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Orion (space telescope)

January 31, 2023

The Orion space telescopes were a series of two instruments flown aboard Soviet spacecraft during the 1970s to conduct ultraviolet spectroscopy of stars.

Orion 1

The Orion 1 space astrophysical observatory was installed in the orbital station Salyut 1. It was designed by Grigor Gurzadyan of Byurakan Observatory in Armenia, USSR. It was operated in June 1971 by crew member Viktor Patsayev, who thus became the first man to operate a telescope outside the Earth's atmosphere. Spectrograms of stars Vega and Beta Centauri between wavelengths 2000 and 3800 Å were obtained.[1]

Specifications

  • Ultraviolet telescope
  • Optical system: Mersenne
  • Spectrograph: Wadsworth
  • Diameter of primary mirror: 280 mm
  • Focal length: 1400 mm
  • Spectral range: 2000–3800 Å
  • Spectral resolution at wavelength 2600 Å: 5 Å
  • Film: UFSh 4, width 16 mm, range of sensitivity: 4000–2500 Å, resolution better 130 lines/mm
  • Cartridge capacity: 12m
  • Stabilization: two-stage, inertial
  • First stage: three-axis inertial stabilization of station Salyut 1;
  • Fine guidance: via a star with accuracy 15 arcsec on each axes.
  • Star sensor: of semi-disk (diameter of input: 70 mm; focal length: 450 mm), limiting stellar magnitude 5m.
  • Mass: 170 kg

Orion 2

Orion 2 was installed onboard Soyuz 13 in December 1973, a spacecraft modified to become the first manned space observatory. The observatory was operated by crew member Valentin Lebedev. The designer of the observatory was Grigor Gurzadyan, then at Garni Space Astronomy Laboratory in Armenia. Ultraviolet spectrograms of thousands of stars to as faint as 13th stellar magnitude were obtained by a wide-angle meniscus telescope.[2] The first satellite UV spectrogram of a planetary nebula (IC 2149) was obtained, revealing spectral lines of aluminum and titanium - elements not previously observed in planetary nebula. Two-photon emission in that planetary nebula and a remarkable star cluster in Auriga were also discovered.[3]

Specifications

  • Telescope: meniscus, Cassegrain (-Maksutov) system with an objective prism
  • Primary mirror: 300 mm
  • Focal length: 1000 mm
  • Field of view: 5°
  • Registration of spectrograms: film KODAK 103UV, diameter: 110 mm
  • Spectral resolution: 8-29 Å at 2000-3000 Å
  • Two star sensor sets: each containing a two-coordinate star sensor coaxial to telescope and one-coordinate one, in 45° to telescope axis.
  • Two additional sidereal spectrographs.
  • Three-axes guidance system accuracy: better than 5 arcsec on two cross-sectional axes of telescope (via star А), and better than 30 arcsec at optical axis (star B)
  • Star sensors: input apertures: 80 and 60 mm; focal lengths: 500 and 240 mm; limiting stellar magnitudes: 3.5 and 3.0 m.
  • Mass: 240 kg (telescope: 205 kg)
  • Mass returned to Earth (cartridges): 4.3 kg

