all-electric variant's range could accommodate 95% of all routes.[2]: 3–2, 3–3 

Dimensions and capacities edit

A prototype shown at CES 2022 was 9.5 ft (2.9 m) tall, 19.6 ft (6.0 m) long, and 7 ft (2.1 m) wide.[5] The rear cargo opening measures 49.5 in (1,260 mm) wide and 72.5 in (1,840 mm) tall.[1]

The gross vehicle weight rating of the NGDV with an ICE, including payload, is 8,501 lb (3,856 kg),[2]: Table 3-1.2  just one pound over the EPA's threshold to be considered a heavy-duty truck, allowing it to avoid more stringent pollution emissions and efficiency standards for light-duty trucks.[90] The estimated curb weight of the NGDV is 5,560 lb (2,520 kg) for the version with a conventional ICE and 6,670 lb (3,030 kg) for the battery-electric vehicle (BEV) variant. The payload of the vehicles also varies slightly, either 2,941 lb (1,334 kg) for the ICE or 2,207 lb (1,001 kg) for the BEV.[2]: Tables 3-1.2 and 3-1.3 

Safety features edit

The NGDV is equipped with a second sliding curbside door that allows the mail carrier to enter the cargo area directly, allowing them to avoid having to stand in the street while loading and unloading the vehicle. As another measure for safety, the NGDV has an automatic parking brake that engages when the vehicle is shifted to park, when the driver leaves the seat, or when the ignition is shut off; it disengages when the vehicle is started and then shifted to drive or reverse, and the vehicle ignition is operable only when the transmission is in park or neutral.[17] The front and rear bumpers are equipped with proximity sensors that start beeping intermittently when objects are detected within 8 ft (2.4 m), and switch to continuous alarming when objects are within 6 in (150 mm).[17]

References edit

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April 14, 2024
oshkosh, ngdv, oshkosh, next, generation, delivery, vehicle, ngdv, will, mail, truck, united, states, postal, service, usps, contract, award, made, oshkosh, defense, wholly, owned, subsidiary, oshkosh, corporation, february, 2021, valued, billion, vehicles, wi. The Oshkosh Next Generation Delivery Vehicle NGDV will be a mail truck for the United States Postal Service USPS The contract award made to Oshkosh Defense a wholly owned subsidiary of Oshkosh Corporation in February 2021 is valued at 6 billion Up to 160 000 vehicles will be built in a new facility 3 4 Four variants of the NGDV are expected to be in fleet use both gasoline powered and battery electric driving either the front wheels or all four wheels 5 The USPS will begin to receive the vehicles in June 2024 6 Oshkosh NGDVOverviewManufacturerOshkosh CorporationAlso calledUSPS Mail truckModel years2023Body and chassisClassMail truckPowertrainEngine2 0 L 122 cu in Ford EcoBoost ICE Electric motorBosch permanent magnetTransmission8F35 8 speed automatic ICE Battery94 kW hr Li ionElectric range70 mi 110 km est DimensionsWheelbase3 226 mm 127 in 1 Length20 ft 235 75 in 1 Width7 ft 84 5 in 1 Height9 ft 111 in 1 Curb weight2 522 3 025 kg 5 560 6 670 lb 2 Tables 3 1 2 and 3 1 3 ChronologyPredecessorGrumman LLVFord Utilimaster FFV Contents 1 History 1 1 Design specification 1 2 Prototype competition 1 3 Award 1 4 Production 1 5 Changes to battery electric drivetrain proportion 1 6 Delayed delivery 2 Design 2 1 Overview 2 2 Drivetrain 2 2 1 Fuel economy and range 2 3 Dimensions and capacities 2 4 Safety features 3 ReferencesHistory edit nbsp The USPS operates a large fleet of vehicles most local deliveries have used the Grumman LLV since 1987On January 20 2015 the USPS released solicitation RFI NGDV for the Next Generation Delivery Vehicle 7 On February 13 2015 it was announced that General Motors was actively pursuing this new contract which would have them provide the USPS with 180 000 new vehicles at a cost of at least 5 billion 8 At the time the first NGDVs were scheduled to begin delivering mail by 2018 9 Potential bidders had until March 5 2015 to submit comments and pre qualification responses The USPS then selected 15 prequalified companies that would receive the RFP for prototype development which was issued on April 14 2015 General Motors was not on the prequalified list 7 The prototype RFP was issued on October 20 2015 and updated on December 1 including a Statement of Objectives SOO providing preliminary NGDV specifications and target requirements and a Statement of Work providing a sample driving cycle 10 Design specification edit Under the draft design specification issued in January 2015 the NGDV shall be a vehicle with a minimum life of 12 years and a target life of 20 years the cargo area was required to enclose a minimum volume of 4 38 m3 155 cu ft with a minimum payload capacity of 680 kg 1 500 lb 7 Spec 1 1 Vehicles were required to be able to maintain a speed of 65 mph 105 km h on level roads accelerating to that speed within 35 seconds In addition vehicles were required to maintain 45 mph 72 km h on a 2 5 grade and be capable of stopping then ascending slopes of up to 20 grade in both forward and reverse 7 Spec 3 4 In the prototype RFP these requirements were updated to include the delivery of six prototype examples in two sizes a standard vehicle accommodating 155 cu ft 4 4 m3 of cargo and a small vehicle with 121 cu ft 3 4 m3 with both sizes not to exceed 112 in 2 800 mm of height 11 3 5 The minimum sustained road speed was 60 mph 97 km h with a grade of up to 1 at an altitude of 3 000 ft 910 m or less 11 4 1 4 3 with a minimum operating range of 70 mi 110 km including 600 stops and starts 11 3 4 while using the heating and air conditioning systems and accessories at their maximum settings 11 3 4 to maintain cabin temperatures of 65 or 85 F 18 or 29 C when ambient temperatures are 30 or 120 F 34 or 49 C respectively 11 3 8 The cargo area was required to accommodate heights ranging up to the 95th percentile male without stooping while setting the maximum exterior height at 122 in 3 100 mm 11 3 5 The maximum target unit price was US 35 000 11 4 1 Prototype competition edit On September 22 2016 the United States Postal Service awarded the NGDV Prototype Contract to six selected suppliers AM General in partnership with Emerald Automotive Karsan in partnership with Morgan Olson Mahindra Oshkosh in partnership with Ford Utilimaster and a joint venture bid involving Workhorse and VT Hackney Half of the prototypes were to feature hybrid and new technologies including alternative fuel capabilities The prototypes represented a variety of vehicle sizes and drive configurations in addition to advanced power trains and a range of hybrid technologies 12 The prototypes were delivered to the USPS in late September 2017 13 14 Examples from AM General Karsan Mahindra Oshkosh and VT Hackney Workhorse were spotted while undergoing testing in 2017 and 2018 15 16 Vehicle testing took place at the Transportation Research Center East Liberty Ohio supplemented by component testing in Bohemia New York and field testing in Flint and Utica Michigan Alexandria and Manassas Virginia and Tempe Tucson and Apache Junction Arizona 17 However many of the prototypes exhibited critical safety failures during the prototype testing phase including brake failures and leaking fuel tanks 18 and the USPS returned all the prototypes to the Transportation Research Center for rework in November 2017 testing resumed in April 2018 and was completed in March 2019 17 The Oshkosh prototype was derived from the Ford Transit commercial van 19 while the Karsan prototype combined a purpose built tall body by Morgan Olson allowing mail carriers to stand upright in the cargo area with a plug in hybrid gasoline electric drivetrain 20 21 The Mahindra prototype also used a boxy bespoke body with a short hood 22 similar in appearance to the VT Hackney Workhorse prototype 23 which was equipped a battery electric powertrain with a gasoline powered range extender 14 The AM General prototype used switchgear from Geely Volvo and a start stop system to reduce fuel consumption rates 24 According to Emerald Automotive officials the AM General Emerald and Oshkosh Ford vehicles were leading the candidates as the other vehicles required constant repair and towing from the test track 25 Numerous candidates resigned from the NGDV prototype competition before the USPS selected the winner as competition results and selection of a winning prototype had been expected in late 2016 but these were not announced until 2021 25 in part due to delays in assembling the prototypes because the candidate suppliers only had 18 weeks to assemble and perform internal testing before shipping the prototypes to USPS many vehicles were faulty and the USPS returned the entire initial batch 18 In addition testing was extended by three to eight months because USPS added durability and simulated field tests during the competition testing was not completed until March 2019 18 With testing complete USPS met with the manufacturers and the National Association of Letter Carriers NALC to finalize the specifications which were issued in June 2019 17 Utilimaster withdrew from the competition in February 2017 26 and London Electric Vehicle Company which was supplying powertrain technology to AM General announced in December 2018 they would not participate past the prototype stage 27 28 Workhorse bought out VT Hackney in December 2019 after the latter company withdrew from the competition 27 29 Final bids from the vendors to the revised specification were delivered in July 2020 delayed by the COVID 19 pandemic 17 However Mahindra pulled out in August 2020 citing financial issues 30 By December 2020 just Karsan Oshkosh and Workhorse were left 31 Final technical and financial reviews were completed in January 2021 17 Award edit In February 2021 the contract was awarded to