References

  1. ^ Gurzadyan, G.A; Ohanesyan, J.B. (1972). "Observed Energy Distribution of alpha Lyra and beta Cen at 2000-3800 Å". Nature. 239 (5367): 90. Bibcode:1972Natur.239...90G. doi:10.1038/239090a0.
  2. ^ Gurzadyan, G.A. (1974). "Ultraviolet spectra of Capella". Nature. 250 (5463): 204–205. Bibcode:1974Natur.250..204G. doi:10.1038/250204a0.
  3. ^ Gurzadyan, G.A. (1976). "Two-photon emission in planetary nebula IC 2149". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 88: 891. Bibcode:1976PASP...88..891G. doi:10.1086/130041.
Orion 1 bibliography
  • Gurzadyan, G.A; Ohanesyan, J.B. (1972). "Observed Energy Distribution of alpha Lyra and beta Cen at 2000-3800 Å". Nature. 239 (5367): 90. Bibcode:1972Natur.239...90G. doi:10.1038/239090a0.
  • Gurzadyan, G.A. (1972). "A Magnesium Feature in Ultraviolet Stellar Spectra". Sky & Telescope. 43: 350. Bibcode:1972S&T....43..350G.
  • Gurzadyan, G.A.; Ohanesyan, J.B. (1972). "Spectrograms of alpha Lira and beta Cen in the region of 2000-3800A". Space Science Reviews. 13 (4–6): 647–650. Bibcode:1972SSRv...13..647G. doi:10.1007/bf00213498.
  • Gurzadyan, G. A.; Ohanesyan, J. B. (1972). "The Use of Synchrotron Radiation in the Energy Calibration of Astronomical Apparatus". Space Science Reviews. 13 (4–6): 642–646. Bibcode:1972SSRv...13..642G. doi:10.1007/bf00213497.
  • Gurzadyan, G.A., 1972 On One Principle of Operation of Orbital Observatory by a Cosmonaut, Commun. Byurakan Obs, vol.XLV, p. 5.
  • Gurzadyan, G.A., Harutyunian, E.A., 1972 Orbital Astrophysical Observatory Orion, Commun. Byurakan Obs., vol.XLV, p. 12.
  • Gurzadyan, G. A.; Ohanesyan, J. B. (1972). "Ultraviolet absorption lines in the spectrum of Vega". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 20: 321. Bibcode:1972A&A....20..321G.
  • Gurzadyan, G. A. (1973). "1977 Space astronomy". Vestnik Akad. Nauk SSSR. 6: 66–74. Bibcode:1973VeSSR...6...66G.
  • Oberg, J. "Notes on Soviet space astronomy". Sky and Telescope. 53: 92.
Orion 2 bibliography
  • Gurzadyan, G.A. (1974). "Ultraviolet spectra of Capella". Nature. 250 (5463): 204–205. Bibcode:1974Natur.250..204G. doi:10.1038/250204a0.
  • Gurzadyan, G.A. (1974). "On the Possibility of Spectral Classification of Stars by their Ultraviolet Spectrograms". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 35: 493. Bibcode:1974A&A....35..493G.
  • Gurzadyan, G.A. (1974). "A Group of Ultraviolet Stars in Auriga". The Observatory. 94: 293. Bibcode:1974Obs....94..293G.
  • Gurzadyan, G. A. (1974). "An interesting ultraviolet star discovered by Orion-2". Astrophysics. 10 (3): 236–240. Bibcode:1974Ap.....10..236G. doi:10.1007/bf01001556.
  • Gurzadyan, G.A. (1975). "Orion-2: First Scientific Results". Space Science Reviews. 18 (1): 95–139. Bibcode:1975SSRv...18...95G. doi:10.1007/bf00350198.
  • Gurzadyan, G.A.; Rustambekova, S.S. (1975). "Silicon-rich stellar envelope?". Nature. 254 (5498): 311–312. Bibcode:1975Natur.254..311G. doi:10.1038/254311a0.