Oshkosh Defense a wholly owned subsidiary of Oshkosh Corporation in Oshkosh Wisconsin 32 33 The competitively awarded indefinite delivery indefinite quantity IDIQ contract allows for the delivery of between 50 000 and 165 000 vehicles over a period of 10 years Under the initial contract USPS has committed to pay Oshkosh Defense 482 million to initiate engineering efforts to finalize the production vehicle design and for tooling and factory build out activities that are necessary prior to vehicle production 34 The Workhorse Group an electric truck builder based in Loveland Ohio and one of the losing bidders initially protested the award to Oshkosh by filing a lawsuit 35 but dropped the case in September 2021 one day before the case would be heard in court 36 USPS placed its first order in March 2022 at a contract value of 2 98 billion for 50 000 NGDVs of which at least 10 019 will be the battery electric variant 37 the average per unit cost of an NGDV is 59600 The first deliveries of NGDVs were expected in 2023 The exact number of electric NGDVs is flexible and can be adjusted in the future 38 After the USPS was sued by multiple groups in April 2022 to block the procurement 39 the USPS announced plans in July to increase the proportion of electric NGDVs in the initial procurement to 50 and add 34 500 more commercially available battery electric vehicles 40 Later that December the USPS announced the addition of 3 billion from the Inflation Reduction Act would allow the procurement of 45 000 battery electric NGDVs out of at least 60 000 NGDVs in total to be delivered by 2028 Mail delivery using the first NGDVs was still expected to start in late 2023 41 Production edit In June 2021 Oshkosh stated that after a long search the company will assemble the new mail truck at a new dedicated factory in Spartanburg South Carolina and will employ more than 1 000 local non union workers 42 In Spartanburg Oshkosh Defense is refitting a large warehouse at the Flatwood Industrial Park that previously was used by Rite Aid as a distribution center 43 when complete the building will be used for NGDV production 44 Oshkosh expects to spend 155 million to retool the facility South Carolina provided a 9 million grant and a 40 discount on property taxes for 40 years 45 The announcement that production would take place in South Carolina using non union labor was criticized as a bait and switch scheme by multiple politicians who had expected the vehicles to be built by unionized workers 46 in Oshkosh s home state of Wisconsin 47 48 49 Senator Ron Johnson R WI declined to challenge the company to relocate production to his home state It s not like we don t have enough jobs here in Wisconsin The biggest problem we have in Wisconsin right now is employers not being able to find enough workers 50 According to Johnson Oshkosh had approached Foxconn to inquire if Oshkosh could lease space at the nascent Foxconn facility in Mount Pleasant Wisconsin for NGDV production but the two companies were unable to reach an agreement 51 The House Committee on Oversight and Reform sent letters to Oshkosh officials in March 2022 seeking insight into the company s reasons to build the NGDV factory in Spartanburg rather than retooling existing factories in Oshkosh Wisconsin 52 The president of Oshkosh Defense John Bryant had stated previously the minimum size for the NGDV factory was 825 000 sq ft 7 66 ha and it did not own any buildings in Wisconsin that were large enough to accommodate NGDV production 53 State Representative Gordon Hintz D Oshkosh noted that Foxconn s Mount Pleasant facility was sufficiently large and speculated that negotiations between Oshkosh and Foxconn may have broken down over who would assume responsibility for manufacturing I don t think Foxconn originally wanted to be a landlord Hintz concluded that if two years pass and there s nothing in Foxconn s million square foot facility when we could have been producing postal trucks you know under this contract we ll look back at it as a missed opportunity 51 A NGDV technical center will be established in the buildings owned by the company in its eponymous Oshkosh Wisconsin location for engineering and technical support 52 employing approximately 100 45 Changes to battery electric drivetrain proportion edit Shortly after the contract was awarded to Oshkosh in February 2021 Postmaster General Louis DeJoy appeared before the United States House of Representatives where he testified only 10 of the planned NGDVs would be BEVs 54 In response to an enquiry from Representative Jackie Speier asking why the new fleet was not 90 BEV instead of 10 BEV DeJoy stated that 90 BEV target would require 3 or 4 extra billion dollars to implement 55 In fact an order of 75 000 BEV trucks was estimated to cost an extra 2 3 billion compared to a 10 BEV fleet 39 nbsp Right hand drive Mercedes Metris have been used by the USPS and were evaluated as a potential alternative to NGDV procurementThe Final Environmental Impact Statement EIS for NGDV procurement published in January 2022 56 concluded the preferred alternative was to purchase and deploy up to 90 percent ICE NGDV with at least 10 percent BEV NGDV 2 iii The EIS evaluated four alternative scenarios 2 3 4 to 3 6 10 ICE NGDV and 90 BEV NGDV 100 BEV NGDV 100 right hand drive RHD commercial off the shelf COTS ICE vehicles such as the Mercedes Metris currently in use 100 left hand drive LHD COTS BEVs using the Ford E Transit as an exemplarAccording to the EIS it would cost 11 6 billion to implement a 100 BEV NGDV fleet 3 3 billion more than the split 10 BEV 90 ICE NGDV fleet alternative 57 At approximately the same time President Joe Biden issued Executive Order 14057 in December 2021 which mandated that all light duty vehicles purchased for U S government fleets must be BEVs starting in fiscal year 2027 and by 2035 all new federal fleet vehicle procurements including heavy duty trucks must be BEVs 58 One critic noted the incremental amount to implement an all BEV NGDV fleet while onerous was relatively small in relation to other government projects and would reduce carbon emissions by 537 000 t 592 000 short tons in tailpipe emissions 59 Researchers at the University of Michigan s School for Environment and Sustainability found the EIS underestimated lifetime emissions associated with the split 10 90 NGDV scenario and overestimated lifetime emissions associated with the all BEV NGDV scenario providing even greater benefits for pursuing the all electric procurement 60 In February 2022 the EPA criticized the preferred alternative 61 stating the EIS fails to consider more environmentally protective feasible alternatives and inadequately considers impacts on communities with environmental justice concerns 62 In addition although analyses demonstrated that 95 of its routes could be electrified considering the nominal 70 mi 110 km range of the BEV NGDVs just 10 of NGDVs would be procured as BEVs 63 Despite the criticism USPS and Oshkosh announced that it would proceed with the preferred alternative only 10 5 000 of the initial order of Oshkosh NGDVs will be manufactured as BEVs 64 while the remaining 90 of the NGDV fleet will be manufactured as low emission ICE vehicles 65 66 67 The USPS and Oshkosh defended the NGDV procurement plan noting that ICE powered versions have been designed to be converted to BEV powertrains if required 55 However Senators Ed Markey and Martin Heinrich joined by other members of Congress and environmental organizations sent a letter in February 2022 68 criticizing USPS and Oshkosh following the implementation of the preferred alternative singling out the vehicles inefficiency and the use of incorrect data in their environmental impact statement 69 Other groups joining the criticism included the EPA the Biden Administration 70 Zero Emission Transportation Association climate activists and the Congressional Progressive Caucus of the Democratic Party 68 collectively criticizing Oshkosh and the United States Postal Service for ignoring Executive Order 14057 and proceeding with the 10 90 split procurement 71 The proportion of BEV NGDVs in the initial order of 50 000 was increased to 20 in March 2022 39 Lawsuits were filed in April 2022 against the USPS by 16 states six non profit groups the Bay Area Air Quality Management District the District of Columbia and the city of New York demanding a more stringent environmental review or changing the proportion of BEV NGDVs to 100 72 During the May 2022 National Post Forum the USPS confirmed that it will increase the number of BEV NGDVs in the initial order 73 This means that at least 10 019 NGDV vehicles will be manufactured as BEVs 74 75 In July 2022 USPS revised the initial order to now have at least 50 of the NGDV vehicles to be manufactured as BEVs 76 The Inflation Reduction Act allocated an additional 3 billion for the electrification of the NGDV fleet 4 In December 2022 USPS announced that 75 of its initial order of 60 000 NGDVs would be BEVs By 2026 all new NGDVs ordered will be delivered as BEVs 77 In March 2023 Florida based EV charger manufacturer Blink Charging Co announced it was awarded an IDIQ indefinite delivery indefinite quantity contract for up to 41 500 chargers 78 Delayed delivery edit Preproduction versions were shown at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas for 2022 5 and again for 2023 79 where attendees could participate in Operation On The Move a three player competitive video game to deliver packages 80 As reported by Reuters in May 2023 initial deliveries were delayed from 2023 to June 2024 USPS has committed to acquire 66 000 electric vehicles through 2028 of which 45 000 are NGDVs and 9 250 are Ford E Transit vans 81 The E Transit vans are scheduled to arrive by the end of 2023 82 