  • Gurzadyan, G.A. (1975). "Ultraviolet Chromospheric Lines in the Spectra of Late-Type Stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 172 (3): 617–621. Bibcode:1975MNRAS.172..617G. doi:10.1093/mnras/172.3.617.
  • Gurzadyan, G.A. (1975). "Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry of the Emission Star SAO 0400183". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 39: 213. Bibcode:1975A&A....39..213G.
  • Gurzadyan, G.A. (1975). "The Ultraviolet Spectrum of Planetary Nebula IC 2149". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 172: 249–256. Bibcode:1975MNRAS.172..249G. doi:10.1093/mnras/172.1.249.
  • Gurzadyan, G.A. (1975). "Ultraviolet Continuous spectra of gamma Cassiopea". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 40: 447–450. Bibcode:1975A&A....40..447G.
  • Gurzadyan, G. A. (1975). "Orion 2: first scientific results". Vestnik Akad. Nauk SSSR. 1: 13–24. Bibcode:1975VeSSR...1...13G.
  • Gurzadyan, G.A. (1976). "Two-photon emission in planetary nebula IC 2149". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 88: 891. Bibcode:1976PASP...88..891G. doi:10.1086/130041.
  • Gurzadyan, G.A.; Jarakyan, A.L.; Krmoyan, M.N.; Kashin, A.L.; Loretsyan, G.M.; Ohanesyan, J.B. (1976). "Space astrophysical observatory Orion-2". Astrophysics and Space Science. 40 (2): 393–446. Bibcode:1976Ap&SS..40..393G. doi:10.1007/BF00640454.
  • Gurzadyan, G. A. (1977). "A high-power orbital telescope: What a telescope with a three-meter mirror carried into space can give to science". Vestnik Akad. Nauk SSSR. 12: 80–90. Bibcode:1977VeSSR..12...80G.
  • Gurzadyan, G. A., Ultraviolet observations of planetary nebulae, Planetary nebulae. Observations and theory, Proc. IAU Symp.76, Ed.Y.Terzian, p. 79, Dordrecht, D.Reidel Publ., 1978.
  • Gurzadyan, G.A. (1979). "Ultraviolet Spectra of Planetary Nebulae". Vistas in Astronomy. 23 (1): 45–67. Bibcode:1979VA.....23...45G. doi:10.1016/0083-6656(79)90007-2.
  • Ambartsumian V.A. (ed) Gurzadyan, G.A.; Raushenbach, B.V.; Feoktistov, K.P.; Klimuk, P.I.; Lebedev, V.V.; Maksimenko, A.P.; Gorshkov, K.A.; Savchenko, S.A.; Baryshnikov, G.K.; Pachomov, A.I.; Antonov, V.V.; Kashin, A.L.; Loretsian, G.M.; Gasparyan, O.N.; Chabrov, G.I.; Ohanesian, J.B.; Tsybin, S.P.; Rustambekova, S.S.; Epremian, R.A. Observatory in space "SOYUZ-13"-"ORION-2" . "Mashinostroenie" Publ, Moscow, 1984 (monograph, in Russian).
  • Gurzadyan G.A, Ohanesyan, J.B., Rustambekova, S.S. & Epremian, R.A., Catalogue of 900 Faint Star Ultraviolet Spectra, Publ. Armenian Acad. Sci, Yerevan, 1985.
  • Oberg, J (1977). "Notes on Soviet space astronomy". Sky & Telescope. 53: 92. Bibcode:1977S&T....53...92O.
  • Abt, H.A. (1978). "Spectral types in Gurzadyan's clustering in Auriga". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 90: 555. Bibcode:1978PASP...90..555A. doi:10.1086/130383.
  • Furniss, T., Manned Spaceflight Log, Jane's, London, 1986.
  • Davies, J. K., Astronomy from Space, PRAXIS Publishing, Chichester, 2002.