Design editOverview edit Described as the duck billed option Oshkosh s NGDV has been designed to maximize interior volume and outward visibility for drivers who will be required to move against traffic in pedestrian heavy areas It is also tall enough for a person to stand inside and work Current generation automotive safety features employed by the design include airbags a 360 degree camera automatic emergency braking and collision avoidance systems The sliding door cab is air conditioned 83 84 The contract calls for a minimum order of 50 000 NGDVs with options for up to 165 000 delivered over a 10 year period the first NGDVs were scheduled to enter service in 2023 85 Initially USPS announced that 5 000 vehicles in the first order will be battery electric 64 the remainder using an internal combustion engine ICE The proportion of all electric NGDVs being ordered has increased since then in response to sharp criticism of the original plan 86 Drivetrain edit There are four planned variants either an internal combustion engine or battery electric powertrain both of which will have options for either two or four wheel drive 5 The 2WD ICE model will have 4 112 purchased parts the 4WD ICE model has 3 995 parts in common with the 2WD ICE model while BEV variants have 3 297 and 3 196 parts in common with the 2WD ICE for the 2WD and 4WD BEV models respectively 1 Either powertrain option can be built for future orders and models with an ICE can be converted to battery electric if required 54 Ford has been announced as the drivetrain subsystem supplier including engines traction motors and transmissions 87 Ford Component Sales also will provide Oshkosh with key parts for suspensions and other components including cabin interiors 88 The earlier Oshkosh prototype evaluated during testing was based on the Ford Transit van 83 84 The ICE will be a Ford EcoBoost 2 0L turbocharged 4 cylinder gasoline engine 1 At CES 2022 the video display accompanying the NGDV display showed specifications for the EcoBoost and 8 speed automatic transmission that will be used in the ICE drivetrain variant The EcoBoost has a peak output of 250 hp 190 kW at 5 500 RPM and 275 lb ft 373 N m at 3 000 RPM but this was de rated to 206 lb ft 279 N m for reliability 1 The electric variant has a Bosch sourced eAxle drive unit 89 and a 94 kW hr lithium ion battery using nickel manganese cobalt chemistry 2 Table 3 1 3 The eAxle drive unit is a traction motor with an integrated reduction gearbox and inverter The permanent magnet AC traction motor has a peak output of 150 kW 200 hp and a continuous output of 70 kW 94 hp power is supplied to the wheels through the gearbox with an 11 8 1 ratio The inverter uses silicon IGBT circuitry 89 Fuel economy and range edit The internal combustion engine ICE variant has an estimated fuel efficiency of 14 7 mpg US 16 0 L 100 km decreasing to 8 6 mpg US 27 L 100 km when the air conditioning is on 90 2 Table 3 1 2 For comparison the earlier LLV built 1987 94 and FFV 2000 01 have an average observed fuel consumption of 8 2 and 6 9 mpg US 29 and 34 L 100 km respectively 2 Table G 1 The minuscule improvement in fuel economy was criticized by the United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA in February 2022 63 The BEV variant has an estimated range of 70 mi 110 km and a computed consumption of 1 34 kW h mi 25 2 mpg e 2 Table 3 1 3 Although using the air conditioner was not expected to affect the range using the heater was expected to reduce range by up to half 2 3 2 3 3 Based on the typical distance driven it was assumed that only 20 of the battery state of charge would be used each day for most NGDVs analysis of USPS mail carrier routes demonstrated the all electric variant s range could accommodate 95 of all routes 2 3 2 3 3 Dimensions and capacities edit A prototype shown at CES 2022 was 9 5 ft 2 9 m tall 19 6 ft 6 0 m long and 7 ft 2 1 m wide 5 The rear cargo opening measures 49 5 in 1 260 mm wide and 72 5 in 1 840 mm tall 1 The gross vehicle weight rating of the NGDV with an ICE including payload is 8 501 lb 3 856 kg 2 Table 3 1 2 just one pound over the EPA s threshold to be considered a heavy duty truck allowing it to avoid more stringent pollution emissions and efficiency standards for light duty trucks 90 The estimated curb weight of the NGDV is 5 560 lb 2 520 kg for the version with a conventional ICE and 6 670 lb 3 030 kg for the battery electric vehicle BEV variant The payload of the vehicles also varies slightly either 2 941 lb 1 334 kg for the ICE or 2 207 lb 1 001 kg for the BEV 2 Tables 3 1 2 and 3 1 3 Safety features edit The NGDV is equipped with a second sliding curbside door that allows the mail carrier to enter the cargo area directly allowing them to avoid having to stand in the street while loading and unloading the vehicle As another measure for safety the NGDV has an automatic parking brake that engages when the vehicle is shifted to park when the driver leaves the seat or when the ignition is shut off it disengages when the vehicle is started and then shifted to drive or reverse and the vehicle ignition is operable only when the transmission is in park or neutral 17 The front and rear bumpers are equipped with proximity sensors that start beeping intermittently when objects are detected within 8 ft 2 4 m and switch to continuous alarming when objects are within 6 in 150 mm 17 References edit a b c d e f g h USPS Mail Delivery Electric Truck at CES 2022 what s Inside on YouTube a b c d e f g h i j k Final Environmental Impact Statement United States Postal Service Next Generation Delivery Vehicle Acquisitions PDF Report United States Postal Service December 2021 Retrieved 6 February 2023 O Kane Sean February 23 2021 USPS unveils next generation mail truck with electric drivetrain option The Verge Retrieved February 23 2021 a b Isidore Chris February 23 2021 New Postal Service delivery vehicle unveiled It s a pretty radical change CNN Retrieved February 23 2021 a b c d Akers Mick January 5 2022 Oversized future USPS delivery truck on display at CES in Las Vegas Las Vegas Review Journal Retrieved 16 February 2023 Shepardson David 2 May 2023 U S Postal Service next generation delivery vehicles delayed to mid 2024 Reuters Retrieved 31 May 2023 a b c d RFI NGDV Request for Information and Prequalification Sources Sought Next Generation Delivery Vehicle NGDV Acquisition Program General Services Administration 20 January 2015 Ungarino Rebecca 13 February 2015 Postal service seeks to retire the old mail truck CNBC com CNBC Retrieved 14 February 2015 Preston Benjamin February 20 2015 The U S Postal Service Is Going New Truck Shopping Car and Driver Retrieved 3 February 2023 3D 16 A 0007 Next Generation Delivery Vehicle NGDV Prototype Request for Proposal General Services Administration 20 October 2015 a b c d e f g Dinh Han November 20 2015 Next Generation Delivery Vehicle NGDV Prototype Design Statement of Objectives Section B Prototype Vehicles Carrier Route Next Generation United States Postal Service Retrieved 3 February 2023 USPS Statement on Next Generation Delivery Vehicles Prototype Selection and Request for Proposal for Commercial Off the Shelf Delivery Vehicles usps com USPS 16 September 2016 Archived from the original on 2016 09 30 Retrieved 3 February 2017 Hirsch Jerry October 9 2017 Spy shots The Postal Service s new Electric Mail Truck Trucks com Archived from the original on November 1 2018 a b Korfhage Jered October 11 2017 Could The New Mail Delivery Truck Be Battery Powered Four Wheeler Retrieved 3 February 2023 Guillot Craig November 6 2017 The Trucks Competing to Be the Next USPS Delivery Vehicle Third Prototype Spotted Trucks com Archived from the original on November 21 2017 Lorio Joe March 7 2018 Dorky Delivery Is This the New USPS Mail Truck Car and Driver Retrieved 3 February 2023 a b c d e f g The Next Generation Delivery Vehicle PDF The Postal Record National Association of Letter Carriers May 2021 pp 22 31 Retrieved 9 February 2023 a b c Hirsch Jerry August 31 2020 Inspector General s Report Details New Mail Truck Program Problems Trucks com Archived from the original on September 16 2020 Torchinsky Jason March 8 2018 This Is What Ford s USPS Mail Truck Prototype Looks Like Jalopnik Retrieved 3 February 2023 Torchinsky Jason March 7 2018 This New USPS Mail Truck Prototype Looks Uhhh Jalopnik Retrieved 3 February 2023 Stocksdale Joel March 7 2018 This might be the new USPS mail truck Autoblog Retrieved 3 February 2023 Kautonen Antti April 5 2018 Mahindra USPS mail truck prototype spied testing Autoblog Retrieved 3 February 2023 Stocksdale Joel March 15 2018 Coming soon to a mailbox near you Third USPS van option spied Autoblog Retrieved 3 February 2023 King Alanis November 13 2017 Here s More Of What May Be America s New Mail Truck Jalopnik Retrieved 3 February 2023 a b Gordon Aaron March 7 2022 Who Killed the Electric Mail Truck Motherboard Vice Retrieved 7 February 2023 Quimby Tom February 21 2017 Spartan withdrawing from postal service delivery truck contest Hard Working Trucks Retrieved 3 February 2023 a b O Kane Sean February 25 2022 Why the U S Postal Service Ended Up With Gas Guzzling Trucks Bloomberg Retrieved 3 February 2023 Zwahlen Cyndia December 5 2018 Electric Drive Vendor Exits 6 3 Billion Mail Truck Program Trucks com Archived from the original on June 9 2019 Workhorse Hackney Mail Truck Bidding Team Breaks Up Postal Times December 13 2019 Retrieved 3 February 2023 Barooah Sumantra B 7 August 2020 M amp M withdraws bid for US postal trucks Q1 FY2021 profit plunges 97 to Rs 68 crore Autocar Professional India Retrieved 3 February 2023 Hirsch Jerry December 1 2020 Postal Service Delays Mail Truck Replacement Contract Again Trucks com Archived from the original on December 1 2020 