External links

  • Garni Space museum

January 31, 2023
orion, space, telescope, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, august, 2011, learn, when, remove, this, template, me. This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations August 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Orion space telescopes were a series of two instruments flown aboard Soviet spacecraft during the 1970s to conduct ultraviolet spectroscopy of stars Contents 1 Orion 1 1 1 Specifications 2 Orion 2 2 1 Specifications 3 References 4 External linksOrion 1 EditThe Orion 1 space astrophysical observatory was installed in the orbital station Salyut 1 It was designed by Grigor Gurzadyan of Byurakan Observatory in Armenia USSR It was operated in June 1971 by crew member Viktor Patsayev who thus became the first man to operate a telescope outside the Earth s atmosphere Spectrograms of stars Vega and Beta Centauri between wavelengths 2000 and 3800 A were obtained 1 Specifications Edit Ultraviolet telescope Optical system Mersenne Spectrograph Wadsworth Diameter of primary mirror 280 mm Focal length 1400 mm Spectral range 2000 3800 A Spectral resolution at wavelength 2600 A 5 A Film UFSh 4 width 16 mm range of sensitivity 4000 2500 A resolution better 130 lines mm Cartridge capacity 12m Stabilization two stage inertial First stage three axis inertial stabilization of station Salyut 1 Fine guidance via a star with accuracy 15 arcsec on each axes Star sensor of semi disk diameter of input 70 mm focal length 450 mm limiting stellar magnitude 5m Mass 170 kgOrion 2 EditOrion 2 was installed onboard Soyuz 13 in December 1973 a spacecraft modified to become the first manned space observatory The observatory was operated by crew member Valentin Lebedev The designer of the observatory was Grigor Gurzadyan then at Garni Space Astronomy Laboratory in Armenia Ultraviolet spectrograms of thousands of stars to as faint as 13th stellar magnitude were obtained by a wide angle meniscus telescope 2 The first satellite UV spectrogram of a planetary nebula IC 2149 was obtained revealing spectral lines of aluminum and titanium elements not previously observed in planetary nebula Two photon emission in that planetary nebula and a remarkable star cluster in Auriga were also discovered 3 Specifications Edit Telescope meniscus Cassegrain Maksutov system with an objective prism Primary mirror 300 mm Focal length 1000 mm Field of view 5 Registration of spectrograms film KODAK 103UV diameter 110 mm Spectral resolution 8 29 A at 2000 3000 A Two star sensor sets each containing a two coordinate star sensor coaxial to telescope and one coordinate one in 45 to telescope axis Two additional sidereal spectrographs Three axes guidance system accuracy better than 5 arcsec on two cross sectional axes of telescope via star A and better than 30 arcsec at optical axis star B Star sensors input apertures 80 and 60 mm focal lengths 500 and 240 mm limiting stellar magnitudes 3 5 and 3 0 m Mass 240 kg telescope 205 kg Mass returned to Earth cartridges 4 3 kgReferences Edit Gurzadyan G A Ohanesyan J B 1972 Observed Energy Distribution of alpha Lyra and beta Cen at 2000 3800 A Nature 239 5367 90 Bibcode 1972Natur 239 90G doi 10 1038 239090a0 Gurzadyan G A 1974 Ultraviolet spectra of Capella Nature 250 5463 204 205 Bibcode 1974Natur 250 204G doi 10 1038 250204a0 Gurzadyan G A 1976 Two photon emission in planetary nebula IC 2149 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 88 891 Bibcode 1976PASP 88 891G doi 10 1086 130041 Orion 1 bibliographyGurzadyan G A Ohanesyan J B 1972 Observed Energy Distribution of alpha Lyra and beta Cen at 2000 3800 A Nature 239 5367 90 Bibcode 1972Natur 239 90G doi 10 1038 239090a0 Gurzadyan G A 1972 A Magnesium Feature in Ultraviolet Stellar Spectra Sky amp Telescope 43 350 Bibcode 1972S amp T 43 350G Gurzadyan G A Ohanesyan J B 1972 Spectrograms of alpha Lira and beta Cen in the region of 2000 3800A Space Science Reviews 13 4 6 647 650 Bibcode 1972SSRv 13 647G doi 10 1007 bf00213498 Gurzadyan G A Ohanesyan J B 1972 The Use of Synchrotron Radiation in the Energy Calibration of Astronomical Apparatus Space Science Reviews 13 4 6 642 646 Bibcode 1972SSRv 13 642G doi 10 1007 