Mieske Jake 2018 08 16 Oshkosh Corporation s new global headquarters expansion of its defense business receives support from WEDC WEDC Retrieved 2022 12 24 3D20 A 0031 Next Generation Delivery Vehicle Contract Award Number 3DVPRT 21 B 0002 General Services Administration February 23 2021 Retrieved 10 November 2022 Beresford Colin January 21 2022 USPS Oshkosh Defense Mail Delivery Truck Spotted on the Street Car and Driver Retrieved 8 February 2023 Hurley Scott 2 July 2021 Ohio company alleges USPS unfairly gave mail truck contract to Oshkosh Corp WLUK FOX 11 News Retrieved 13 August 2021 O Kane Sean September 15 2021 Workhorse abruptly drops lawsuit against Postal Service over new mail truck The Verge Retrieved September 27 2021 Oshkosh Defense receives first order for Next Generation Delivery Vehicle fleet Press release Oshkosh Defense March 24 2022 Retrieved 9 February 2023 Westbrook Justin March 24 2022 U S Postal Service Finally Cuts a Check for Its Controversial New Mail Truck Motor Trend Retrieved 9 February 2023 a b c Brodkin Jon April 29 2022 USPS sued by states and environmental groups over purchase of 8 6 mpg trucks Ars Technica Retrieved 7 February 2023 Fitzgerald Jack July 21 2022 Postal Service Will Make Half of Its New Mail Trucks Electric Car and Driver Retrieved 9 February 2023 USPS Intends To Deploy Over 66 000 Electric Vehicles by 2028 Making One of the Largest Electric Vehicle Fleets in the Nation Press release United States Postal Service December 20 2022 Retrieved 9 February 2023 OSHKOSH SELECTS SPARTANBURG S C TO BUILD NEXT GENERATION POSTAL DELIVERY FLEET Business Wire 22 June 2021 Retrieved 13 August 2021 Montgomery Bob February 23 2022 Oshkosh Defense Spartanburg welcome USPS clearing hurdle for postal fleet project Spartanburg Herald Journal Retrieved 16 February 2023 Runkel Grace April 13 2022 INSIDE LOOK Oshkosh Defense prepares to build first order of new USPS mail trucks FOX Carolina Retrieved 9 February 2023 a b Resneck Jacob August 19 2022 Oshkosh Defense sent a big contract to the non union South Will it keep future jobs in Wisconsin Milwaukee Journal Sentinel Wisconsin Watch Retrieved 9 February 2023 Support Union Jobs at Oshkosh Defense UAW 2022 04 26 Retrieved 2022 12 24 Kreitlow Pat April 5 2022 AOC Gets the USPS to Admit Oshkosh Defense Had No Plans to Create Its New Jobs in Wisconsin Up North News Retrieved 2022 12 24 Critics accuse the company of bait and switch for winning a big government contract based on its experienced union workforce but choosing to create non union jobs in South Carolina Bauer Scott Feb 8 2022 Sen Ron Johnson not fighting to get 1 000 Oshkosh Defense jobs for Wisconsin over South Carolina Wisconsin State Journal Retrieved 2022 12 24 Senator Baldwin Questions Oshkosh Defense Decision to Manufacture USPS Trucks in South Carolina Seeks Information on Oshkosh Bid www baldwin senate gov Retrieved 2022 12 24 Gunn Erik February 8 2022 Oshkosh postal truck contract becomes political flashpoint singes Johnson Wisconsin Examiner Retrieved 9 February 2023 a b Kremer Rich March 28 2022 Oshkosh Defense reportedly rebuffed by Foxconn in attempt to build mail trucks in Mt Pleasant Wisconsin Public Radio Retrieved 16 February 2023 a b Bollier Jeff March 23 2022 Does Oshkosh Corp want to build USPS mail trucks in South Carolina to avoid union labor U S lawmakers want to know Oshkosh Northwestern Retrieved 8 February 2023 Riddle Lyn February 16 2022 Oshkosh Decision to Build Mail Trucks in South Carolina Questioned Transport Topics News The State Columbia S C Retrieved 9 February 2023 a b O Kane Sean February 25 2021 Just 10 percent of the new Postal Service fleet will be electric The Verge Retrieved 8 February 2023 a b Shepardson David February 24 2021 U S Postal chief commits to 10 of new delivery fleet as electric vehicles Reuters Retrieved 7 February 2023 87 FR 994 Peek Jeff 13 January 2022 USPS pumps the brakes on new fleet going all electric will add 3 3B Hagerty Retrieved 8 February 2023 86 FR 70935 Kahn Brian January 13 2022 Give the U S Postal Service 3 Billion to Electrify Its Fleet You Cowards Gizmodo Retrieved 8 February 2023 Erickson Jim August 29 2022 U M analysis challenges USPS electric vehicle environmental study Michigan News University of Michigan Retrieved 8 February 2023 Arroyo Vicki February 2 2022 Letter to Jennifer Beiro Reveille AIA PDF United States Environmental Protection Agency Retrieved 8 February 2023 Daly Matthew February 2 2022 EPA New mail delivery fleet needs more electric vehicles AP News Retrieved 8 February 2023 a b Westbrook Justin February 25 2022 U S Postal Service Ignores EPA s Critique Of New Mail trucks Buys Them Anyway Motor Trend Retrieved 8 February 2023 a b USPS Committed to the Fiscally Responsible Roll out of Electric powered Vehicles for America s Largest Federal Fleet Press release United States Postal Service February 6 2022 Retrieved 7 February 2023 Our commitment to an electric fleet remains ambitious given the pressing vehicle and safety needs of our aging fleet as well as our dire financial condition said Postmaster General and USPS Chief Executive Officer Louis DeJoy The proposed action which we are evaluating under the National Environmental Policy Act NEPA includes an initial order plan for 5 000 electric vehicles and the flexibility to increase the number of electric vehicles introduced should additional funding become available Absent such funding we must make fiscally responsible decisions that result in the needed introduction of safer and environmentally cleaner vehicles for the men and women who deliver America s mail New USPS Mail Trucks Could be Put on Hold Due to Climate Concerns USPS rejects Biden s plea to buy more electric mail trucks 23 February 2022 US Postal Service Ignores Feds and Buys Gas Guzzling Trucks 24 February 2022 a b Senators Markey and Heinrich Congressional colleagues urge Postmaster General DeJoy and Board of Governors to abandon harmful postal service procurement plan dramatically increase mail delivery fleet electrification Press release Ed Markey United States Senator for Massachusetts February 4 2022 Retrieved 8 February 2023 Senators Markey and Heinrich Backed by Broad Industry and Environmental Coalition Urge United States Postal Service To Reverse Its Decision To Procure An Overwhelmingly Gas Powered Delivery Fleet ZETA www zeta2030 org Zero Emission Transportation Association Retrieved 2022 02 08 Phillips Anna Bogage Jacob February 2 2022 Biden officials push to hold up 11 3 billion USPS truck contract citing climate damage The Washington Post Retrieved 8 February 2023 Iaconangelo David February 24 2022 U S Postal Service Locks in Plans for More Gas Trucks Scientific American Retrieved 8 February 2023 States sue the U S Postal Service over its decision to buy gas powered trucks NPR Associated Press 29 April 2022 USPS Delivery Network Improvement Plan Offers Potential to Expand Number of Electric Vehicles in Postal Fleet Press release United States Postal SErvice June 1 2022 87 FR 35581 U S Postal Service to consider a larger number of EVs in its fleet Teslarati 2 June 2022 Gauthier Michael July 20 2022 US Postal Service Changes Course Now Wants at Least 50 of Next Generation Delivery Vehicles to be Electric CarScoops Postal Service will electrify trucks by 2026 in climate win for Biden Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved 2022 12 21 Johnson Peter 2023 03 16 Blink Charging BLNK to provide up to 41 500 EV chargers for growing USPS fleet Electrek Retrieved 2023 03 18 USPS Highlights Expanded Delivery Offerings for Businesses Investments to Modernize Postal Network at CES Press release United States Postal Service January 5 2023 Retrieved 17 February 2023 Stanton Travis 2022 The Best of CES Exhibitor Online Retrieved 17 February 2023 Westbrook Justin May 2 2023 USPS Electric Mail Truck Deliveries Delayed Motor Trend Retrieved 11 December 2023 Gitlin Jonathan M May 2 2023 New USPS electric vans delayed until mid 2024 according to court docs Ars Technica Retrieved 11 December 2023 a b Ford Delivering Engines for New USPS Vehicles NewsWheel 28 June 2021 Retrieved 3 August 2021 a b USPS Picks Oshkosh Defense NGDV TruthAboutcars 25 February 2021 Retrieved 13 August 2021 U S Postal Service Awards Contract to Launch Multi Billion Dollar Modernization of Postal Delivery Vehicle Fleet Press release United States Postal Service February 23 2021 Retrieved 7 February 2023 Under the contract s initial 482 million investment Oshkosh Defense will finalize the production design of the Next Generation Delivery Vehicle NGDV a purpose built right hand drive vehicle for mail and package delivery and will assemble 50 000 to 165 000 of them over 10 years The vehicles will be equipped with either fuel efficient internal combustion engines or battery electric powertrains and can be retrofitted to keep pace with advances in electric vehicle technologies Gitlin Jonathan M July 21 2022 The USPS will buy a lot more electric next gen delivery vans Ars Technica Retrieved 7 February 2023 Foote Brett February 24 2022 Ford 2 0L I 4 will power most Oshkosh Defense USPS mail carriers Ford Authority Retrieved 8 February 2023 Howard Phoebe Wall June 22 2021 US Postal Service delivery trucks to have Ford engines transmissions in new fleet Detroit Free Press Retrieved 8 February 2023 a b US Postal Service Delivers Futuristic Next Gen Delivery Vehicle at CES 2022 Raymond Strazdas on YouTube a b Gordon Aaron February 8 2022 The New USPS Trucks Would Probably Be Illegal If They Weighed One Pound Less www vice com Retrieved 2022 02 08 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Oshkosh NGDV amp oldid 1199304236, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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