bf00213497 Gurzadyan G A 1972 On One Principle of Operation of Orbital Observatory by a Cosmonaut Commun Byurakan Obs vol XLV p 5 Gurzadyan G A Harutyunian E A 1972 Orbital Astrophysical Observatory Orion Commun Byurakan Obs vol XLV p 12 Gurzadyan G A Ohanesyan J B 1972 Ultraviolet absorption lines in the spectrum of Vega Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 321 Bibcode 1972A amp A 20 321G Gurzadyan G A 1973 1977 Space astronomy Vestnik Akad Nauk SSSR 6 66 74 Bibcode 1973VeSSR 6 66G Oberg J Notes on Soviet space astronomy Sky and Telescope 53 92 Orion 2 bibliographyGurzadyan G A 1974 Ultraviolet spectra of Capella Nature 250 5463 204 205 Bibcode 1974Natur 250 204G doi 10 1038 250204a0 Gurzadyan G A 1974 On the Possibility of Spectral Classification of Stars by their Ultraviolet Spectrograms Astronomy and Astrophysics 35 493 Bibcode 1974A amp A 35 493G Gurzadyan G A 1974 A Group of Ultraviolet Stars in Auriga The Observatory 94 293 Bibcode 1974Obs 94 293G Gurzadyan G A 1974 An interesting ultraviolet star discovered by Orion 2 Astrophysics 10 3 236 240 Bibcode 1974Ap 10 236G doi 10 1007 bf01001556 Gurzadyan G A 1975 Orion 2 First Scientific Results Space Science Reviews 18 1 95 139 Bibcode 1975SSRv 18 95G doi 10 1007 bf00350198 Gurzadyan G A Rustambekova S S 1975 Silicon rich stellar envelope Nature 254 5498 311 312 Bibcode 1975Natur 254 311G doi 10 1038 254311a0 Gurzadyan G A 1975 Ultraviolet Chromospheric Lines in the Spectra of Late Type Stars Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 172 3 617 621 Bibcode 1975MNRAS 172 617G doi 10 1093 mnras 172 3 617 Gurzadyan G A 1975 Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry of the Emission Star SAO 0400183 Astronomy and Astrophysics 39 213 Bibcode 1975A amp A 39 213G Gurzadyan G A 1975 The Ultraviolet Spectrum of Planetary Nebula IC 2149 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 172 249 256 Bibcode 1975MNRAS 172 249G doi 10 1093 mnras 172 1 249 Gurzadyan G A 1975 Ultraviolet Continuous spectra of gamma Cassiopea Astronomy and Astrophysics 40 447 450 Bibcode 1975A amp A 40 447G Gurzadyan G A 1975 Orion 2 first scientific results Vestnik Akad Nauk SSSR 1 13 24 Bibcode 1975VeSSR 1 13G Gurzadyan G A 1976 Two photon emission in planetary nebula IC 2149 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 88 891 Bibcode 1976PASP 88 891G doi 10 1086 130041 Gurzadyan G A Jarakyan A L Krmoyan M N Kashin A L Loretsyan G M Ohanesyan J B 1976 Space astrophysical observatory Orion 2 Astrophysics and Space Science 40 2 393 446 Bibcode 1976Ap amp SS 40 393G doi 10 1007 BF00640454 Gurzadyan G A 1977 A high power orbital telescope What a telescope with a three meter mirror carried into space can give to science Vestnik Akad Nauk SSSR 12 80 90 Bibcode 1977VeSSR 12 80G Gurzadyan G A Ultraviolet observations of planetary nebulae Planetary nebulae Observations and theory Proc IAU Symp 76 Ed Y Terzian p 79 Dordrecht D Reidel Publ 1978 Gurzadyan G A 1979 Ultraviolet Spectra of Planetary Nebulae Vistas in Astronomy 23 1 45 67 Bibcode 1979VA 23 45G doi 10 1016 0083 6656 79 90007 2 Ambartsumian V A ed Gurzadyan G A Raushenbach B V Feoktistov K P Klimuk P I Lebedev V V Maksimenko A P Gorshkov K A Savchenko S A Baryshnikov G K Pachomov A I Antonov V V Kashin A L Loretsian G M Gasparyan O N Chabrov G I Ohanesian J B Tsybin S P Rustambekova S S Epremian R A Observatory in space SOYUZ 13 ORION 2 Mashinostroenie Publ Moscow 1984 monograph in Russian Gurzadyan G A Ohanesyan J B Rustambekova S S amp Epremian R A Catalogue of 900 Faint Star Ultraviolet Spectra Publ Armenian Acad Sci Yerevan 1985 Oberg J 1977 Notes on Soviet space astronomy Sky amp Telescope 53 92 Bibcode 1977S amp T 53 92O Abt H A 1978 Spectral types in Gurzadyan s clustering in Auriga Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 90 555 Bibcode 1978PASP 90 555A doi 10 1086 130383 Furniss T Manned Spaceflight Log Jane s London 1986 Davies J K Astronomy from Space PRAXIS Publishing Chichester 2002 External links EditGarni Space museum Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Orion space telescope amp oldid 1136413841, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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